CHAPTER VIII HYDRAULIC ENGINEERING Keywords: Potable, recreation, disaster, flooding, water retaining, irrigation, drainage, supply, demand,

dam, weir, reservoir, dissipate, hydraulic gradient, turbulence, laminar flow, diversion, cofferdam, intake structure, powerhouse, turbine, sediment regulator, seepage, core filter, penstock, embankment, watershed, levee, upstream, downstream, core, filter Water is essential for the livelihood of the human being and the community. That is why many believe that the next world war will be because of the conflict on the use of water in the Middle East. Turkey has sufficient water, provided it is handled carefully. Its neighbours are desperately short. Hydraulics is that branch of civil engineering involved in making optimum use of water resources to the benefit of the society, and protects it from the damages it can cause. The main branches of hydraulic engineering are A) Hydrology B) Hydraulics C) Water power D) Hydraulic structures E) Irrigation and drainage F) Flood control Hydrology is the study of the existence, movement, and accumulation of water on surface and underground. Hydraulics is the core of this engineering branch where theoretical and experimental studies on fluid mechanics, hydraulics of open channel flow, confined (pipe) flow in permanent and transient conditions are made. Study of sediment transport and irrigation-drainage systems are also part of hydraulics. Water power is concerned with energy development from dams, other hydraulic structures in rivers, lakes and the sea. Hydraulic structures are dams, weirs, berths, quays, harbours, breakwaters and canals closely connected with transportation engineering. Irrigation and drainage is the control of surface and groundwater, mainly for agricultural purposes. Another important area of study in hydraulics is management. That is, the control of flow in rivers for the prevention of floods and draught.
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CHRONOLOGY IN HYDRAULIC ENGINEERING -2900 -2000 -1000 0 1000 1600 1700 1750 1800 1900 1920 15m high Kosheish Dam on Nile for water supply Irrigation in Egypt and Mesopotamia Water supply and sewerage on Crete Systematic water supply and sewerage in Rome eme system in Islam Alicante gravity dam in Spain 45m Steam pumps Cast iron pipes and water storage in France Discovery of cholera Hydroelectric power in USA Arch dams, water treatment plants

Dams are hydraulic structures used to retain water by erecting a barrier across a stream, river or estuary. The important uses of dams can be summarised as flood control, water supply for irrigation and human use, navigation, regulation of flow, power generation and last but not the least, recreation. Dams are of prime importance in Turkey not only for generating "clean" power but also for retaining large volumes of water before it flows to other countries or flooding fertile land. A dam consists of three main parts: the body, the reservoir and the ancillary structures such as the diversion tunnel, spillway, intake structure, gates, power house (turbines), stilling pool, fish/traffic pass. It can be used for a single purpose such as power generation, water supply or irrigation. It is nowadays economical to build multi purpose dams such as for example power generation and irrigation. We can separate the dams as small and large as they may have considerable differences. A small dam would have a maximum height of 20m, whereas large dams would reach hundreds of meters. We can classify dams for the type of body they have: I. Masonry Dams II. Embankment Dams

Masonry dams are made of stones, or concrete. Embankment dams are made from earth, and rockfill.

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VIII.1 Classification of Dams Although a significant portion of the hydroelectric potential of Turkey has been exploited, there is still a lot of work to do in the consruction of dams. Large modern dams can be classified into four main groups Gravity Buttress Arch Embankment

Gravity dam is nowadays built of concrete and resists water pressure by its mass only. A rock foundation is therefore desirable to carry safely the heavy structure. The highest gravity dam Grand Dixence is in Switzerlend at 285m. Buttress dams are not as massive as the gravity type, because hydrostatic forces are resisted by the 25-45 degrees inclined body which transfers the forces to the foundation . The Tehran butress dam to provide water to the city is 107m high. Arch dams are modern concrete structures where the hydrostatic thrust is efficiently resisted by arching action of a thin shell transferring the forces to the valley sides. The highest standing arch dam is the Vaiont in Italy. At 262m it was the scene of a tragic accident where a landslide filled the reservoir, and the displaced water jumped onto the village of Longarone where 900 people perished in 1963. Arch dams carry a certain amount of risk in earthquake zones, despite their low cost. Karakaya dam in Turkey was built as a "gravity arch" to avoid the risk of earthquake. Embankment dams are the modern structures, made from earth- or rockfill. The water is retained either by an impermeable clay core, or an asphalt or concrete facing on the upstream side. Earth dams are built up to 100m (Aswan in Egypt 110m) ,whereas rockfill embankments can rise to over 250m (Nurek in Tadjikistan, Oroville in California,Atatiirk). 190 million cubic metres of rockfill was used to build the Tarbela Dam in Pakistan. The highest to be rockfill dam in Tadjik Rogun (335m) was destroyed before entering service.

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