CHETHE2

Group 2
Barongan, Nikko M.
Mulingtapang, Justinn Donn S.
Opoc, Dave Patrick G.
Submitted To:
Dr. Joseph Auresenia

7.2
a. ( )
b. ( )
Consider this
expression

a. ( )
Consider

(
(

)
)

From Eulers chain relation

(

) (

) (

) (

To express ( ) in term of more fundamental terms, that is, in terms of P,V, or T,

one must use a Maxwell relation. For this case consider the definition of Gibbs
Free Energy.

Meanwhile, it can be expressed as a function of P and T.

(

By inspection,
(

Differentiating both equations with respect to the other variable (as in exact
differential equations)
(

(
(

)
)
(

) , we arrive at:

(
)

Going back to
(

The rightmost term will be replaced as follows:

(

Note that

, where Z is the compressibility factor and is a function of the

equation of state.

)
)

R and P are constants but note that T is not taken off from the partial derivative
as it is a variable.
(

)
)

Differentiate the rightmost term by product rule.

( (

) )

) )

In Example 7.5 from the book, the Joule-Thomson coefficient is equal to

( )
Therefore:
(

Or simply,
(

Consider this
expression

( )

Consider U = f(T,V)
(

From Eulers chain relation,

(

) (

) (

) (

Note that

, where Z is the compressibility factor and is a function of the

equation of state.

)
)

R and V are constants but note that T is not taken off from the partial derivative
as it is a variable.
(

)
)

Differentiation by product rule yields

(

( (

) )

) )

Going back to
(

Substitution of ( )
(

And finally,
(

( ) will lead to:

7.10
Given: U1 = 230 ft/s U2= 2000ft/s
P1= 130 psia T1= 420oF
P2= 35 psia
Reqd: a) state of the steam at the nozzle exit
b) SG
Soln:

H= -78.8 Btu/lbm
From table F.4 at 130 psi and 420oF:
H1= 1233.6 Btu/lbm
S1= 1.6310 Btu/lbm R
H2= H1 + H = 1233.6 + (-78.8)= 1154.8 Btu/lbm
From table F.4 at 35 psia:
Hl = 228.03 Btu/lbm
Hv= 1167.1 Btu/lbm

Sl= 0.3809 Btu/lbm R

Sv= 1.6872 Btu/lbm R

Let x= vapor fraction

1154.8= x(1167.1) + (1-x)(228.03) ; x= 0.987

Ans.

S2= 1.6872(0.987) + 0.3809(1-0.987) = 1.67 Btu/lbm R

SG= S2-S1= 1.67-1.6310= 0.039 Btu/lbm R

Ans.

7.18
Given:
T1= 500oC
P1= 2400 kPa
P= 3500 kJ/s

TURBINE

P2= 20 kPa
Saturated vapor
Reqd: a)

b) T

Soln:
a) At 2400 kPa and 500oC, H1= 3462.9 KJ/kg,

S1= 7.3439 kJ/kg K

For saturated vapor at 20 kPa, H2= 2609.9 kJ/kg

= Power / Ha = (3500kJ/s)/(I 2609.9- 3462.9 I)kJ/kg
= 4.103 kg/s

Ans.

b) At 20 kPa:
Hl = 251.453 kJ/kg
Hv= 2609.9 kJ/kg

Sl= 0.8321 kJ/kg K

Sv= 7.9094 kJ/kg K

For isentropic work: S1 = S2 = 7.3439 kJ/kg K

Let x= vapor fraction
7.3439= x(7.9094) + (1-x)(0.8321) ; x= 0.92
H2= 0.92(2609.9) + (0.08)(251.453) = 2421.224 kJ/kg
Ws = Hs = 2421.224 3462.9 = -1041.676 kJ/kg
Wa = Ha = 2609.9 3462.9 = -853 kJ/kg
T = Wa / Ws = (-853)/(-1041.676) = 0.819 Ans.

7.26
Given:

| |

Required:
a.)
b.)
c.)

Wa
turbine
SG

Solution:
E = W + Q
but Q = 0 for adiabatic expansion. Hence,
E = W
CvdT = -PdV
CvdT = -(RT/V)dV
(-Cv/R)(dT/T) = dV/V
(-Cv/R) ln (T2/T1) = ln (V2/V1)

(T2/T1)-Cv/R = (V2/V1)
(T2/T1)-Cv/R =
(T2/T1)-Cv/R = (T2/T1)(P1/P2)
(T2/T1)-Cv/R 1 = (P1/P2)
(T2/T1)Cv/R + 1 = (P2/P1)
(T2/T1)(Cv+R)/R = (P2/P1)
(T2/T1)Cp/R = (P2/P1)
(T2/T1) = (P2/P1)R/Cp
T2 = T1(P2/P1)R/Cp
T2 = 550(1.2/6)8.314/(3.5*8.314)
T2 = 347.26 K

(Final temperature at reversible work)

Wa = *H = * CpdT = **Cp*(T2-T1)
(

|) (

)( (

)(

The actual work is solved by means of successive substitutions starting at

the initial guess of, say, -600 kJ/s. After doing so,
Wa = -594.72 kJ/s = -594.72 kW
The actual work delivered is 594.72 kilowatts.
= 0.065 + 0.08 ln |-594.72| = 0.576
The turbine efficiency is 0.576.

At actual work = -594.72 kW, the final temperature at irreversible work is

computed.
Wa = H = CpdT = *Cp*(T2-T1)

)( (

)(

This temperature is needed for the computation of the entropy generation.

(

)(

)(

The rate of entropy generation is 1.1261 kW/K.

)(

)(

7.34
Given:

Sat. steam
P1= 125 kPa
= 2.5 kg/s

P2= 700 kPa

COMPRESSOR

Adiabatically, c = 0.78
Reqd: Power, H2, S2
Soln: From steam table:
H1sat.v = 2685.2 kJ/kg
S1sat.v = 7.2847 kJ/kg K
For isentropic work: S1= S2 = 7.2847 kJ/kg K

H:
S:

Interpolation at 700 kPa for H2 using S2= 7.2847:

3017.7
H 2
3059.8
7.2250
7.2847
7.2997

(H2-3017.7)(7.2997-7.2847) = (3059.8-H2)(7.2847-7.2250)
H2= 3051.346 kJ/kg
Ws = Hs = 3051.346-2685.2= 366.146 kJ/kg

Wa = H = Ws / c = 366.146/0.78 = 469.418 kJ/kg

H2= H1 + H = 2685.2 + 469.418 = 3154.618 kJ/kg

Ans.

Interpolation at 700 kPa for S2 using H2= 3154.618:

H:
S:

3112.1
7.3890

3154.618
S2

3164.3
7.4745

(3154.618-3112.1)(7.4745-S2) = (3164.3-3154.618)(S2-7.3890)
S2= 7.4586 KJ/kg K
P=

Ans.

H = (2.5)(469.418) = 1173.545 kW

Ans.

7.42
Given:
P1= 1atm
P2= 50 atm
Reqd:

T1= 308.15 K
T2= 473.15 K

= 0.65
Q= 0.5 m3/s

a) number of stages
b) mechanical-power requirement per stage
c) Heat duty for each intercooler
d) Water as coolant for intercoolers. Enters at 25oC and leaves at 45oC.
Calculate the cooling-water rate per intercooler. Assume air is ideal gas with
Cp= (7/2)R

Soln:
Vm = (RT1)/P1 = (0.08205)(308.15)/(1) = 25.2837 L/mol = 0.0252837 m3/mol
= Q/Vm = 0.5/0.0252837 = 19.7756 mol/s
From eq. 7.23, solving for T2:
T2 = (T2-T1) + T1 = (165)(0.65) + 308.15 = 415.4 K
From eq. 7.18 with the addition of term N as the number of stage:
T2 = T1(P2/P1)R/N Cp ; solving for N:
a) N= (R/Cp)(ln P2/P1)/(ln T2/T1) = (2/7)(ln 50)/(ln 415.4/308.15) = 3.743 ~ 4 stages
Ans.
b) Calculate pressure ratio (r) using equation, r = (P2/P1)1/N = (50/1)0.25 = 2.659
Power = ()(Cp)(T1)(rR/Cp -1)/ = (19.7756)(3.5)(8.314)(308.15)(2.6592/7-1)/0.65
Power = 87940 W = 87.94 kW
Ans.
c) Since the gas (ideal) leaving the intercooler and the gas entering the
compressor is at the same temperature (308.15 K), there is no enthalpy for the
compressor/interchanger system hence from the 1st law of thermodynamics, q= W = -87.94 kW
Ans.
d) At 25oC, Hsat. liq = 104.8 kJ/kg, at 45oC, Hsat. liq = 188.4 kJ/kg
Energy balance on the interchanger: HH20 = (188.4-104.8) = 83.6 kJ/kg
=( IqI) / HH20 = (I-87.94I) / 83.6 = 1.052 kg/s Ans.