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A Variable Speed Wind Turbine Control Strategy to Meet Wind Farm Grid Code Requirements
S. M. Muyeen, Member, IEEE, Rion Takahashi, Member, IEEE, Toshiaki Murata, and Junji Tamura, Senior Member, IEEE

AbstractThis paper presents a new operational strategy for a small scale wind farm which is composed of both xed and variable speed wind turbine generator systems (WTGS). Fixed speed wind generators suffer greatly from meeting the requirements of new wind farm grid code, because they are largely dependent on reactive power. Integration of exible ac transmission systems (FACTS) devices is a solution to overcome that problem, though it denitely increases the overall cost. Therefore, in this paper, we focuses on a new wind farm topology, where series or parallel connected xed speed WTGSs are installed with variable speed wind turbine (VSWT) driven permanent magnet synchronous generators (PMSG). VSWT-PMSG uses a fully controlled frequency converter for grid interfacing and it has abilities to control its reactive power as well as to provide maximum power to the grid. Suitable control strategy is developed in this paper for the multilevel frequency converter of VSWT-PMSG. A real grid code dened in the power system is considered to analyze the low voltage ride through (LVRT) characteristic of both xed and variable speed WTGSs. Moreover, dynamic performance of the system is also evaluated using real wind speed data. Simulation results clearly show that the proposed topology can be a cost effective solution to augment the LVRT requirement as well as to minimize voltage uctuation of both xed and variable speed WTGSs. Index TermsFrequency converter, low voltage ride through (LVRT), multilevel converter/inverter, permanent magnet synchronous generator (PMSG), voltage source converter (VSC), wind generator.

I. INTRODUCTION

IND energy is playing a vital role in the worlds energy markets nowadays, considering its striking growth rate in the last few years. GWEC is predicting the global wind market to grow by over 155% from the current size reaching 240 GW of total installed capacity until 2012. This means a 146-GW increase in just ve years [1]. Due to this huge penetration of wind power to the grid, it is important to analyze both power quality and low voltage ride through (LVRT) issues of wind farms to meet the requirements of a new set of grid codes. Presently, variable speed wind turbine generator system (WTGS) is becoming more popular than that of xed speed [2]. Induction generators are used, in general, as xed speed

Manuscript received January 13, 2009; revised March 11, 2009. First published September 25, 2009; current version published January 20, 2010. This work was supported by the Grant-in-Aid for JSPS Fellows from Japan Society for the Promotion of Science (JSPS). Paper no. TPWRS-00992-2008. The authors are with the Electrical and Electronic Engineering Department, Kitami Institute of Technology, Kitami, Hokkaido, 090-8507, Japan (e-mail: muyeen@pullout.elec.kitami-it.ac.jp). Digital Object Identier 10.1109/TPWRS.2009.2030421

wind generator due to their superior characteristics such as brushless and rugged construction, low cost, maintenance free, and operational simplicity. However, it requires large reactive power to recover the air gap ux when a short circuit fault occurs in the power system [3], unless otherwise the induction generator becomes unstable due to the large difference between electromagnetic and mechanical torques, and then it requires to be disconnected from the power system. A shutdown of large wind farm may have a serious effect on the power system operation. Therefore, a new set of grid codes [4][7] have been dened recently, which includes the LVRT requirements for WTGSs during the network disturbances to avoid the shutdown phenomenon of large wind farms. For example, according to the U.S. wind farm grid code, if the voltage of wind farm remains at a level greater than 15% of the nominal voltage for a period that does not exceed 0.625 s, the plant must stay online [6]. Therefore, it is important to investigate a suitable method to enhance the LVRT capability of xed speed wind generators. Voltage or current source inverter-based exible ac transmission system (FACTS) devices such as static var compensator (SVC), static synchronous compensator (STATCOM), dynamic voltage restorer (DVR), solid state transfer switch (SSTS), and unied power ow controller (UPFC) have been used for exible power ow control, secure loading, and damping of power system oscillation [8][10]. FACTS/ESS, i.e., FACTS with energy storage system (ESS), has recently emerged as more promising devices for power system applications [11]. Some of those are even applicable to wind farm stabilization. STATCOM, SVC, superconducting magnetic energy storage system (SMES), and energy capacitor system (ECS) composed of electric double layer capacitor, and power electronic devices have already been proposed to enhance the LVRT capability of xed speed wind farm [12][18]. However, the installation of FACTS devices at a wind farm composed of xed speed wind generators increases the system overall cost. On the contrary, variable speed WTGS equipped with full or partial rating power electronic converters has strong fault ride through capability during the network disturbance [19][23]. It also has the ability to extract maximum power from the wind due to its variable speed operation. These aforementioned issues make the market share higher for variable speed WTGSs in the recent years. In [23], double fed induction generator (DFIG) is used for transient stability enhancement of squirrel cage induction generator. However, two-mass drive train model of WTGS is not considered therein, which has signicant effect on the transient stability analysis of xed speed WTGS [24],

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[25]. Moreover, underground cable is not considered in that study for wind generator connection. In real system, a wind farm generally employs underground cables with high capacitance to connect neighboring wind generators. Therefore, for LVRT analysis, underground cables should be considered for preciseness. Permanent magnet machines are characterized as having large air gaps, which reduce ux linkage even in machines with multimagnetic poles [26], [27]. As a result, low rotational speed generators can be manufactured with relatively small sizes with respect to its power rating. Moreover, gearbox can be omitted due to low rotational speed in PMSG wind generation system, resulting in low cost. In a recent survey, gearbox is found to be the most critical component, since its downtime per failure is high in comparison to other components in a WTGS [28]. Moreover, PMSG wind generation system can supply more reactive power to the network than that of DFIG [29]. Therefore, in this paper, PMSG is considered as variable speed wind generator to augment the LVRT capability of wind farm. In this paper, a small scale new wind farm topology controlled by a new strategy is presented to augment the LVRT capability of xed speed WTGS during network disturbances by using variable speed WTGS installed in the same wind farm. In the model system used in this paper, a VSWT driving a PMSG is connected to the power system through a fully controlled frequency converter, which consists of generator side ac/dc converter, dc-link capacitor, and grid side dc/ac inverter. The xed speed WTGSs are connected to the terminal of variable speed WTGS through short underground cables. Though two-level converter/inverter topology is frequently used in wind power application [20], [21], multilevel converter/inverter topology is more suitable in the frequency converter considering the factors of better harmonic performance and capability to withstand high phase currents [13]. Therefore, multilevel topology for the frequency converter is considered in this study for VSWT-PMSG operation. A suitable control strategy for the multilevel frequency converter of VSWT-PMSG is developed, which can provide necessary reactive power demand of induction generator during the network disturbance as well as can extract maximum power from the wind. Two-mass drive train model and underground cables are considered in this study for preciseness of the analysis. Both series and parallel connected xed speed WTGSs are investigated. Extensive simulation analyses have been carried out considering both symmetrical and unsymmetrical faults to analyze the LVRT characteristics of both xed and variable speed WTGSs. Moreover, dynamic performance of the system is also veried using the real wind speed data measured in Hokkaido Island, Japan. Finally, it is concluded that the proposed WTGS topology is a good and cost effective solution to enhance the LVRT capability and minimize voltage uctuation of both xed and variable speed wind generators. This is because additional cost to integrate the FACTS devices at wind farm terminal can be eliminated to meet the wind farm grid code. Moreover, additional electrical output can be supplied to the grid from VSWT-PMSG, which is not possible in the case of using FACTS devices. This topology might be suitable to new wind farm as well as to the existing wind farm where wind farm expansion is considered.

Fig. 1. Model system. (a) Series connected xed speed WTGSs. (b) Parallels connected xed speed WTGSs.

II. MODEL SYSTEM The model system used for the LVRT and dynamic stability analyses are shown in Fig. 1. Here, one PMSG (5 MVA) is connected to 11.4-kV distribution system through a frequency converter, 1.25/11.4-kV step-up transformer, and underground cable. Two induction generators rated at 2.5 MVA each are connected in series and parallel to the high voltage side of 1.25/11.4-kV transformer through 0.69/11.4-kV transformer and short underground cables as shown in Fig. 1(a) and (b), respectively. A capacitor bank, , has been considered to be connected to the terminal of each induction generator (IG) for reactive power compensation at steady state. The value of capacitor Cbank is chosen so that power factor of the wind generator during the rated operation becomes unity [30]. Total output of the wind farm are supplied to the utility grid though a common step-up transformer (11.4 kV to 66 kV). PMSG and IG parameters are shown in Tables I and II, respectively. Underground cable parameters are given in the Appendix. The system base is 10 MVA.

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TABLE I PARAMETERS OF PMSG

TABLE II PARAMETERS OF IG

Fig. 3. Turbine characteristic with maximum power point tracking (used in VSWT).

Fig. 4. Pitch controller used in variable speed WTGS.

Fig. 5. Conventional pitch controller used in xed speed WTGS.

Fig. 2.

C 0  curves for different pitch angles (used in FSWT).

III. WIND TURBINE MODELING

The mathematical relation for the mechanical power extraction from the wind can be expressed as follows [31]: (1) where is the extracted power from the wind, is the air density , R is the blade radius [m], is the wind speed is the power coefcient which is a function of both [m/s] and tip speed ratio, , and blade pitch angle, [deg]. Both xed and variable speed wind turbine characteristics used in this study are shown in Figs. 2 and 3, respectively [31][33]. In variable speed wind turbine, when the wind speed changes, the rotational speed of wind turbine is controlled to follow the maximum power point trajectory. Since the precise measurement of the wind speed is difcult, it is better to calculate the , without the measurement of wind maximum power, speed as shown in the following:

where and are optimum values of tip speed ratio and power coefcient, respectively. From (2), it is clear that the maximum generated power is proportional to the cube of rotational speed. The range of rotor speed variation is, in general, approximately 5 to 16 rpm. During the control of generator side ac/dc , is calculated based on the converter, the maximum power, , for the conMPPT, which becomes the reference power, verter. If this reference power is greater than the rated power of PMSG, then the pitch controller shown in Fig. 4 is worked to control the rotational speed. Therefore, the PMSG output will not exceed the rated power. A conventional pitch controller shown in Fig. 5 is also considered in xed speed WTGS. As VSWT-PMSG is decoupled from the grid through the frequency converter, the drive train modeling has almost no inuence on fault analysis [33]. Therefore, one-mass drive train model of variable speed WTGS is considered in the simulation for simplicity. However, in the case of xed speed WTGS, detailed drive train dynamics is needed to be considered, especially for icker or transient stability analysis [24], [25]. Therefore, two-mass drive train modeling is considered in this study for xed speed WTGSs. IV. MODELING OF PWM FREQUENCY CONVERTER

(2)

The electrical scheme of VSWT-PMSG topology is shown in Fig. 6. The PMSG model available in the package software

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Fig. 6. Electrical scheme of VSWT-PMSG.

TABLE III SWITCHING TABLE

system of 3L-NPC inverter is shown in Fig. 9. For reference frame transformation, the parks transformation is considered as follows:
Fig. 7. Control block for the grid side 3L-NPC inverter.

PSCAD/EMTDC [34] is used. The pulse width modulation (PWM) frequency converter consists of generator side ac/dc converter, dc-link capacitor, and grid side dc/ac inverter. Three-level (3L) neutral point clamped (NPC) topology is considered for both converter and inverter as shown in Fig. 6. The three-level converter has the advantages that the blocking voltage of each switching device is one half of dc-link voltage in contrast to the full dc-link voltage in case of the two-level converter, and the harmonic contents of three-level converter output voltage are much less than those of two-level one, at the same switching frequency. The control strategies of the 3L-NPC converter and inverter are demonstrated below. A. Grid Side Multilevel Inverter The aim of the grid side converter control is to keep the dc link voltage constant, thereby ensuring that the active power generated by the generator is fed to the network. Additionally, it is possible to control the reactive power fed to the grid. The well-known cascaded control scheme shown in Fig. 7 is used as a control methodology for the grid side inverter. The grid side converter is controlled in a synchronous reference frame that rotates synchronously with the grid voltage. The grid side voltage phasor is synchronized with the controller reference frame by using the phase locked loop (PLL) as shown in Fig. 8 [35]. The insulated gate bipolar transistor (IGBT) switching table is shown in Table III. The pulse generation

(3) The angle of the transformation is detected from the three phase voltages at the high voltage side of the grid side transformer. The dc voltage of the dc-link capacitor is controlled constant by two PI controllers. The d-axis current can control the dc-link voltage. On the other hand, the q-axis current can control the reactive power of grid side inverter. The reactive power reference is set in such a way that the terminal voltage at high voltage side of the transformer remains constant. Therefore, total three PI controllers are used to control the reactive power of grid-side inverter. The additional PI controller provides excellent transient characteristic during network disturbance as shown later. B. Generator Side Multilevel Converter A generator side converter connected to the stator of the PMSG effectively decouples the generator from the network. Thus, the generator rotor and the wind turbine rotor can rotate freely depending on the wind conditions. The control block for generator side converter shown in Fig. 10 is based on vector control in rotor reference frame. Parks transformation is used herein for reference frame transformation. As the converter is directly connected to the PMSG, its q-axis current is proportional to the active power. The active

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Fig. 8. Block diagram for PLL [35].

Fig. 9. Pulse generation system.

overvoltage, which is further discussed in the following section. is varied according to the terminal Therefore, in this study, voltage during the time when voltage drops below 0.9 p.u. It gives excellent transient performance as demonstrated in Section V. This is one of the salient features of this work. On the other hand, the d-axis stator current is proportional to the reactive power. The reactive power reference is set to zero to perform unity power factor operation. The switching strategy of 3L-NPC converter is the same that is used in Section IV-A. In both converter and inverter, the triangular carrier signal is used as the carrier wave of PWM operation. The carrier frequency is chosen 1000 Hz for converter and 1050 Hz for inverter, respectively. The dc-link capacitor value of each [21]. The rated dc-link voltage switching device is 15 000 across the two capacitor legs is 2.3 kV. C. Overvoltage and Undervoltage Protection Schemes of DC-Link During the severe network disturbance such as short circuit fault, the front end inverter has to provide sufcient reactive current to support the grid. Therefore, the grid side inverter cannot supply the active power from the generator to the grid, which results in overvoltage in the dc-link of the frequency converter This may hamper normal operation of the frequency converter unit. In this paper, as the frequency converter of VSWT-PMSG is used to provide the necessary reactive power support for the proposed topology which includes xed speed wind generators, any type of interruption of the frequency converter would result in instability in the overall system. Therefore, overvoltage protection scheme (OVPS) is taken into consideration in this study as shown in Fig. 6 along with the control technique for generator side converter explained in Section IV-B. The braking chopper is modeled in the dc-link in order to protect the dc-link capacitor during fault situation. The chopper is activated when the dc-link voltage increases over the predened limit and dissipates the active power into the resistance during the voltage dip in the grid. Besides the overvoltage protection, undervoltage protection is also taken into consideration, in this paper. In the grid side inverter shown in Fig. 7, the output of integrators used in PI controllers are reset when the dc-link voltage goes below a predened value. In this way, the undervoltage tripping of the drive

Fig. 10. Control block for the generator side converter.

power reference, , is determined in such a way to provide the maximum power to the grid as explained in Section III. However, when a network disturbance occurs, the terminal , of the high voltage side of the transformer voltage, decreases considerably. Therefore, in such a situation, it would be appropriate not to keep the active power reference setpoint at the maximum extracted power level in order to avoid dc-link

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Fig. 11. Low voltage ride-through standard set by FERC, U.S. [6].

can be avoided during the network disturbance when dc-link voltage tends to decrease extremely. V. SIMULATION RESULTS The grid codes were originally decided with synchronous generators in mind. But due to the recent addition of huge amount of wind power to the grid, in many countries [4][7], the new grid codes have been developed to ensure secure power system operation. The wind farm grid codes are more or less similar to each other. In this study, the simulation results are described in light of the U.S. grid code, set by Federal Energy Regulatory Commission (FERC). If the voltage does not fall below the minimum voltage indicated by the solid line in Fig. 11 and returns to 90% of the nominal voltage within 3 s after the beginning of the voltage drop, the plant must stay online [6]. In this study, a new wind farm topology is considered which is composed of xed and variable speed wind generators and LVRT and dynamic characteristics are analyzed. The frequency converter of the VSWT-PMSG is controlled in such a way to maintain the grid voltage (voltage at the high voltage side of transformer followed by the frequency converter) at desired reference level set by transmission system operator (TSO). In that way, the necessary reactive power of the induction generator can be supplied to restore the electromagnetic torque. To obtain realistic responses, the two-mass shaft model of WTGS is considered. All types of dampings are disregarded to obtain the worse scenario [25]. Symmetrical three-line-to-ground fault (3LG) and unsymmetrical double-line-to-ground (2LG), line-to-line (2LS), and single-line-to-line (1LG) faults are considered as a network disturbance, which occurs at fault points F in Fig. 1. The fault occurs at 0.1 s, the circuit breakers (CB) on the faulted lines are opened at 0.2 s, and at 1.0 s, the circuit breakers are reclosed. In the simulation study, it is assumed that wind speed is constant and equivalent to the rated speed for both xed and variable speed WTGSs. This is because it may be considered that wind speed does not change dramatically during the short time interval of the simulation. Time step and simulation time are chosen 0.00002 s and 10 s, respectively. Simu-

TABLE IV CASE STUDY

lations were carried out by using PSCAD/EMTDC [34]. Two cases shown in Table IV are considered in the simulation study to show the effectiveness of the control strategy of the proposed system to meet the wind farm grid code requirements. A. LVRT Characteristic Analysis To show the effectiveness of the control system of the frequency converter under fault condition, pitch controllers connected to the xed speed WTGSs are not considered in both Cases 1 and 2. 1) Using Model System (a): In this case, series connected xed speed WTGSs are connected to the terminal of VSWTPMSG at bus-K as shown in Fig. 1(a). The grid side inverter can provide necessary reactive power during the severe symmetrical 3LG fault which is shown in Fig. 12. Therefore, the terminal voltage shown in Fig. 13 can return to its pre-fault level for Case 1. As the necessary reactive power of the induction generators are provided by the VSWT-PMSG, the electromagnetic torques of IG can be restored quickly. Therefore, electromagnetic and mechanical torques balance to each other and as a result the rotor and turbine hub speeds of xed speed WTGSs become stable for Case 1 as shown in Figs. 14 and 15, respectively. From Fig. 13, it is seen that Case 2 fails to achieve the LVRT requirement of wind farm due to lack of reactive power supply during network disturbance. The response of PMSG rotor speed is shown in Fig. 16. When the fault occurs, the reference of the real power reference for the generator side converter is varied with terminal voltage as shown in Fig. 17. The real power responses of grid side inverter (real power from the PMSG) and induction generators are shown together in Fig. 18. The dc-link voltage response of the frequency converter is shown in Fig. 19. It is no-

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Fig. 12. Reactive power of grid side inverter (3LG) (Case 1).

Fig. 16. Rotor speed of the PMSG (3LG) (Case 1).

Fig. 13. Terminal voltage at bus-K (3LG).

Fig. 17. Reference power of the generator side converter (3LG) (Case 1).

Fig. 14. Rotor speed of induction generator 1 (3LG). Fig. 18. Real powers of the PMSG and the IG (3LG).

Fig. 15. Turbine hub speed of WTGS1 (3LG).

Fig. 19. DC-Link voltage of the frequency converter (3LG) (Case 1).

ticeable from the reactive power response shown in Fig. 12 that almost rated level reactive power support is needed from the frequency converter of VSWT-PMSG. Therefore, if the proposed wind farm is required to meet the wind farm grid code during

the most severe 3LG fault, the power ratings of xed and variable speed wind generators need to be nearly equal. The PLL circuit shown in Fig. 8 is suitable for unbalanced faults as well as balanced 3LG fault to detect the phase angle

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Fig. 20. Terminal voltage at bus-K (2LG).

Fig. 23. Terminal voltage at bus-K (3LG).

Fig. 21. Terminal voltage at bus-K (2LS).

Fig. 24. Reactive power of grid side inverter (3LG) (Case 1).

Fig. 22. Terminal voltage at bus-K (1LG).

Fig. 25. DC-Link voltage of the frequency converter (3LG) (Case 1).

used in the grid side inverter. The responses of the terminal voltages at bus-K in the case of 2LG, 2LL, and 1LG faults are shown in Figs. 2022, respectively. From the simulation results, it is seen that the LVRT requirement of wind farm can be met well for the fault types described in this paper. 2) Using Model System (b): In this case, parallel connected xed speed WTGSs are connected to the terminal of VSWTPMSG as shown in Fig. 1(b). The response of terminal voltage at bus-K is shown in Fig. 23 from which it is seen that Case 1 can achieve the LVRT requirement of wind farm. The responses of reactive power and dc-link voltage of frequency converter are shown in Figs. 24 and 25, respectively. Therefore, this model can also help wind farms meet the new grid code requirements. B. Dynamic Characteristic Analysis To evaluate the dynamic performance of the proposed system, the real wind speed data measured in Hokkaido Island, Japan,

Fig. 26. Wind speed data for generators.

shown in Fig. 26, is used in the simulation. Model system (a) is considered in this analysis. It is seen that the wind farm terminal voltage at bus-K can be maintained constant in Case 1 also during randomly uctuating wind speed as shown in Fig. 27. The reactive power response at bus-K is also shown in Fig. 28.

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REFERENCES
[1] The Global Wind Energy Council, Global Wind 2007 Report,2nd ed. May 2008. [Online]. Available: http://www.gwec.net/. [2] F. V. hulle, Large Scale Integration of Wind Energy in the European Power Supply Analysis, Issue and Recommendations. EWEA, Dec. 2005, Tech. Rep. [3] C. L. Souza et al., Power system transient stability analysis including synchronous and induction generator, in Proc. IEEE Porto Power Tech, 2001, vol. 2, p. 6. [4] R. Zavadil, N. Miller, A. Ellis, and E. Muljadi, Making connections, IEEE Power Energy Mag., vol. 3, no. 6, pp. 2637, 2005. [5] Ireland National Grid, Grid Code Version 2, Jan. 2007, Wind Farm Power Station Grid Code Provisions, WFPS1, pp. 213216. [6] Federal Energy Regulatory Commission (FERC), United States of America, Docket no. RM05-4-000-Order no. 661, Interconnection for Wind Energy, Jun. 2, 2005. [7] Federal Energy Regulatory Commission (FERC), United States of America, Docket no. RM05-4-001; Order no. 661-A, Interconnection for Wind Energy, Dec. 12, 2005. [8] L. Gyugyi, Unied power-ow control concept for exible ac transmission systems, Proc. Inst. Elect. Eng. C, vol. 139, no. 4, pp. 323331, 1992. [9] L. Gyugyi, Dynamic compensation of AC transmission lines by solidstate synchronous voltage sources, IEEE Trans. Power Del., vol. 9, no. 2, pp. 904911, Apr. 1994. [10] H. F. Wang, F. Li, and R. G. Cameron, Facts control design based on power system nonparametric models, Proc. Inst. Elect. Eng., Gen., Transm., Distrib., vol. 146, no. 5, pp. 409415, 1999. [11] L. Zhang, C. Shen, M. L. Crow, L. Dong, S. Pekarek, and S. Atcitty, Performance indices for the dynamic performance of FACTS and FACTS with energy storage, Elect. Power Compon. Syst., vol. 33, no. 3, pp. 299314, Mar. 2005. [12] Z. Saad-Saoud, M. L. Lisboa, J. B. Ekanayake, N. Jenkins, and G. Strbac, Application of STATCOMs to wind farms, Proc. Inst. Elect. Eng., Gen., Transm., Distrib., vol. 145, no. 5, pp. 511516, 1998. [13] S. M. Muyeen, M. A. Mannan, M. H. Ali, R. Takahashi, T. Murata, and J. Tamura, Stabilization of wind turbine generator system by STATCOM, IEEJ Trans. PE, vol. 126-B, no. 10, pp. 10731082, 2006. [14] T. Ahmed, E. Hiraki, M. Nakaoka, and O. Noro, Static VAr compensator-based terminal voltage regulation scheme of self-excited induction generator driven by variable speed prime mover for clean renewable energy, in Proc. 4th Int. Power Electronics and Motion Control Conf. (IPEMC), 2004, vol. 3, no. 1416, pp. 12191224. [15] F. Zhou, G. Joos, C. Abbey, L. Jiao, and B. T. Ooi, Use of large capacity SMES to improve the power quality and stability of wind farms, in Proc. IEEE Power Engineering Society General Meeting, Jun. 2004, vol. 2, pp. 20252030. [16] M. H. Ali, T. Murata, and J. Tamura, Minimization of uctuations of line power and terminal voltage of wind generator by fuzzy logiccontrolled SMES, Int. Rev. Elect. Eng. (I.R.E.E.), vol. 1, no. 4, pp. 559566, Oct. 2006. [17] T. Kinjo, T. Senjyu, N. Urasaki, and H. Fujita, Output levelling of renewable energy by electric double-layer capacitor applied for energy storage system, IEEE Trans. Energy Convers., vol. 21, no. 1, pp. 221227, 2006. [18] S. M. Muyeen, R. Takahashi, M. H. Ali, T. Murata, and J. Tamura, Transient stability augmentation of power system including wind farms by using ECS, IEEE Trans. Power Syst., vol. 23, no. 3, pp. 11791187, Aug. 2008. [19] S. B. Papaefthimiou and S. A. Papathanassiou, Simulation and control of a variable speed wind turbine with synchronous generator, in CD Rec. XVII Int. Conf. Electrical Machines (ICEM 2006), Chania, Crete Island, Greece, Sep. 25, 2006, Ref. No. 593. [20] S. M. Muyeen, R. Takahashi, T. Murata, J. Tamura, and M. H. Ali, Transient stability analysis of permanent magnet variable speed synchronous wind generator, in Proc. Int. Conf. Electrical Machines and Systems 2007 (ICEMS 2007), Seoul, Korea, Oct. 2007, pp. 288293. [21] A. D. Hansen and G. Michalke, Modelling and control of variablespeed multi-pole permanent magnet synchronous generator wind turbine, Wind Energy, vol. 11, no. 5, pp. 537554, 2008, 10.1002/we.278. [22] T. Sun, Z. Chen, and F. Blaabjerg, Transient stability of DFIG wind turbines at an external short-circuit fault, Wind Energy, vol. 8, no. 3, pp. 345360, 2005.

Fig. 27. Wind farm terminal voltage at bus-K.

Fig. 28. Reactive power at bus-K.

VI. CONCLUSIONS Integration of FACTS devices to wind farm terminal can augment the LVRT capability of xed speed WTGSs, which is reported already in several literatures. However, it increases the overall system cost. In this paper, a new type of wind farm topology composed of xed and variable speed wind turbine generator systems has been presented. The variable speed wind turbine driving a PMSG is connected to the grid through a fully controlled three-level NPC frequency converter which has reactive power control ability. Taking this advantage from VSWTPMSG, xed speed wind generators are connected either series or parallel to its terminal, so that they can receive the necessary reactive power from VSWT-PMSG during network disturbances. The LVRT characteristics of both xed and variable speed WTGSs are evaluated in light of U.S. grid code considering both symmetrical and unsymmetrical faults. Moreover, the dynamic performance is veried using real wind speed data. Finally, it is concluded that the proposed system can be a cost-effective solution to achieve the requirements of new wind farm grid code. APPENDIX The underground cable parameters are given below [36]. (a) Underground cables between transformers, 1.25/11.4 kV and 0.69/11.4 kV (350 m): , , and . (b) Underground cables between transformers, 1.25/11.4 kV and 11.4/66 kV (700 m): , , and .

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[23] R. Takahashi, J. Tamura, M. Futami, M. Kimura, and K. Ide, A new control method for wind energy conversion system using a double-fed synchronous generator, (in Japanese) IEEJ Power and Energy, vol. 126, no. 2, pp. 225235, 2006. [24] S. K. Salman and A. L. J. Teo, Windmill modeling consideration and factors inuencing the stability of a grid-connected wind powerbased embedded generator, IEEE Trans. Power Syst., vol. 18, no. 2, pp. 793802, May 2003. [25] S. M. Muyeen, M. H. Ali, R. Takahashi, T. Murata, J. Tamura, Y. Tomaki, A. Sakahara, and E. Sasano, A comparative study on transient stability analysis of wind turbine generator system using different drive train models, IET Proc. Renewab. Power Gen. (IET-RPG), vol. 1, no. 2, pp. 131141, Jun. 2007. [26] P. Vas, Electrical Machines and DrivesA Space Vector Theory Approach. New York: Oxford Univ. Press, 1992. [27] T. J. E. Miller, Brushless Permanent-Magnet and Reluctance Motor Drives. New York: Oxford Univ. Press, 1989. [28] J. Ribrant and L. M. Bertling, Survey of failures in wind power systems with focus on Swedish wind power plants during 19972005, IEEE Trans. Energy Convers., vol. 22, no. 1, pp. 167173, Mar. 2007. [29] M. B. C. Salles, K. Hameyer, J. R. Cardoso, and W. Freitas, Dynamic analysis of wind turbines considering new grid code requirements, presented at the 2008 Int. Conf. Electrical Machines, Vilamoura, Portugal, 2008, Paper ID.1024. [30] S. M. Muyeen, M. H. Ali, R. Takahashi, T. Murata, and J. Tamura, Transient stability enhancement of wind generator by a new logical pitch controller, IEEJ Trans. PE, vol. 126-B, no. 08, pp. 742752, Aug. 2006. [31] S. Heier, Grid Integration of Wind Energy Conversion System. Chichester, U.K.: Wiley, 1998. [32] O. Wasynczuk, D. T. Man, and J. P. Sullivan, Dynamic behavior of a class of wind turbine generator during random wind uctuations, IEEE Trans. Power App. Syst., vol. PAS-100, no. 6, pp. 28732845, 1981. [33] J. G. Slootweg, S. W. H. De Hann, H. Polinder, and W. L. Kling, General model for representing variable speed wind turbines in power system dynamic simulations, IEEE Trans. Power Syst., vol. 18, no. 1, pp. 144151, Feb. 2003. [34] PSCAD/EMTDC Manual, Manitoba HVDC Research Center, 1994. [35] M. Akamatsu, M. Tsukada, and D. Itoh, A novel PLL and frequency detecting method suited for the abnormal voltages under fault conditions in the power system, IEEJ Trans. PE, vol. 118-B, no. 9, pp. 955961, 1998. [36] L. Wang and J.-Y. Liou, Simulations of a commercial wind power generation system with four wind-turbine induction generators, in Proc. IEEE Power Engineering Society General Meeting 2007, Tampa, FL, 2007, pp. 17.

S. M. Muyeen (M08) was born in Khulna, Bangladesh, on September 8, 1975. He received the B.Sc. Eng. degree from Rajshahi University of Engineering and Technology (RUET), Rajshahi, Bangladesh, in 2000 and the M.Sc. Eng. and Dr. Eng. degrees from Kitami Institute of Technology, Kitami, Japan, in 2005 and 2008, respectively, all in electrical and electronic engineering. Presently, he is doing research works under the Japan Society for the Promotion of Science (JSPS) Postdoctoral Fellowship Program at the Kitami Institute of Technology. His research interests are power system, electrical machine, FACTS, energy storage system (ESS), wind generator stabilization, multi-mass drive train of wind turbine, and HVDC system.

Rion Takahashi (M07) received the B.Sc. Eng. and Dr. Eng. degrees from Kitami Institute of Technology, Kitami, Japan, in 1998 and 2006, respectively, both in electrical and electronic engineering. Now, he is working as a Research Assistant in the Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Kitami Institute of Technology. His major research interests include analysis of power system transient, FACTS, and wind energy conversion system.

Toshiaki Murata received the Dr. Eng. degree from Hokkaido University, Japan, Sapporo, in 1991. He completed his Electrical Engineering Curriculum at the Teacher Training School from Hokkaido University. Since 1969, he had been a Research Assistant at the Kitami Institute of Technology, Kitami, Japan. Presently, he is an Associate Professor at the Kitami Institute of Technology.

Junji Tamura (M87SM92) received the B.Sc. Eng. degree from Muroran Institute of Technology, Muroran, Japan, in 1979 and the M.Sc. Eng. and Dr. Eng. degrees from Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan, in 1981 and 1984, respectively, all in electrical engineering. In 1984, he became a Lecturer and in 1986, an Associate Professor at the Kitami Institute of Technology, Kitami, Japan. Currently, he is a Professor at the Kitami Institute of Technology.