AP Psych Duez LEARNING TARGETS - Chapter 5 "Variatins in Consciousness" Terms to know: Alcohol - Ascending reticular activating system (ARAS)

) - Biological rhythms - Cannabis - Circadian rhythms Dissociation - EEG - EMG - EOG - Hallucinogens - Hypnosis - Insomnia - Latent content - Lucid dreams - Manifest content - Meditation - Narcolepsy - Narcotics - Night Terrors - Nightmares - Non-REM sleep (NREM) - Opiates Physical dependence - Psychoactive drugs - Psychological dependence - REM Sleep - Sedatives - Sleep apnea - Slowwave sleep (SWS) - Somnambulism - Stimulants - Tolerance People to know: Barber - Cartwright - Dement - Frued - Hall - Hilgard - Hobson - James Wundt (how it was organized) and James (how it worked) were fascinated with consciousness from the very earliest writings in psychology. Consciousness refers to the active processing of information in the brain. It could be thought of as a form of short-term memory & attention combined. It is the activity running through our heads or minds. Brain activity can be measured by using an EEG. Studying consciousness is very difficult because we don't have a good definition of it and can't really see or measure it. Techniques have been developed to serve as a proxy for consciousness. One of the easiest ways to study consciousness is to examine the process of sleep. We are not entirely sure why sleep occurs. There is a mechanism that causes us to fall asleep in the brain (2 really). And we believe it has an evolutionary purpose as well. Yet the body does not do as much recuperation during sleep as we might believe, and the brain is active during sleep, so we are not really decreasing activity. Biological Rhythms and Sleep Circadian 24 hour biological processes that may be interrupted by exposure to light (resets biological clock by affecting suprachiasmatic nucleus and pineal gland which secretes melatonin. Jet lag & shift work can also knock circadian rhythms out of sync. Sleep stages - In normal night's sleep each cycle 1-4 & Rem lasts about 90 minutes (as night progresses we spend more time in REM cycle). 4 to 6 cycles per night is typical. 1 - Brain waves similar to when someone is awake, lots of activity. Barely asleep; can be awakened easily. 2 - Brain waves slow down dramatically. Deeper stage of sleep. Sleep spindles (bursts of neural activity or neural firings) occur. Not easy to wake up. 3 - 1st slow wave of sleep. Brain activity and waves are slow. Person sleeps much more deeply and very difficult to wake. 4 - Deepest stage of sleep. Brain waves are the slowest. If a person tried to shut off an alarm that woke him, he would still remain very groggy. REM Sleep (or Paradoxical Sleep) - Rapid Eye Movement - vivid dreams occur most often here. Brain waves work almost as fast as they do when we are awake. But the brain causes a decrease in muscle tone and control. Impossible to sleep walk in this stage (the body is immobile). [REM cycles decline during childhood and levels off at 20%] Activation-synthesis hypothesis - When we dream, our brain is as active as while we are awake: we experience images, sensations, etc. that we synthesize into a dream. Content of one's dreams may be affected by one's gender, events in one's life, & external stimuli experienced during the dream. There are variations across cultures in dream recall, content, and interpretation. Freud argued that the purpose of dreams was wish fulfillment. Cartwright has articulated a problem-solving view, whereas Hobson & McCarley assert that dreams are side effects of the neural activation seen during REM sleep. Sleep Disorders Narcolepsy: Excessive sleepiness. Unpredictable and uncontrolled. People with this go directly to REM. Insomnia: Inability to fall asleep or maintain sleep during night. Stress is one of several causes. Disorder called sleep apnea is another: one stops breathing while sleeping and wakes up to catch a breath. Somnambulism - Stage 3 & 4 of sleep - this causes people to sleepwalk. They are not sleepwalking during dream state but, rather, during a deep stage of sleep. Attention - how we focus our mental energy on any one of a number of possible stimuli. Selective attention - Cherry & Morray (researchers) utilized dichotic listening to examine the issue. Dichotic listening - involves wearing headphones & having 2 different messages coming into your ears. Your task is to listen to one ear while ignoring the other. We can ignore information in the unattended ear, but some information does get into the unattended channel. Cocktail Party Phenomenon (Morray) - You may focus on one task but someone says something that is highly salient to you - things like names, the word fire if you are in a movie theatre, etc. We can pay attention to more than one thing at a time. But we can be distracted by info that seems important. Divided Attention - We can only focus on one complex topic at one time. Attention is crucial to understanding behavior and consciousness. When we are conscious, it is our attention that determines what is part of our short-term memory. Altering Consciousness with Drugs Psychoactive drugs - exert their main effects in the brain, where they alter neurotransmitter activity in a variety of ways. The meso-limbic dopamine pathway may mediate the reinforcing effects of most abused drugs. If you learn only 3 things from this chapter for the AP Test... 1. People dream during REM sleep. 2. Sleep isn't easy for everyone. There are a variety of sleep disorders that are important to understand. 3. The Stages of Sleep. 20 Questions: 1. Which stage of sleep is also referred to as paradoxical sleep? 2. Difficulty in falling asleep or staying asleep is called? 3. Dave has trouble staying asleep because several times during the night, he stops breathing and wakes up for a

short time. Dave likely suffers from ____? 4. Which of the following is the deepest stage of sleep? 5. During a typical night, each cycle of sleep lasts ____ hours? 6. Little Tommy is having trouble sleeping. When he first falls asleep, he goes right out. Almost immediately, however, he wakes up screaming and crying uncontrollably, and his heart is racing. Tommy is probably suffering from ____. 7. During a typical night's sleep we go through all the cycles of sleep _____ times. 8. Lilly is having trouble staying awake during the day. Several times a day, she is overcome with excessive sleepiness---so much so, it is impossible for her not to fall asleep. Lilly probably suffers from ____. 9. A truly automatic task uses almost no _____ resources. 10. REM sleep is called paradoxical sleep because our ____ are active even as our _____ are relaxed. 11. Abby is having a dream. She is probably in which stage of sleep? 12. Another term for sleepwalking is __? 13. An automatic task requires a great deal of _____ to develop. 14. Tina is walking down the street. All of the sudden, she loses her muscle control and falls to the ground. Tina most likely suffers from ___? 15. "At one time in our history it was more dangerous for our ancestors to be active at night, so sleeping at night became and advantage for their survival." Which theoretical approach would be MOST supportive of this quote? 16. The average adult requires ____ hours of sleep a night. 17. Which of these is LEAST likely to happen during REM sleep compared to the other stages of sleep? (dreaming, sleep apnea, increased brain activity, Somnambulism, Insomnia) 18. During the night our body temp ____. 19. Tom is having trouble sleeping. When he first falls asleep, he goes right to sleep. However, when he wakes up in the morning, he still feels tired. He can't figure out why this is happening. Tom is probably suffering from _____? 20. Newborn infants spend about ____% of their sleep time in REM and adults spend about ____% of their sleep time in REM. PSYCHOACTIVE DRUGS: