Hematology

For a Complete Blood Count (CBC), specimens of venous blood are taken, it includes hemoglobin and hematocrit measurements, erythrocyte (RBC) count, leukocyte (WBC) count, red blood cell (RBC) indices, and a differential white cell count. The CBC is a basic screening test and one of the most frequently ordered blood tests.

Possible Causes of Normal Findings Hematology Result 09/20/0 6 Result 09/24/0 6 Norma l Values

Increased

Decreased

WBC

4.0 x 109/L

3.9 x 109/L

510 x 109/L

Infection Inflammation Trauma

Autoimmune disease Drug toxicity Bone marrow failure aplastic anemia dietary deficiency

Neutrophil

0.47

0.30

0.450.65

stress acute infection Chronic infection Viral Infection Mononucleosi s

Lymphocyte s

0.49

0.65

0.250.40

Leukemia Sepsis Immunodeficiency \ diseases

Eosinophils

0.02

0.02

0.020.04

Parasitic infections Allergic reactions Leukemia

Increased Adrenosteroid production

Monocytes

0.02

0.02

0.020.06

Chronic Inflammatory disorder Tuberculosis

Drug Therapy: Prednisone

Possible Causes of Normal Findings Hematology Result 09/20/0 6 Result 09/24/0 6 Norma l Values Increased Decreased

Hemoglobin

152 g/L

109 g/L

140170 g/L

Polycythemia Dehydration COPD

Hemorrhage Anemia Cancer Kidney disease Sickle Cell Anemia Hemorrhage Anemia Hyperthyroidism Dietary deficiency

Hematocrit

0.446

0.318

0.400.50

Polycythemia Dehydration COPD

Platelet

50 x 109/L

178 x 109/L

150450 x 109/L

Malignant disorder Polycythemia Rheumatoid Arthritis Iron Deficiency Anemia

Hemorrhage Leukemia Pernicious anemia Hemolytic anemia Chemotherapy

MCV

85.3fl

85.7fl

80100fl

Liver disease Alcoholism

Iron deficiency Anemia

MCH

29.1 pg

29.4 pg

27-31 pg

Macrocytic anemia

Microcytic anemia Hypochromic anemia

MCHC

341

343

320360

Intravascular hemolysis

Iron deficiency anemia

Blood Urea Nitrogen Blood levels of two metabolically produced substances, urea and creatinine, are routinely used to evaluate renal function. The kidneys, through filtration and tubular secretion, normally eliminate both. Urea, the end product of protein metabolism is measured as blood urea nitrogen.

BUN

Result

Normal Values

09/20/06

22.61 mg/dL

7-17 mg/dL

Dengue Blot

09/21/06

IgM

IgG

Result

negative

postive

Urinalysis
Urine tests include tests for specific gravity, pH and the presence of abnormal constituents such as glucose, ketones, protein, and occult blood.

Specific gravity is an indicator of urine concentration, or the amounts of solutes present in the urine. The specific gravity of urine normally ranges from 1.010 to 1.025. Low specific gravity readings is a result of excess fluid intake or diseases affecting the ability of the kidneys to concentrate urine. A high specific gravity may indicate fluid deficit or dehydration, or excess solutes such as glucose in the urine.

Urinary pH is measured to determine the relative acidity or alkalinity of urine and assess the clients acid-base status. Urine is normally acidic with an average pH of

6. Assessment of urine pH is useful in determining whether the kidneys are responding appropriately to acid-base imbalances.

Urine is tested for glucose to screen clients for diabetes mellitus. Normally, the amount of glucose in the urine is neglible. Ketone bodies, a product of the breakdown of fatty acids, normally are not present in the urine. However, they may be present for clients with poorly controlled diabetes.

Protein is normally negative in urine testing. If protein becomes positive in some clients, this may indicate that their glomerular membrane in the kidney has been damaged. Normal urine is free from blood. When blood is present, it may be clearly visisble or not visible (occult). Microscopic Result Normal Values

Color Transparency Glucose Albumin Specific Gravity pH WBC RBC Amorphous Urate Epithelial Cells Bacteria Mucus threads

Yellow Slightly cloudy Negative Negative 1.020 6.0 4-6/lpf 2-3/lpf few many moderate moderate

Straw/amber Clear Negative Negative 1.005-1.030 4.6-8.0 0-5/hpf 0-5/hpf rare rare rare rare