Business Vocabulary

Pat d. nguyen

Brands
mindshare/ share of mind built-to-order built-to-stock brand recognition/awareness/ familiarity brand image brand identity brand equity brand stretching/extension brand dilution product portfolio product placement product positioning consumer durables fast-moving consumer goods FMCG the make of the product own-brand /own-label product generic product generics generic brand flagship brand how aware consumers are of a particular product or brand, compared with other brands or products of the same type made for a particular customer, who chooses what parts, functions, features, etc. the product will have made with the same parts, functions, features, etc. for all customers how much people recognize a brand

the ideas people have about a brand people think of that brand in a particular way in relation to other brands the value of a brand to its owners, as sometimes shown on a firms balance sheet using a successful brand name to sell new types of products the brand becomes less powerful due to brand over-stretching a companys products, as a group when a company pays for its products to be seen in films and TV programmes how a company would like a product to be seen in relation to its other products, or to competing products consumer goods that last a long time, such as cars and washing machines consumer goods such as food products that sell quickly the name of the product a product with the retailers own name on it products that are not branded brand used on a variety of different products the most important brand owned by an organization

another nail in the coffin hand up their hats mirror a move subliminal move away from ones core business global offerings glocalization

a further negative factor finish their work follow a similar trend affecting your mind even though you are not aware of it no longer keep to ones original business image and goals offering exactly the same products all over the world trying to adapt ones products to individual markets and local tastes

Travel
go bust spartan carrier deregulation liberalization bail out long-haul hub purpose-built videoconferencing (+suites) economy class business class no-frills cannot continue operating, broken simple and without any confort a company that carries goods or passengers from one place to another, especially by air the removing of government rules and controls from an industry, a business activity, etc to make the rules that apply to an activity, an industry, etc. less strict; to make it easier for more people to take part an act of giving money to a company, a foreign country, etc. that has very serious financial problems that involves transporting people or goods over long distances the central and most important part of a particular place or activity in a system of transport or communication, a central place to which passengers, messages, etc. go before going on to another place hub-and-spoke system designed and made for a particular purpose a system that enables people in different places to have a meeting by watching and listening to each other using computers, video cameras, etc the cheapest class of air travel; the part of a plane where people with the cheapest tickets sit the part of a plane, etc. where passengers have a very high level of comfort and service, designed for people travelling on business including only the basic features, without anything that is unnecessary, especially things added to make sth more attractive or comfortable

transit one-way, single return, round-trip non-stop expatriate (expat) emigrant immigrant (economic) migrant adhesive ad hoc insurance cover/coverage excess baggage full-board half-board bed and breakfast rack rate officious phase sth in phase sth out surly

the act of going through a place on the way to somewhere else a single ticket, etc. can be used for travelling to a place but not back again a ticket for a journey to a place and back again going from one place to another without any stops a person living in a country that is not their own a person who leaves their country to live in another a person who has come to live permanently in a country that is not their own a person who moves from one place to another, especially in order to find work a substance such as glue that you use to stick two things together not planned in advance protection that an insurance company provides by promising to pay you money if a particular event happens bags, cases, etc. taken on to a plane that weigh more than the amount each passenger is allowed to carry without paying extra an arrangement in which the hotel where you are staying provides all your meals an arrangement in which the hotel where you are staying provides your breakfast and one other meal a service that provides a room for the night and breakfast the next morning, a place that provides this breakfast the standard price of a hotel room too eager to tell people what to do - used to show disapproval bossy to gradually start using a new system, law, process etc to gradually stop using or providing something bad-tempered and unfriendly

Organization

building society guise self-starters autonomous flat structures front-line buzzword hot-desking teleworking portfolio career overhaul (n.v) upbeat about severance payoff payout cutting edge commercial art supranational demutualization mutual company

in the UK, an organization like a bank that lends money to people who want to buy a home. People also save money with a building society the way someone or something appears to be, which hides the truth or is only temporaryin/under the guise of something someone who is able to work successfully on their own without needing other people's help or a lot of instructions having the ability to work and make decisions by yourself without any help from anyone else having a few levels of hiearchy used to describe an employee who deals directly with customers or physically makes a product a word or phrase, especially one connected with a particular subject, that has become fashionable and popular and is used a lot in newspapers the practice in an office of giving workers an available desk when they need one, rather than giving each worker their own desk the activity of working for a company from your home and communicating with your office and colleagues by computer and telephone, etc. either all or part of the time a career that is based on building skills and knowledge in a series of different jobs rather than one based on increasingly senior jobs in one profession to examine every part of a system, machine, etc. and make any necessary changes or repairs: positive and enthusiastic; making you feel that the future will be good downbeat the act of ending sbs contract of employment the act of ending a connection or relationship a payment of money to sb to persuade them to leave their job the money you receive from an investment, etc an advantage or a good result from sth a large amount of money that is given to sb the newest, most advanced stage in the development of sth a quality or feature that gives sb/sth an advantage the activity of designing advertisements, the materials used to pack products, etc involving more than one country to change a mutual organization (= one that is run on behalf of the people who use its services) into a company with shareholders; to be changed in this way a type of financial organization such as an insurance company which has no shareholders but is owned by its members, with profits shared among them

corporate goverance remuneration stock options fat cat do a disservice to sb/sth liaise keynote milestone/milepost bureaucratic deliverable(s) mammoth centerpiece

the way in which directors and managers control a company and make decisions, especially decisions that have an important effect on shareholders an amount of money that is paid to sb for the work they have done the chance to buy shares in a company cheaply a person who earns, or who has, a lot of money to do something that gives other people a bad opinion of someone or something to work closely with sb and exchange information with them to act as a link between two or more people or groups a keynote speech, speaker, etc. is an important one that introduces a meeting or its subject a very important stage or event in the development of sth a time in a project by which particular tasks should be completed connected with bureaucracy or bureaucrats and involving complicated official rules which may seem unnecessary n. a piece of work that must be completed, especially as part of a long project adj. that can be achieved, provided or delivered gigantic and enormous the most important, noticeable, or attractive part of something

Change
restructure intellectual capital brick and mortals clicks and mortar clicks and bricks streamline black knight to organize sth such as a company, an industry, etc. in a different way in order to make it more efficient if a company with problems restructures its debts, it agrees with lenders to pay them in a different way from before anything that is not physical that can be used to make a business more successful, for example its relationships with its customers, its brands, ideas or designs for new products, the knowledge and skills of employees, etc buildings, especially when you are thinking of them in connection with how much they cost to build or how much they are worth businesses with buildings that customers go to that uses the Internet as well as physical shops/stores, etc. to sell products to make a system, an organization, etc. work better, especially in a way that saves money a company that tries to buy (take over) another company that does not want to be bought or offers too low a price

grey knight white knight orange goods brown goods white goods yellow goods red goods grey goods blue chip defensive stocks blackball blackleg/scab greenfield site brownfield site white-collar blue-collar pink-collar embezzle insider trading/dealing

a third company or person that is a possible buyer for another company. They are grey because it is not known if they will be good or bad for the company a person or an organization that rescues a company from being bought by another company at too low a price Ex: a pair of trousers, a T-shirt and a cap small electrical items such as televisions, radios, music and video equipment large pieces of electrical equipment in the home Ex: car, air-conditioning unit and a bathroom suite Ex: milk, cheese and a bottle of tomato ketchup computer equipment the shares of the best-known companies on the stock market, which are considered to be a safe investment companies that are safe investments, even if economic conditions are bad o vote against someone, especially so that they cannot join a club or social group an offensive way of referring to a worker who refuses to join a strike or who works instead of sb on strike an area of land that has not yet had buildings on it, but for which building development may be planned an area of land in a city that was used by industry or for offices in the past and that may now be cleared for new building development working in a office connected with workers connected with jobs with low pay that are done mainly by women, for example in offices to steal money that you are responsible for or that belongs to your employer the crime of buying or selling shares, bonds, etc. in a company with the help of secret information about the company that is not available to the public the buying and selling of a companys shares, bonds, etc. by directors or senior managers of the company used to describe new and different ways of thinking about and solving problems, although the ideas produced may not yet be possible or practical

blue-sky

grey market

the buying and selling of new shares before they are officially issued on the stock market the buying and selling of goods that have not been obtained from an official supplier, usually at a lower price than the official price. The grey market is legal but secret. The black market is illegal. older people, when they are thought of as customers for goods; the goods that are produced for them or that they buy silver market

Money
in default of sth enter/make a plea of guilty unit trusts/ mutual funds common/ordinary stock preference/preferred share in the absence of sth declared as guilty by the court an organization that manages a fund that is invested in a wide range of shares, bonds, etc. The fund is divided into small units which are bought and sold, usually by people who only invest a small amount of money shares in a company that give the owner the right to a dividend (= money paid to shareholders) according to how much profit the company has made, and the right to vote at meetings of shareholders a type of share in a company that gives the owner the right to receive regular fixed payments (dividends) but does not usually give them the right to vote at meetings of shareholders. People who hold them must be paid before owners of all other shares a type of preference share (= share whose owner receives payments even when ordinary shareholders do not) which also allows the shareholder to receive dividends and extra payments stock markets for share a contract to buy or sell a particular amount of sth, such as a raw material, currency or shares, at a particular time in the future and for a particular price the right to buy or sell a fixed quantity of shares, currencies or commodities (= for example, grain, coffee, cotton or metals) for a particular price within a particular period or on a particular date a person or company that buys and sells things, for example shares, bonds, etc., for other people stockbroker a financial asset such as a share or bond; the certificate that shows you own this a valuable item that you agree to give to sb if you are unable to pay back the money that you have borrowed from them the person or thing that an organization or a project depends on; the most important person or thing to officially examine the financial accounts of a company to officially examine the quality or standard of sth an amount of money that is paid to sb for selling goods or services and which usually increases with the quantity they sell

participating preference/preferred share equities future(s) option broker security

linchpin audit commission

in/out of commission underwrite rebate duty bank statement commercial paper balance sheet balance of trade balance of payments expense account accrue trading/ gross profit gross (profit) margin operating (profit) margin net (profit) margin profit margin

an amount of money that is charged by a bank, for example, for providing a particular service (often Commission) a group of people who are officially asked to find out about a problem and suggest some actions in a report (v) to officially ask sb to write, make or create sth or to do a task for you available/not available to be used to agree to pay for an activity and accept financial responsibility for any losses it may make money someone gets back as a result of paying too much tax or rent

a printed record of all the money paid into and out of a customers bank account within a particular period a method that a large company, bank, etc. can use to borrow money from investors, usually for a period of less than a year. The lender cannot take the assets of the company if the loan is not repaid a written statement that shows the financial state of a company at a particular time. It lists the companys assets and all money owed imports and exports of goods only considers all business with other countries: imports and exports of goods, and money earned from or paid for services and investments, such as tourism or shares in companies. an arrangement by which money spent by sb while they are at work is later paid back to them by their employer; a record of money spent in this way to increase over a period of time to allow an amount of money or debts to grow over a period of time to be received by sb over a period of time the amount by which money received from the sale of goods or services is greater than the cost of producing or providing them. This is calculated before overheads, interest and tax are taken off trading loss a percentage showing the relationship between a businesss profits before overheads are taken away (gross profit), and the total amount of income from sales a measure of how efficiently a business is run and how successful its price levels are, calculated by dividing its operating income by its net sales a percentage showing the relationship between the profit a company makes and the money that it obtains from sales( revenue) the difference between the cost of buying or producing sth and the price that it is sold for, calculated as a percentage of the selling price an increase in the price of sth, usually one that is the difference between the cost of producing or buying sth and the price it is sold at, calculated as a percentage of the cost

markup

due diligence

overhead(s) direct overhead indirect overhead break-even loss leader monney-spinners/ cash cows economy of scale economy of scope learning curve experience curve

the process of taking great care in doing sth or deciding sth, especially in buying or selling sth a process in which sb examines the financial records, documents, etc. of a business in order to decide whether they want to buy it and how much money to offer connected with the general costs of running a business or an organization, for example paying for rent or electricity a share of overheads that are considered to be part of the cost of producing a particular product or supplying a particular service a share of the overheads that are not connected to a particular project but form part of the general cost of running a business a time when a company or a piece of business earns just enough money to pay for its costs; the state of not making a profit or a loss a product or service that is sold at a very low price in order to attract customers, who will then buy goods or services that produce more profit products that have very good profitability the fact that as the amount of goods or services produced increases, the cost decreases a reduction in costs that a company achieves by producing two or more related products or providing several related services, rather than separate products or services the rate at which you learn a new subject or a new skill; the process of learning from the mistakes you make the rate at which the cost of producing sth falls as the number produced increases, as a result of the knowledge and skill that a company and its workers gain to send sb somewhere, especially for a special purpose to send a letter, parcel/package or message somewhere an arrangement by which one company allows another company a period of time in which to pay for goods after it has received them paid in advance, before other payments are made one of the most important customers that a company has debtors/creditors a debt that will not be paid a situation where an asset loses some or all of its value; an amount of money entered in the financial records because of this a decision that a debt need not be paid back a situation where an asset loses some value; an amount of money entered in the accounts because of this

dispatch trade credit pay upfront key account (account )receivables/payables bad debts write-off write-down

a going concern book/written-down value creative accounting/ window dressing bottom line

a business or an activity that is making a profit and is expected to continue the value that a business gives to an asset in its financial records (books), which is the original cost of the asset minus depreciation (= its decrease in value over a period of time) when a companys results are presented in a way that makes them look better than they really are the amount of money that is a profit or a loss after everything has been calculated the most important thing that you have to consider or accept; the essential point in a discussion, etc the lowest price that sb will accept an official financial record that gives details of all a companys income and expenses for a particular period and shows if it has made a profit or a loss to lose a large amount of money a serious loss of people or money from a company or an organization if a company or an organization haemorrhages money, people or jobs, it loses a large amount owing money to other countries or organizations a loan for a long period of time on which a company promises to pay a fixed rate of interest; the official document that is given to the lender NOTE In Britain, debentures are always secured on the companys assets (= the lender will get property or items of value if the company cannot pay back the money). In the US, debentures are not secured in this way property or sth valuable that you promise to give sb if you cannot pay back money that you borrow the ability to influence sth the relationship between the amount of money that a company owes (debt) and the value of its shares (equity) gearing using borrowed money to buy an investment or to add to the amount invested, in order to try to increase possible profits from the investment highly leveraged, highly geared, overleveraged if a company, etc. is over-leveraged, it has borrowed too much money compared to the number of shares it has issued and may not be able to pay the interest on the loans to pay interest on money that has been borrowed to collect and manage the regular payments made to pay back a loan to promise to pay sb an amount of money if they suffer any damage or loss compensate money that is kept in a bank on the basis that it can be taken out at any time a type of account at a bank or other financial institution in which money is left for a fixed period of time with a fixed rate of interest

profit and lost account/ income statement bleeding/haemorrhaging red ink haemorrhage indebted debenture

security/collateral (foreclose)

overleveraged service a debt/loan indemnify sight/demand deposit time deposit

certificate of deposit (sale and ) repurchase agreement /repo discount rate

a type of investment offered by banks and other financial institutions in which money is lent to the bank, etc. for a fixed period of time with a fixed rate of interest a way of raising money over a short period in which sb sells shares, bonds, etc. and agrees to buy them back at a particular price at a later date (bill rate)the amount that the price of a bill of exchange is reduced by when it is bought before it reaches its payment date in the US and other countries, the rate of interest at which banks can borrow money from the Federal Reserve Bank rate of interest that is used to calculate how much an amount of money that will be paid or received in the future is worth now in the UK and the US, a form of borrowing by the government for short periods of time, on which no interest is paid. Treasury bills are bought at less than their value in the US, a bond issued by the government for a long period of time, that pays interest fixed by law; that must be done by law to take control of sbs property because they have not paid back money that they have borrowed to reject sth as a possibility exclude to prevent something from happening or prevent someone from doing something by doing something first to do something that is not allowed according to a law or rule violate a formal document that accuses sb of committing a crime in the US, a decision by a jury to accuse sb of committing a crime a very strong belief or opinion the feeling of being sure about something and having no doubtshave the courage of your convictions a decision in a court of law that someone is guilty of a crime, or the process of proving that someone is guiltyacquittal: an official statement in a court of law that someone is not guilty made or happening only once =par value, face value tax which is collected directly from the person or company who pays it, for example income tax tax which is collected from businesses on the goods and services that people buy from them used to describe a tax, usually on income, in which people who earn more money pay a higher rate or percentage of tax than people who earn less money

Treasury bill/T-bill Treasury bond/ Tbond/Treasuries statutory foreclose forestall contravene indictment conviction

one-off/one-shot nominal value direct tax indirect tax progressive tax

regressive tax capital gains tax wealth tax capital transfer tax tax avoidance tax evasion moonlight tax-deductible tax shelter perk loophole peg denominate parity

used to describe a tax such as sales tax that has less effect on people with a high income than on people with a low income a tax that sb must pay when they have made a profit above a particular level on the sale of a capital asset (= buildings, machinery, vehicles, shares, etc.). In the UK companies do not pay this tax, but in the US they do tax that only very rich people have to pay tax to which gifts and inheritances over a certain value are often liable ways of paying only the smallest amount of tax that you legally have to the crime of deliberately not paying all the taxes that you should pay to have a second job that you do secretly, usually without paying tax on the extra money that you earn (about an expense) that is allowed to be taken off the total amount of money earned or received before the amount of tax that must be paid is calculated (Khon tin thu phi tr) a way of using or investing money so that you can legally avoid paying tax on it something you receive as well as your wages for doing a particular job a small mistake in the way a law or contract has been written that allows people to legally avoid sth that the law or contract intended them to do to fix or keep prices, currencies, etc. at a particular level to measure, consider or estimate sth at a particular amount to measure or state the value of sth using a particular currency the state of being equal, especially the state of having equal pay or status the situation when units of money of two different countries, or units of two different products, have equal value the amount of a foreign currency that is the same as a particular amount of a countrys own currency at an established rate of exchange