ad majorem

Dei gloriam

Coverage: I. Cellular Transport II. ADP to ATP III. Leaf Anatomy IV. Photosynthesis I. Cellular Transport Types of Cellular Transport 1. Diffusion concentration of a solution: MASS of solute (g) VOLUME of solution (L) solution: 2 substances evenly mixed molecules move constantly more from a high concentration to lesser concentrated area (DIFFUSION) c/e of diffusion substances move across cell membrane (no energy required) equilibrium is reached (solute concentration same) organisms obtain oxygen and get rid of carbon dioxide of cells 2. Protein-Mediated passive transport simple unassisted diffusion of a specific solute through a transport protein substances can cross anywhere across the membrane solutes net movement is towards the low concentration facilitated membrane proteins facilitate ir help the diffusion of glucose across the membrane net movement occurs when there is a higher concentration on one side

active substances move from low to high Na+-K+ Pump (sodium-potassium) animal cell requires energy to move ions against the forces of diffusion low NA+, High K+ 3. Bulk Transports endocytosis taking in materials PHAGOCYTOSIS cell eating PINOCYTOSIS cell drinking pocket forms a vacuole exocytosis removing materials vacuole membrane fuses with cell membrane (combines) 4. Osmosis diffusion of water through a selectively permeable membrane water will cross the membrane until solute concentrations are equal on both sides direction determined by difference in total solute concentration TONICITY the ability if a solution to cause a cell to gain or lose water depends on relative concentration of solute on either sides of the membrane types: HYPERTONIC above strength, higher solute HYPOTONIC below strength, lower solute ISOTONIC below strength, equal solute ADP to ATP Adenosine Triphosphate 3 phosphate groups ribose sugar adenine base basic energy source of cells TYPES OF NUTRITION Autotrophic organisms that make their own food

II.

Heterotrophic organisms that obtain energy from foods they consume Adenosine Diphosphate 2 phosphate groups

III.

Leaf Anatomy function of the leaf: facilitate photosynthesis contain chlorophyll obtain carbon dioxide and water get rid of oxygen produced captures sunlight export glucose produced to other parts of the plant internal anatomy epidermal layers prevents exessive water loss cuticle covers the epidermis and helps prevent water loss stoma allows gas exchange between the internal part of the leaf and its environment guard cells regulate stoma shape and changes pore size, which helps regulate movement of water and gases into and out of the leaf xylem transports water and mineral salts absorbed by the root phloem transports organic products of photosynthesis away from the leaf veins contain both thick-walled xylem vessels

and thinner-walled phloem; part of the plants vascular tissue mesophyll where photosynthesis in the lead occurs - PALISADE contains lots of chloroplasts to receive maximum amount of sunlight - SPONGY also has chloroplasts but the main role is to increase surface area for gaseous exchange

IV.

Photosynthesis - a natural process wherein plants use sunlight energy to convert water and carbon dioxide into oxygen and high-energy carbihydrates History - Aristotle plants require food - Jan Van Helmont plants get most mass from water - Joseph Priestley plants release oxygen - Jan Ingenhousz plants need sunlight to make oxygen Photosythesis Equation

6CO2 + 12H20 (light) C6H12O6 + 6O2 + 6H2O Light and Pigments The sun: main source of energy for light on earth; travels to the earth in the form of light; a mixture of different wavelengths of light Plants gather energy pigments light absorbing molecules chlorophyll absorbs blue-violet and red light best, reflecting green Chloroplasts absorbs light has chlorophyll FUNCTION: organelle of photosynthesis : converts carbon dioxide to carbohydrates STRUCTURE: 5-10 um long : made up of 3 types of membrane bounded by outer and inner and thylakoid INSIDE THE CHLOROPLASTS STROMA: fluid substance surrounding grana (stack of thylakoids) OUTER MEMBRANE: freely permeable GRANUM: contain clusters of chlorophyll and other pigments and proteins PHOTOSYSTEMS: capture sunlight energy INNER MEMBRANE: contains many transporters that regulate the passage of sugars and proteins in and out of the

chloroplasts

AN OVERVIEW OF PHOTOSYNTHESIS the light reactions convert solar energy to chemical energy (provide ATP & NADPH) the calvin cycle makes sugar from CO2 ATP generated by the light reactions provide the energy for sugar synthesis

the NADPH produced by the light reactions provides the electrons for the conversion of CO2 to glucose CONVERSION of NADP+ to NADPH sunlight e- in the chlorophyll NADP+ (spec. carrier) 2e- + H+ NADPH w/ e- cell LIGHT DEPENDENT REACTION: (in the thylakoid)

LIGHT INDEPENDENT REACTION happens in the stroma and doesnt require light uses ATP and NADPH to produce glucose named after the American scientists Melvin Calvin CALVIN CYCLE STAGES Carbon Fixation 6 CO2 molecules + 6 5-C molecules = 12 3-C molecules conversion of CO2 6-Carbon Sugar Produced 5-Carbon Molecules Regenerated 10 3-C molecules are converted back to 6 5-C molecules + CO2 molecules

CO2 + RUBP (connected by RUBISCO) 3-PGA 3-PGA + ATP + NADPH G3P

Factors affecting Photosynthesis amount of water light intensity carbon dioxide concentration temperature THINGS THAT ARE EXPECTED TO COME OUT IN THE LT Autotrophic activity converts CO2 and H2O into complex energyrich molecules Photosynthesis waste Oxygen, Sugar Breaks down high-energy bonds in ATP hydrolysis Light Dependent Reaction is energy created for ATP synthesis electron transport Exergonic receives / stores energy Endergonic gives off energy If a olant cell has a solute concentration of 0.08%, which would cause the cell to burst? 0.001% (hypotonic) Xylem and Phloem affects the thickness of a plant leaf the more nutrients, the thicker Glucose transported by phloem Water transported by xylem NADPH Nicotinamide Adenine Dinucleotide Phosphate Hydrogen

By Frederick Ian D. Salonga