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Physics POGIL: Thermodynamics In this POGIL we will look at thermodynamics, the study of heating and working.

This will provide a nice summary of our unit on energy so that we can answer the question If energy is conserved, why do we have to conserve energy? The following is a list of useful terms to keep in mind: System: A system is the part of the universe being studied. Surroundings: The surroundings are everything else in the universe outside of the system. Open system: An open system is one where both energy and matter can be transferred to and from the surroundings. Closed system: A closed system is one where only energy can be transferred to and from the surroundings Isolated system: An isolated system is one where neither energy nor matter can be transferred to and from the surroundings. Adiabatic: Term applied to expansion or compression of a gas occurring without gain or loss of energy by heating. The Absolute Temperature Scale We know from class discussions that as the thermal energy of an object increases, the kinetic energy of the particles that make up the object increases. The temperature of the object therefore increases as well. There is no upper limit to the kinetic energy of particles, and therefore no upper limit to temperature. However, as temperature decreases there is a lower limit to the motion of the particles. They slow down and their kinetic energy approaches zero. This means that temperature has a lower limit as well. A physicist named William Thomson (Lord Kelvin) developed a temperature scale that set this lower limit at zero based on experiments done by many 19th century physicists. Zero on the Kelvin scale is approximately 273 on the Celsius scale. Remember that the Celsius and Fahrenheit scales set zero at different temperatures because they were chosen by human convention. The Kelvin, or thermodynamic, temperature scale was not determined by human convention. There are no negative numbers on the Kelvin scale. We call the zero point on the Kelvin scale absolute zero. Absolute zero is the temperature at which we can no longer extract thermal energy from a substance and cannot lower its temperature any further. 1. What happens at the particle level as energy is removed from a system via heating?

2. Based on what you know about energy and temperature, why must there be a lower limit to temperature?

3. Why do we call zero on the Kelvin scale absolute zero?

Physics The First Law of Thermodynamics You know from class discussion that the term heat, as it is referred to in many books, is not something separate from energy. Heat is itself a transfer mechanism for energy. You also know that we can transfer energy to or from a system via heating and via working. Thermodynamics is the study of heat and its transfer to mechanical energy. Heat, when we talk about it in thermodynamics, refers to the energy that is transferring via heating. Do the following short experiment. A. Fill a thermos about full of water. Use a temperature probe to measure the initial temperature of the water and then quickly close the thermos. Record the initial temperature of the water. initial temperature = C

B. Shake the thermos vigorously for 5 minutes. Take turns so that your hands dont get tired. C. At the end of the 5 minutes use the temperature probe to collect temperature data. Let the data collect for approximately 1 minute. Record the temperature of the water immediately after opening the thermos. final temperature = C

4. Compare the temperature of the water before shaking and immediately after shaking. What happened?

5. As you let the water sit, what happened to the temperature? Explain why this occurred.

6. You could have done this experiment with a regular water bottle. Why do you think we used a thermos?

James Joules Experiment In the 1840s a scientist named James Joule did an experiment somewhat similar to the one you just did. Take a look at the apparatus that Joule used.

thermometer paddle wheel

pulley rope hanging weight water

Physics 7. For a system that includes everything shown in the picture and the Earth, draw a pie chart showing the initial distribution of energy in the system before the hanging weight begins to move.

8. As the mass descends it turns the crank and thus the paddle wheel inside the container rotates. (a) Draw a pie chart showing the distribution of energy in the system after the hanging weight has fallen to the floor.

(b) What do you anticipate happens to the temperature of the water?

Joules experiment showed that mechanical energy (mechanisms such as Eg, Ek, and Eel) can be converted to thermal energy. In other words, by transferring energy into or out of a system via working you can change the temperature. His and others work led to the first law of thermodynamics, which states that whenever energy is added to a system via heating, an equal amount of energy is stored as internal energy (mechanisms such as Eth, Ei, and Echem) in the system. If this sounds familiar, it should. The first law of thermodynamics is essentially the law of energy conservation specifically referring to thermal systems. The following word equation expresses the first law of thermodynamics. Energy added via heating = increase in internal energy - working done on the system 9. If no energy is added via heating, what does the above equation tell us about the increase in internal energy and working done on the system?

Physics 10. The picture below shows the process by which an automobile engine operates.

At intake, a mixture of gasoline and air enters the chamber. The piston compresses the gas until, at ignition, the spark plug creates an electric spark that ignites the gasoline and air. The explosion pushes down on the piston during the power stroke, after which the by-products are pushed out of the chamber during exhaust. Whenever the piston changes the volume of the cylinder, it happens so fast that energy doesnt enter or leave via heating. (a) What is adding energy to the system via working between intake and ignition?

(b) What happens to the temperature of the gas in the cylinder between intake and ignition?

(c) Draw energy bar charts for the gas inside the chamber at each of the five steps.

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