You are on page 1of 12

International Journal of Advances in Science and Technology,

Vol. 3, No.3, 2011



Durability Properties of High Performance
Concrete

Popat D. Kumbhar
1
, Pranesh B. Murnal
2
, and Rohan R. Patil
3


1
Associate Professor, Department of Civil Engg., K.E.Societys, Rajarambapu Institute of Technology,
Rajaramnagar (Islampur), Dist. Sangli, (MS), India.
Email:kumbharpd@rediffmail.com.

2
Professor, Department of Applied Mechanics, Government College of Engg., Aurangabad (MS), India.
Email:pmurnal@yahoo.com.

3
Student, M.E, Civil-Structures, K.E.Societys, Rajarambapu Institute of Technology, Rajaramnagar
(Islampur),Dist. Sangli, (MS), India.
Email:patilrohan057@gmail.com.








































Special Issue Page 123 of 134 ISSN 2229 5216
International Journal of Advances in Science and Technology,
Vol. 3, No.3, 2011




Abstract

The concrete technology has been changing rapidly and constantly since its discovery. In recent
years, the inadequate performance of concrete for specific applications and for the environment in
which it is expected to perform has initiated in the development of High Performance Concrete
(HPC). Structures that are exposed to aggressive environments reveal that high strength concrete
alone cannot guarantee long term performance. Durability is by far the most important concern
facing the concrete industry and it is precisely for this reason that interest in high-performance
concrete is steadily increasing. There are a number of cases of premature failure of concrete
structures due to inadequate durability though concrete strength was high. Most durability
problems are caused by the infiltration of one or more deleterious substances, such as water, salts,
and sulfate-bearing compounds that, over time, cause internal expansions, cracking, and
subsequent disintegration.
The present paper focuses on the study of durability properties of different grades of HPC mixes
produced by incorporating micro silica under specific humidity and temperature conditions when
exposed to chloride, sulphate and acidic solutions. The HPC specimens of M50, M60, M70, M80
and M90 grades were developed and the properties such as permeability, loss in weight and
compressive strengths were studied. The loss in weight and compressive strength properties of
different grades of HPC mixes were studied by immersing the HPC specimens in chloride,
sulphate and acidic solutions for 180 days to assess their durability. The results indicate that
higher grades of HPC mixes provide greater resistance to permeability. Also, the percentage loss
in weight and percentage loss in compressive strength are found to have a decreasing trend for
higher grades of HPC mixes for exposures to chloride, sulphate and acid solutions. However,
HPC mixes exposed to sulphuric acid solutions were found to be severely attacked resulting in
greater loss in weight as well as compressive strengths for higher grades.

Key words: HPC, Durability, Chloride attack, sulphate attack, acid attack.


























Special Issue Page 124 of 134 ISSN 2229 5216
International Journal of Advances in Science and Technology,
Vol. 3, No.3, 2011




1.Introduction,

Concrete has traditionally been specified and purchased in terms of compressive strength, and for
this reason, strength has been taken as the most important performance attribute of concrete. It is
ironic that given all of the attention paid to strength, when it becomes necessary to decommission,
repair, or replace a concrete structure; it is usually the result of a durability-related rather than
strength related deficiency [1]. Therefore, it is false to presume that strong concrete will necessarily
be durable concrete. A material with a long service life is considered highly durable. But a material
performing well under one set of conditions may not last long under another set of conditions.
Because of this, durability has to be defined with reference to the loading and environmental
conditions. Obviously, overloading, exposure to aggressive chemicals, exposure to temperature
extremes, or repeated cycles of heating and cooling, or of freezing and thawing, can shorten the
service life of a concrete structure.
Durability is by far the most important concern facing the concrete industry, and it is precisely for
this reason that interest in high-performance concrete is steadily increasing. HPC has been used in
India in many prestigious structures such as nuclear power plant, Kaiga, Rajasthan Atomic Power
Project, Bandra Worli Sea Link and in neighborhood in Bhutan at Wangkha dam [2]. India has a
large coastal line and a number of cities and metropolis located in the vicinity of the coastal belt are
witnessing the phenomenon of early deterioration of reinforced concrete structures. The humid and
harsh environment of the coastal zone of India has led to more attention towards the durability as
many structures built fairly recently are getting dilapidated prematurely[3]. The durability problems
of existing concrete infrastructures and the increasing use of concrete in hostile environmentssuch
as seawater and industrial effluent exposureare making new demands on the material. Because of
this, HPC is likely to be the construction industry workhorse in the 21st century. Under such situation
it has become necessary to study the durability properties of HPC mixes.
Therefore, in the present paper an attempt has been made to study the durability properties such
as permeability, loss in weight and compressive strength of different grades of HPC mixes (M50-
M90). The properties namely loss in weight and compressive strength of HPC specimens were
studied by exposing them to different chemical attacks (NaCl, MgSO
4
and H
2
SO
4
) over a span of 180
days. The experimental results have showed that the higher grades of HPC specimens provide higher
resistance to permeability. The percentage loss in weight and compressive strength are found to be
decreased for higher grade mixes exposed to chloride and sulphate solutions. However, higher
percentage of loss in weight and loss in compressive strength was observed for mixes subjected to
sulphuric acid solutions.

2. Causes of Durability Problems,

Concrete should be capable of withstanding the conditions for which it has been designed
throughout the life of a structure. Lack of durability can be caused by external agents such as
environmental changes (or) due to internal constituents of concrete. Causes can be categorized as
physical, mechanical, and chemical. Physical cause arises from the action of frost. Mechanical cause
arises due to abrasion. Chemical causes are due to attack by sulphates, chlorides, acids and seawater
etc. These causes can be managed by reducing the permeability of concrete (or) by using
impermeable concrete. From the durability point of view, it is important to achieve low permeability
as quick as possible in the fresh concrete.
A material with a long service life is considered highly durable. But a material performing well
under one set of conditions may not last long under another set of conditions. Because of this,
durability has to be defined with reference to the loading and environmental conditions. Obviously,
overloading, sustained or repeated cycles of loading beyond the elastic limit, exposure to aggressive
chemicals, exposure to temperature extremes, or repeated cycles of heating and cooling, or of
freezing and thawing, can shorten the service life of a concrete structure. Experience shows that, in
order of decreasing importance, the primary causes of deterioration are:
- Corrosion of steel in concrete
Special Issue Page 125 of 134 ISSN 2229 5216
International Journal of Advances in Science and Technology,
Vol. 3, No.3, 2011

- Freezing and thawing cycles
- Chemical attack (for example, sulfate attack, acid attack, and alkali attack on aggregate)
All these causes of deterioration are related to the presence of water inside concrete. Cement
paste porosity and micro-cracking in service determine the ease with which water penetrates
concrete. This in turn affects the degree of saturation. The fundamental underlying principle in
designing for concrete durability is that water either directly or indirectly contributes to distress.
Based on this principle, materials, mix proportions, and construction practices for HPC must be
chosen to minimize the amount of water in the concrete. Most durability problems are caused by the
infiltration of one or more deleterious substances, such as water, salts, and sulphate-bearing
compounds that, over time, cause internal expansions, cracking, and subsequent disintegration. The
sulphate ions in water, over ground and in sea water can cause corrosion in concrete buildings.

Permeability

The deterioration of reinforced concrete structures usually involves the transport of aggressive
substances from the surrounding environment followed by physical and chemical actions in its
internal structure. The transport of aggressive gases and/or liquids into concrete depends on its
permeation characteristics. As the permeation of concrete decreases, its durability performance, in
terms of physico-chemical degradation, increases. Therefore, permeation of concrete is one of the
most critical parameters in the determination of concrete durability in aggressive environments.
Conventional concretes often fail to prevent the ingress of moisture and aggressive ions adequately.
The use of blended cements or supplementary cementing materials has been reported to decrease the
permeability, thereby increasing the resistance of concrete to deterioration by aggressive chemicals
such as chlorides. Therefore, the blending of Portland cement with pozzolanic materials has become
an increasingly accepted practice in the construction of structures exposed to harsh environments
such as offshore structures, highway bridges, tunnels, sewage pipes, and structures for wastes
containing toxic chemicals and radioactive elements. Microsilica, due to its high pozzolanicity and
its extreme fineness, is considered to produce low permeability concrete but, generally, with the
drawback of low workability as a result of its high specific surface area. The incorporation of a
superplasticizer is essential for maintaining high workability in microsilica concrete [4].

Sulphate Attack

The harmful effect of sulphate attack is caused by formation of ettringite and plaster of Paris of
which the volume increases to much after chemical reaction of sulphate ions with aluminous (C
3
A)
and calcic (Ca(OH)
2
) components available in hard concrete[5].

Sulphate attack is characterized by
the chemical reaction between sulphate ions with the aluminate component, calcium and hydroxyl of
hardened Portland cement. The reaction leads to the formation of expansive ettringite and to a lesser
extent, gypsum. The reaction, providing there is enough water present, will cause expansion leading
to cracking. This in turn will allow further ingress of sulphates and accelerate the degradation
process. Sulphates will attack some or all of the three main hydrate components of hardened
concrete: Calcium hydroxide, calcium aluminate hydrate, calcium silicate hydrate, depending on the
type of sulphate in solution involved [6].

Chloride Attack
Chloride attack is one of the most important aspects for consideration dealing with the durability of
concrete. Chloride attack is particularly important because it causes corrosion of reinforcement.
Statistics have indicated that over 40% of failure of structures is due to corrosion of reinforcement.
Steel in concrete is protected by a microscopic oxide passive layer of film [7]. This passive layer can
be broken down due to carbonation of concrete or by the action of chloride ions. Corrosion may also
start if the alkalinity in concrete which is normally above 12.5 in pH reduces due to leaching out of
alkalis due to hydrostatic pressure of water. If the pH of the concrete drops below 9 or if the total
chloride content exceeds a critical value called chloride threshold, the passive film and the corrosion
protection will be lost. Corrosion products which is basically an iron oxide is having a bigger volume
than the original volume of affected steel and thus the formation of corrosion products exert an
outward bursting pressure, which results to cracks and deterioration of durability.
Special Issue Page 126 of 134 ISSN 2229 5216
International Journal of Advances in Science and Technology,
Vol. 3, No.3, 2011



Acid Attack

Concrete is not fully resistant to acids. Most acid solutions will slowly or rapidly disintegrate
Portland cement concrete depending upon the type and concentration of acid. The most vulnerable
part of the cement hydrate is Ca(OH)
2
, but C-S-H gel can also be attacked. Concrete can be attacked
by liquids with a pH value below 6.5 but the attack is severe only at a pH below 5.5; below 4.5, the
attack is very severe [8]. As the attack proceeds, all the cement compounds are eventually broken
down and leached away, together with any carbonate aggregate material. With sulphuric acid attack,
calcium sulphate formed can proceed to react with calcium aluminate phase in cement to form
calcium sulphoaluminate, which on crystallization can cause expansion and disruption of concrete.

3. Experimental Investigations,

Materials

The materials used in making HPC mixes along with their various properties have been given in
Table 1.

To|c 1: Hotctico o| Motcioo Yoco Iv Mokiv HHX Mico
Materials Specific
Gravity
Fineness
Modulus
Grade / Type Compressive
Strength
Cement 3.15 - 53 OPC 54 MPa
Fine Aggregate 2.7 3.2 Zone I [9] -
Coarse Aggregate 2.7 7.125 60%-20mm, 40%-
12.5mm
22.20 %
Micro Silica 2.20 - 920D Grade (Densified) -
Superplasticizer 1.10 - Polycarboxylicether -

Mix Proportions and Preparation of HPC Mixes

Mix proportion of HPC mixes were obtained by making certain modifications in the mix
proportion obtained using the guidelines of IS Code method of mix design in order to get desired
workability and strength properties [10, 11]. The target mean strength was determined by considering
the standard deviation value as recommended by IS 456-2000Code [12]. The required quantities of
all the ingredients were taken by weigh batching, with appropriate coarse aggregate fractions and
mineral admixtures and suitable superplasticizer. Mixing of the ingredients was done in a Pan Type
mixer as per the standard procedure. The HPC cube specimens of size 150mm x150mm x150mm
size were cast and cured for 28 days curing period. After 28 days of curing period a set of three cubes
of each grade of HPC specimen was taken for assessing the permeability property by conducting
Rapid Chloride Penetration Test (RCPT), while all the other sets of HPC specimens of each grade
were taken to immerse them in chloride, sulphate and acidic solutions.

Immersion of HPC Cube Specimens in Chemical Solutions

In the present experimental work five different grades of HPC mixes namely, M50, M60, M70,
M80 and M90 were produced. Three cube specimens of each grade were prepared to study the
durability properties. All the cube specimens were cured in fresh water for 28 days. The specimens
were taken out of the curing tank and kept in atmosphere for 2 days for constant weight.
Subsequently the specimens of all the five grades were weighed and immersed in 10% sodium
chloride solution (NaCl), 10% magnesium sulphate solution (MgSO
4
) and in sulphuric acid solution
(H
2
SO
4
) having pH value between 2-3. The concrete is attacked by liquids with a pH value less than
6.5. However, at a pH value below 4.5 the attack is very severe. Hence, in the experimentation all
Special Issue Page 127 of 134 ISSN 2229 5216
International Journal of Advances in Science and Technology,
Vol. 3, No.3, 2011

the HPC cube specimens were exposed to acid solution of very low pH value. All the specimens
were kept in these chemical solutions for a period of 180days (Figure 1). Care was taken to maintain
the required quantity of solution during the entire period of immersion. Also the pH value of acid
solution was periodically checked and was maintained in between 2-3.












4. Testing of HPC Cube Specimens,

Permeability Test on HPC Specimens

The RCPT was performed on the HPC mixes of different grades (M50, M60, M70, M80 and
M90), cured for 28 days, to assess the permeability property. The test specimen consisted 50mm
thick slices of 100mm nominal diameter cylinders of cores obtained by cutting the HPC cube
specimens (Figure 2) cast in an ambient humidity and temperature conditions for each grade. The
test method consisted of monitoring the amount of electric current passed through a 50 mm by 100
mm diameter cylinder during a 6 hour period. The concentrations of these two solutions provide
equal conductivity. According to the test method the total electrical charge passed, in coulombs,
during six hours is a measure of the chloride ion penetration and is expressed as the chloride
permeability index. ASTM C1202-97 measures the movement of chloride ions through concrete. A
ranking of chloride penetrability, based on charge passed in Coulomb, has been proposed and is
shown in Table 2 |7|.

To|c 2: Xqoioc Iov Hcvcto|iit Booco ov Xqoc Hoooco
(Ao tc AETM X1202)
Chloride Ion Penetrability Charge Passed (coulombs)
High > 4000
Moderate 2000 4000
Very Low 100 1000
Low 1000 2000
Negligible <100

The test results of the RCPT obtained for all the grades of HPC mixes of namely, M50, M60,
M70, M80 and M90 are presented in the Table 3.

To|c 3: Tcot Pcouto o| PXHT Tcot
Grade
of
HPC
Description Of Specimen
(ID Mark)
Sp.
No.
Time
(Min.)
Tot Charge
Passed
(Coulombs)
Average
Value
(Coulombs)
M50 IS-450,MS-10%, SP-
1.60%, W/B-0.33, T-
30
O
C, RH-50%
1 360 408
392.33
2 360 406
3 360 363
M60 IS-475,MS-10%,SP-
0.715%, W/B-0.31,
T-30
O
C,RH-50%
1 360 270
284.33
2 360 302
3 360 281
uiuc 2: HHX Xu|co iv Xqoioc, Eutqotc
ovo A_io Eoutiovo.


uiuc 1: Tcot Etc_icvo |o PXH Tcot


Special Issue Page 128 of 134 ISSN 2229 5216
International Journal of Advances in Science and Technology,
Vol. 3, No.3, 2011

M70 IS-540,MS-10%,SP-
0.825%, W/B-0.26, T-30
O
C, RH-80%
1 360 243
284.33
2 360 273
3 360 337
M80 IS-560,MS-12.5%, SP-
0.75%, W/B-0.25, T-
30
O
C, RH-70%
1 360 182
182
2 360 157
3 360 207
M90 IS-580,MS-15%, SP-
0.65%, W/B-0.24, T-
30
O
C, RH-70%
1 360 277
278.67
2 360 302
3 360 257

The results of the permeability test are found to be very satisfactory. The variation of
permeability values with grades of HPC is shown in figure 3.


uiuc 3: oiotiov o| Hcco|iit |o oi||ccvt ooco o| HHX

Testing of HPC Specimens Exposed to chemical solutions

After 180 days of immersing the HPC cube specimens of all the five grades in chloride, sulphate
and acid solutions, they were taken out and were washed in running water and kept in atmosphere for
2 days for constant weight. Subsequently all the specimens were weighed to an accuracy of 0.005gm
and loss in weight and hence the percentage loss of weight was calculated. The cross sectional areas
of these deteriorated specimens were also noted which was required in the calculation of 180 days
compressive strength. The compressive strength of all the specimens was determined by testing them
under the compression testing machine of 3000KN capacity by following the standard procedure of
IS: 516:1959[13]. The specimens subjected to chloride and sulphate solutions showed a little scaling
on their surface as compared to the specimens subjected to acid attack. The specimens immersed in
H
2
SO
4
solution were found to be severely attacked causing surface dissolution of cement paste
exposing aggregates as shown in figure 4.













392.33
284.33
284.33
182
278.66
100
200
300
400
500
50 60 70 80 90
P
e
r
m
e
a
b
i
l
i
t
y

V
a
l
u
e
s
,

C
o
u
l
o
m
b
s
,

Grades of HPC

Permeability (Coulombs)

uiuc 4: HHX Etc_icvo o|tc co=o |o H
2
EO
4
ooutiov

Special Issue Page 129 of 134 ISSN 2229 5216
International Journal of Advances in Science and Technology,
Vol. 3, No.3, 2011


5. TEST RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS,
The properties such as loss in weight and compressive strengths of HPC cube specimens after
exposing them to chloride, sulphate and acid attacks were determined as per the standard procedure.
The results of these tests are presented in Table 2 to 4.

To|c 4: Hotctico o| HHX otc_icvo ctooco to Xqoioc Atto_k
Grade Sp.
No.
Initial
Wt
(kg)
Final
Wt
(kg)
Loss
in wt
(kg)
%Loss
in wt
(kg)
Avg %
Loss in
wt (kg)
Avg. Comp. St., N/mm
2

Ref.
Mix
After
Chloride
Attack
%
Reduction
M50
12 8.895 8.905 0.09 1.00
0.69 65.80 58.36 11.31 13 8.895 8.840 0.005 0.06
15 9.025 8.935 0.09 1.00
M60
1 8.94 8.795 0.145 1.62
1.36 73.77 72.14 2.20 8 8.92 8.880 0.040 0.45
10 9.15 8.905 0.185 2.02
M70
8 9.16 9.14 0.02 0.22
0.29 87.77 74.13 15.5 14 9.28 9.255 0.025 0.27
26 9.23 9.195 0.035 0.38
M80
7 9.08 9.05 0.03 0.33
0.27 90.07 74.37 17.43 8 9.11 9.085 0.025 0.27
12 9.165 9.145 0.02 0.22
M90
5 9.25 9.225 0.025 0.27
0.33 98.11 89.37 8.90 8 8.475 8.465 0.01 0.12
9 9.005 8.95 0.055 0.61

To|c 5: Hotctico o| HHX otc_icvo ctooco to Eutqotc Atto_k

Grade
Sp.
No.
Initia
l Wt
(kg)
Final
Wt
(kg)
Loss
in wt
(Kg)
%
Loss
in wt
(kg)
Avg %
Loss in
wt (kg)
Avg. Comp. St., N/mm
2

Ref.
Mix
After
Sulphate
attack
%
Reduction
M50 1 9.245 9.050 0.195 2.11
2.26 65.80 58.36 11.31 16 9.00 8.845 0.155 1.72
25 8.82 8.560 0.26 2.95
M60 6 9.08 8.955 0.125 1.38
1.85 73.77 67.82 8.07 7 8.86 8.695 0.165 1.86
11 9.05 8.840 0.21 2.32
M70 6 9.19 9.160 0.03 0.33
0.31 87.77 82.81 5.65 12 8.955 8.930 0.025 0.28
16 9.075 9.045 0.03 0.33
M80 5 8.98 8.965 0.015 0.17
0.098 90.07 72.75 19.22 11 9.11 9.100 0.01 0.11
18 9.145 9.015 0.13 0.014
M90 1 9.045 9.020 0.025 0.28
0.29 98.11 77.37 21.14 5 9.25 9.210 0.04 0.43
6 9.245 9.230 0.015 0.16

To|c 6: Hotctico o| HHX otc_icvo ctooco to A_io Atto_k
Grade Sp.
No.
Initia
l Wt
(kg)
Final
Wt
(kg)
Loss
in wt
(kg)
%Loss
in wt
(kg)
Avg %
Loss in
wt (kg)
Avg. Comp. St. N/mm
2

Ref.
Mix
After
Acidic
Attack
%
Reduction
M50
11 9.19 8.55 0.64 6.96
5.31 65.8 33.44 49.20
Special Issue Page 130 of 134 ISSN 2229 5216
International Journal of Advances in Science and Technology,
Vol. 3, No.3, 2011

14 9.02 8.57 0.45 4.98 0
15 9.02 8.665 0.36 3.99
M60
5 9.08 8.54 0.54 5.95
4.90
73.7
7
40.27 45.41 10 9.15 8.585 0.57 6.23
15 9.08 8.85 0.23 2.53
M70
1 8.92 8.56 0.36 4.04
3.78
87.7
7
26.92 69.33 9 8.87 8.535 0.334 3.76
10 8.935 8.62 0.315 3.53
M80
10 8.985 8.345 0.64 7.12
7.35
90.0
7
27.86 69.06 14 9.20 8.48 0.72 7.83
17 9.00 8.36 0.64 7.11
M90
2 9.15 8.65 0.50 5.46
3.24
98.1
1
56.25 42.66 8 8.99 8.965 0.025 0.28
10 9.16 8.795 0.365 3.98

The variation in percentage loss of weight for different grades of HPC mixes exposed to different
chemical solutions is shown in figure 3. It is observed that the percent loss in weight decreases for
higher grades of HPC mixes exposed to all the chemical solutions i.e. chloride, sulphate and acid.
However, higher loss in weight is observed for the mixes subjected to acid solutions.


uiuc 5: Hc_cvtoc Ociqt Aooo iv HHX Mico |o oi||ccvt Xqci_o Etoouco

The variation in percent reduction of compressive strength for different grades of HPC mixes
exposed to different chemical solutions is shown in figure 4. From figure 4 it is observed that though
reduction in compressive strength is little more for higher grades, it is seen to be higher for
specimens subjected to acidic solutions.


0.69
1.36
0.29
0.27 0.33
2.26
1.85
0.31
0.02
0.29
5.31
4.9
3.78
7.35
3.24
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
40 50 60 70 80 90 100
P
e
r
c
e
n
t

W
e
i
g
h
t

L
o
s
s

Grade of HPC Mixes
NaCl MgSO4 H2SO4
11.31
2.2
15.55
17.44
8.9
2.26
8.07
5.65
19.23
21.13
49.18
45.41
69.32 69.07
42.66
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
40 50 60 70 80 90 100
P
e
r
c
e
n
t

R
e
d
u
c
t
i
o
n

i
n

C
o
m
p

S
t
.

Grade of HPC Mixes
NaCl MgSO4 H2SO4
Special Issue Page 131 of 134 ISSN 2229 5216
International Journal of Advances in Science and Technology,
Vol. 3, No.3, 2011

uiuc 6: Pcou_tiov iv Xot. Et. o| HHX Mico ctooco to Xqci_o Atto_ko
6. EFFECTS OF EXPOSURE IN SULPHATE AND ACID SOLUTIONS,

All mixtures show a loss in both weight and compressive strengths. With the higher grades of
HPC mixes developed by incorporating higher percentages of micro silica, the percent loss in weight
and compressive strength of specimens has slightly improved. This is in agreement with the results
obtained by Torii and Kawamura [14] in which they observed that for high replacement of 20 % to
30 %, the mortars expanded at early stage exhibited deep cracking. According to Mehta [15] this
phenomenon is occurred due to higher quality of gel formation in presence of silica fume and since
magnesium sulphate attacks gel more than lime or other components of hydrated structure, the
deterioration was more for the silica fume modified concrete particularly at higher silica fume
content. In general the damaging effect of 1% H2SO4 was slightly more than 10 % MgSO4 when
measured upto 6 months. In magnesium sulphate solution both the portlandite (Calcium hydroxide
crystals) and C-S-H gel of concrete are attacked by sulphate ion to form gypsum, and silica gel. As a
result reduction in compressive strength occurs [16].

7. CONCLUSIONS,
From the results of the experimental investigation following conclusions can be drawn.
1. The higher grades of HPC mixes showed a greater resistance to chloride ion penetration
which indicates improved impermeability of HPC mixes.

2. A decreasing trend for the percentage loss in weight is seen for higher grades of HPC
specimens exposed to all the chemical solutions (i.e. chloride, sulphate and acid solutions).
However, a little higher percentage loss in compressive strength is observed for the higher
grades of HPC mixes when exposed to attack of all chemical solutions.

3. Comparatively a higher percentage loss in weight as well in compressive strengths is
observed for the HPC specimens exposed to sulphuric acid solutions. This greater loss in
weight and compressive strength as compared to the loss due to other chemicals (i.e.
chloride and sulphate) may be due to the fact that acid solutions attack the gel component of
the hydrated structure and since concrete with the more micro silica produces additional gel
due to pozzolanic reaction they were subjected to a more severe attack and subsequent
weight and strength loss compared with the others.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

The authors are grateful to Principal, K.E.Societys, Rajarambapu Institute of Technology,
Rajaramnagar (Sakharale) for providing all the facilities to carry out the experimentation work.

REFERENCES

[1] Caldarone, M.A., High Strength Concrete A Practical Guide, Taylor and Francis Group,
London and New York, pp.1-19. 2009.
[2] Krishnan, B., Singh, A. and Singhal, D., Mix Design Method for HPC and Effect of different
types of cement on HPC, National Conference on High -Rise Buildings: Materials and
Practices, New Delhi, India, October, pp.11-18, 2006.
[3] Nikam, V. S. and Tambvekar, V.Y., Effect of Different Supplementary Cementitious
Material on The Microstructure and its Resistance Against Chloride Penetration of Concrete,
Proceedings of 2003 ECI Conference on Advanced Materials for Construction of Bridges,
Buildings, and other Structures III, vol. P5, pp.1-13, 2005.
[4] Khan, M. I., Permeation of High Performance Concrete, Journal of Materials In Civil
Engineering, vol.15, no.1, pp 84-92,2003.
[5] Krsat, Y. and Latif, O. U., Examination of Durability of High Performance Concrete (HPC)
That Has Been Subjected to MgSO
4
and NaCl Corrosion against Freezing and Thawing,
Scientific Research and Essay, vol.4 no.9, pp. 929-935, 2009.
Special Issue Page 132 of 134 ISSN 2229 5216
International Journal of Advances in Science and Technology,
Vol. 3, No.3, 2011

[6] Saleh, A., Chloride Induced Corrosion and Sulphate Attack A Literature Review on
Concrete Durability, Proceedings of the 3
rd
ACF International Conference-ACF/VCA,
Singapore, pp.1028-1040, 2008.
[7] M.S. Shetty, Concrete Technology, S. Chand and Company Ltd., Ramnagar, New Delhi, pp
349-419, 2008.
[8] Neville, A.M., Properties of Concrete, Fourth and Final Edition, Pearson Education
publication, pp 482-529, 2008.
[9] Indian standard specification for coarse and fine aggregates from natural sources for Concrete,
IS: 383-1970, Bureau of Indian Standards, New Delhi.
[10] Indian standard code of practice for recommended Guidelines of Concrete Mix Design plain
and reinforced concrete IS: 10262-1982, Bureau of Indian Standards, New Delhi.
[11] Indian Standard Concrete Mix Proportioning - Guidelines, IS 10262-2009, Bureau of Indian
Standards, New Delhi.
[12] Indian standard code of practice for plain and reinforced concrete, IS 456: 2000, Bureau of
Indian Standards, New Delhi.
[13] Indian Standard Code for Methods of Tests for Strength of Concrete, IS: 5161959, Bureau of
Indian Standards, New Delhi.
[14] Torii, K., and Kawamure, M., "Effects of Fly Ash and Silica Fume on the Resistance of
Mortar to Sulphuric Acid and Sulphate Attack, Cement and Concrete Research," vol. 24, pp.
361 370, 1994.
[15] Mehta, P K., "Condensed silica fume. Concrete Technology and Design, Cement Replacement
Materials," Ed. R N Swamy, vol. 3, pp. 134-168,1986.
[16] Chakraborty, A. K., Ray, I. and Sengupta, B., High Performance Concrete for Containment
Structures Transactions SMiRT, Washington D.C., paper no.1328, pp.1-8, 2001.































Special Issue Page 133 of 134 ISSN 2229 5216
International Journal of Advances in Science and Technology,
Vol. 3, No.3, 2011

Authors Profile
Prof. Popat D. Kumbhar is presently working as an Associate
Professor, in Department of Civil Engineering at K.E.Societys,
Rajarambapu Institute of Technology, Rajaramnagar (Sangli),
Maharashtra, affiliated to Shivaji University, Kolhapur. He is a PhD
student doing research work on Mix Proportioning of High
Performance Concrete for Indian Environment under the guidance of
Dr. Pranesh Murnal. He has published many papers in
National/International Conferences and National Journals. His
research interests are Concrete Technology, Low Cost Housing, and
utilization of Industrial Waste materials. He is having an overall
teaching experience of 22 years. He is a life member of Indian
Society for Technical Education and (ISTE) and Indian Society for
Rock Mechanics and Tunneling Technology (ISRMTT).


Dr Pranesh Murnal is presently working as a Professor and Head of
Department of Applied Mechanics in Govt. College of Engineering,
Aurangabad, Maharashtra. His main research interests are earthquake
engineering, structural engineering and concrete technology. He is
having an overall teaching experience of 26 years. He has bagged a
national award of Best Innovative Students Award for his Ph.D.
thesis conferred by Indian National Academy of Engineers, New
Delhi. He has two Indian patents to his credit and many publications
in International journals and conferences.


Rohan R. Patil is a Post Graduate student studying in Civil-Structure
programme of Civil Engineering Department at K.E.Societys,
Rajarambapu Institute of Technology, Rajaramnagar (Sangli),
Maharashtra, affiliated to Shivaji University, Kolhapur. Presently he
is doing the experimentation work on the dissertation topic Effect of
Humidity and Temperature on Durability properties High
Performance Concrete.
Special Issue Page 134 of 134 ISSN 2229 5216

You might also like