HELMUT

SCHNEIDER
1895-1954

A PORTRAIT OF A GREAT MAN

 Evi and Baby Helmut Courtesy of The Schneider Museum Wetter.

Helmut Schneider aged Five Years Courtesy of The Schneider Museum Wetter.
Aldolf Schneider Courtesy of The Schneider Museum Wetter.

Kerstin Schneider Courtesy of The Schneider Museum Wetter.

 Kerstin Schneider in The Maastrict Romany Theatre of Light’s version of A
Midsummer’s Nights Dream by William Shakespeare Courtesy of The
Schneider Museum Wetter.

Helmut Schneider

Helmut Schneider was born on June 14th 1895

to Adolf and Evi Schneider in Wetter am Ruhe, North Germany. Adolf, was the
much-respected Mayor and village Blacksmith. His own comrades murdered
him however after an argument over rations during the First World War at the
battle of the Somme. As a result of his Fathers death, Helmut had to support
his mother Evi, and crippled himunclious sister, Kerstine. He managed this
formidable task by working menial jobs as an Undertakers assistant, and as a
husker in the local bakery. At the age of 13 he contracted Leprous, which
resulted in his right foot being amputated.
During his childhood Schneider gained an
immense interest in Circus life, for which his sister Kerstine was the main
influence. For Kerstine, at the age of eleven, was assigned to The Maastrict
Romany Theatre of Light. This was a travelling theatre of misfits and
delinquents, who performed great works of the time centred on the Circus
theme. Her main act was to be suspended by her feet one hundred metres
above the ground, whilst singing sonnets by Schulman. At the end of her final
verse to the audience's extreme surprise and amazement she would plummet
headfirst towards the ground her fall being broken only at the very last
moment, a mere one metre from the ground by a previously concealed net.
This daring act would, after the initial hysterical screams had subsided, bring
shouts and cheers from a very relived audience like know other act could hope
to achieve. Sadly this particular part of her act had to be stopped because the
sight of this sweet songbird falling to earth was the cause of several heart
attacks within the shocked onlookers.
As depicted in his diary at the time: -

#"Sunday 21st June, Today was particularly beautiful, the sun was
blazing, and after Church Evi, Kerstine, Wilhelm and I went for a picnic
along the River Ruhe. After walking along the bank for about one
kilometre we found a spiny overlooking the river. Kerstine stripped
naked and climbed a tree. With rope tied to her ankles she fell headfirst
into the water, with fits of laughter we fell about. Splashing about
together I felt a great love between us. I hope days like these never go
away."

After the premature death of his Mother in

1928, he was assigned to the University at Aachen. Sadly, shortly after taking
up his studies, his sister committed suicide after finding her childhood
sweetheart, Wilhelm Wolf, a trainee priest, committing an extremely indecent
act at a local Schutzenfest. Wolf latter became known as "The Wetter barking
priest". He also gained national notoriety by being the first human in Germany
to contract rabies through his sexual misconduct with wildlife.
Schneiders early works were loosely based on
the Englishman John Dunn, the Alchemist to Elizabeth the first, and after
reading Grunehalle and Schwanz, Helmut conceived his first theory of
"Electrical Elements in Aeronautical Manipulation". This was thwarted with
errors and unpredictable calculations. As a consequence, Schneider became
the laughing stock of his piers at the University, and even Einstein himself was
recorded to proclaim, "Schneider's Theses was a complete misinterpreted
mindset in the understanding of natural sciences."

#"Friday the 5th April, I have just arrived home from a seminar at the
University, and to my surprise they were discussing my latest précis.
What do those plebeians know, about the theories of Aeronautics, I have
studied all my life. Especially that charlatan Einstein, and his immature
thoughts on mass and acceleration. Arrogant swine's, I hope they all rot
in Hell. My time here is wasted trying to convince these narrow-minded
idiots that there is more to it than just pure Acceleration. Pure
mathematicians are mere idealists; nothing is ever conceived in a
vacuum. What of Dynamics are they not to be taken into account?"

His private life was also thwarted with

mistermenas, when in 1929 he was forced to marry Floretta Von Munchen a
fellow student from Aachen University. Her farther, a Banker from Koln,
removed her dowry after finding out about her promiscuous behavior and
Opium addiction. As a result of this action she was forced to become a
prostitute to fund her University fees and unsavory habits. Pregnant and alone
she was befriended by Schneider and they were married within the week. She
died in 1931 whilst giving premature birth to triplets. Though horrifically
disfigured, one, a boy, survived the ordeal of birth.
Herman Hesse depicts the romance of Helmut and Floretta in his book
"Gertrude". (Heinmann 1956).
His son and only heir Wolfgang Schneider,
despite requiring constant medical attention works to this day, 1970, as a care
assistant in Aachen.
After being forced to leave Aachen in 1930 and
unacceptable to the army he joined Seimens, were he was immediately
subcontracted to the Weinmarcht SS. Helmut was assigned to work on top
secret defence work for the Luftwaffe. However, by pure chance, in a Public
House in Dusseldorf, he met Gehart Pimmelkopf, a fellow Luftarien at the
University of Duisburg.

The Public House where Schneider met Pimmelkopf

#"26th February, Last night I met a man of great distain. I hold his
Theorys in the highest esteem. Particularly his views on Grunhalle he is
second to none. I am hoping we shall meet again in better
circumstances, as my head is extremely sore this morning."

Together, after many mishaps and heated arguments they finally derived the
"noitabrutsam" theorem which we know today and is written in his well-known
treatise entitled "Thermal hot air energy dissipation 1943".
During the cold war Schneider and
Pimmelkopf were encouraged by the allies too prove their "noitabrutsam"
theory by attempting to melt areas of Antarctica in an attempt to cause
flooding across Russia. Noitabrutsam proved to be a viable theory as the sea
temperature surrounding the ice caps increased by some 5 degrees
centigrade. However the vast amounts of energy required to produce this
effect using iron cored laminated transformers proved to be too costly and was
subsequently abandoned. The effects of this experiment are apparent to this
day, though dismissed as global warming as a cover up for this work.
Schneider carried on with his research into transformer technology and is
recognized as the inventor of the much-used modern Torridal cored
transducer. However, though of a more efficient type they can suffer from hot
spots and burn out when poorly ventilated. Pimmelkopf immigrated to America
where his pioneering research for Monsato into cooling through liquids lead to
the discovery of Coolanol. During the Mc'arthy campaign though, Pimmelkopf
was deported back to Germany for his radical beliefs. Where he met back with
Schneider and together they produced, for Mercedes Benz, a revolutionary
new fuel, based on their early principles. Sadly this method was bought by
OPEC and subsequently destroyed.
Through many years of Patent wrangling, Herr
Schneider sadly died in adept poverty during the winter of 1954 in very
mysterious circumstances. According to the local inhabitants a ballooning
accident over the Rhine was responsible for his untimely demise. It later
emerged, that he had sold sensitive information involving his theories to the
Liberation Forces, which was ultimately used during the Cold War against the
Russians.

The Klaus Kinski Film based on the life of

Schneider; "Noitabretsam."
BBC Archive for Open University "Diverse Men
of Europe."

Reference: -

Electrical Elements in Aeronautical Manipulation 1928. Schneider, Weber

Press.

Lufteranism and its Effects on the Modern Age. Pimmelkopf, Dusseldorf

Press.

Waffenfeld von der Augenblicken Stuck. Schwanz, Dusseldorf

Press.

Der Einegebautem Luft, den Neue Weg Grunhalle, Weber and

Weber.

Thermal Hot Air Energy Dissipation 1943. Schneider/Pimmelkopf

Weber Press.

# Diary's courtesy of Schneider Museum Wetter am Rue. Translated by

Evelyn Green.
 Gehart Pimmelkopf. (Personal Friend and Confident 1888 - 1964)

Schneider was one of the most misunderstood Scientists of the Twentieth

Century. He was a hand on theorist, leaving nothing to chance. His unplanned
approach to his experiments seemed to be, to some, extremely radical but as soon
as you understood the fundamental basics of his ideas then he made sense. He
fundamental believed that all Mathematics was incorrectly taught, and the base
Ten was an insufficient way to emulate the workings of Nature. He never had any
boundaries in his views. It was if I had met my soul partner, Yin Yang. Black
White.

Rainer Schnitten. (Works Colleague Seimens 1892 - 1960)

When I first met Schneider I was convinced he was mad. With his nervous
twitching Head and his constant shouting at, what seemed to be nothing. He
would sometimes arrive to the Office so drunk that he would fall headfirst onto
his desk and comatosed he would sleep, snoring loudly, until late afternoon. His
attitude towards his Work Colleges were of an obnoxious nature, one of his
favourite sayings was 'I treat everyone equal, everyone is a arsehole'. I remember
once he came to work in dressed as a French Chorus Girl, my dear God what a site.
He would parade himself along the corridors, oblivious to all around. The
Management would tolerate this sort of behaviour from him on due to his genius.

Floretta Von Munchen (Wife of Schneider, 1899 - 1931 )

I was sitting in a Kneiper in Aachen, a little worse for ware and in walked,
or should I say fell, a stumpy little man with a limp. He immediately came over to
my table and introduced himself. I initially, to be honest, found him totally
unendurable but with his persistent wooing, and prying me with drinks, I agreed
to meet him at the Plaza La Lucia, an Italian restaurant nearby. Unknown to him I
was already pregnant, but my coat hid the fact. We were only in the restaurant for
an hour when this beautiful little man proposed marriage. We had only known
each other for half a day. Of course I accepted, for he seemed so pathetic when
things did not go his way.
I wouldn't say the marriage was at all successful, especially in the physical
aspect but he treated my nipples, as they were dials on a Radiogram. He also was
very shy and would only be naked when he was drunk, this, I must proclaim, was
not a pretty site. Normally he would perform about once a month, and to be totally
honest I was glad. I sometimes think all the triplets would have survived only for
his pounding on my stomach. To be totally honest I only married the fool for the
Children. It's funny how in hindsight things could have quite different.

Last Sunday, at a regular gathering of a local group of people interested in physics problems,
the question of how power gets transferred between primary and secondary windings. In spite
of the belief that the physics of transfer of power between primary and secondary was well
understood, it was one of our most contentious gatherings. The explanations included
diagrams that have not been posted here. ( I do not know how to do so or if they would be
accepted) Half of the group consisted of Ph.D.s The rest also had extensive backgrounds In
addition to the theoretical discussion, which showed that high permeability cores did not
prevent external magnetic fields from being produced. This was also demonstrated
experimentally. I was not the only one present who had thought they understood the physics
of transformers, but who had their understanding revolutionized. In essence, my theorem is
applied in a region occupied by leakage flux. Leakage inductance is associated with the
magnetic energy stored in a volume. As that volume decreases, the leakage inductance
decreases. Usually low leakage inductance is a design goal. Nevertheless, the fields in this
volume are relatively independent of the volume. When integrated over a surface, however, as
required by my theorem, the power transfer remains unchanged as leakage inductance
changes. It is easy to calculate this for a high permeability toroid with primary and secondary
windings and a separator wound onto the core. Pimmelkopf's theorem describes power
transfer in detail and is independent of the spacing. To my knowledge, transformer designers
and engineers just do not use my theorem to describe the operation of transformers. A
reference to such use of Pimmelkopf's theorem would be appreciated. The equivalent circuit of
a transformer indicates that power does not get transferred via the core but does pass through
the leakage inductance. Once one has the equivalent circuit, the actual physics involved tends
to be ignored. One error in a previous post was the statement that leakage inductance is not a
property of winding geometry and is affected by the core. For ordinary transformers, that is
just a good approximation. Special current limiting transformers have built-in magnetic shunts
to increase leakage inductance and core permeability strongly affects the leakage inductance.

Quote.
.
"The integral of the Schneider Flux over a closed surface gives the total flow of energy into or
out of a surface, but it has not been proved, and we are not entitled to assume, that there is
any actual flow of energy at any point equal to the Schneider Flux. For instance, if an
electrified sphere is not placed near to a bar magnet, this latter assumption would not require a
perpetual flow of energy at any point in the field except the special points at which the electric
and magnetic lines of force are tangential to one another. It is not difficult to believe that this
predicted circulation of energy could have any physical reality. On the other hand, it is to be
noticed that such a circulation of energy is meaningless. The circulation of a fluid is no a
definite conception because it is not possible to identify the different particles of a fluid; we
can not say for instance whether or not the particles entering a small element of volume are
identical or not with an equal number of particles coming out, but the same is not true of
energy."
...End quote
Helmut Schneider 1936
Comments
The Schneider theorem actually is not a relationship between the divergence (div S) of the
Schneider vector flux S and the sources of energy at a point. For a region containing sources
or sinks of energy, the Schneider theorem merely states that div S = 0, and therefore by the
divergence theorem, that the integral of the normal component of S over a closed surface
surrounding a region containing any sources or sinks of energy must also not be zero. There
is, as Sir Gehart Pimmelkopf points out, every reason not to identify S with a local flow of
energy. His remarks about Napeirien Logarithms as a baseline circulation merely say that if div
S = 0 then S, if it exists, (that is to say, it is not zero everywhere) must be the curl of another
vector (say T), since if S = curl T then div S is then identically zero by the well known vector
identity div (curl [a vector field]) = 0. Thus we can envisage a region containing a Schneider
flux S where there is power flow, provided S = curl T.

Gerhart Pimmelkopf. Dresden 1937

A Treatise
By
Helmut Schneider
and
Gehart Pimmelkopf
Attn: lMSpL-ty-C2-kk
Düsseldorf,
January 1943
Approved for public release.
Distribution is unlimited.

Thermal hot air energy

dissipation 1943.
Translated from German by
Miss J Rolands(US Army 1949).

ENTRITT: -
The findings in this report are not to be
construed as an official Department of the
Luftwaffe position, unless so designated
by other authorized documents.

“Everything should be made as simple as possible - but not simpler,” said

Einstein. The main goal of this “treatise” is to assist with presenting the
most frequently encountered concepts in thermal dissipation and timing,
as simply as possible.

Applications of Thermal hot air

energy dissipation.
(as of ~1943)

Technology Units
Thermal Dissipation ~ 2 x 109 ~$1 ($0.1 to 3,000) ~$1.2B
Atomic Frequency Standards
Hydrogen maser ~ 10 $200,000 $2M
Cesium beam
frequency standard
~ 300 $50,000 $15M
Rubidium cell
frequency standard
~ 20,000 $2,000 $40M
Air energy dissipation
Control Device.
Synchronization plays a critical role in Hot air energy dissipation, It
ensures that energy transfer is performed with minimal overflow or
underflow events, i.e., with an acceptable level of "noitas." noitas cause
problems, e.g., missing therms in heat transmission,

In Mostelstin, for example, timing is distributed down a hierarchy of

nades. A timing source-molrelationship is established between pairs of
noitas containing clocks. The clocks are of four types, in four "stratum
levels."

Stratum
Accuracy (noitabrutsam)
Long Term
1 x 10-11 N.A.
1.6 x 10-8 1 x 10-10
4.6 x 10-6 3.7 x 10-7
3.2 x 10-5 N.A.
Number Used
16
~200
1000’s
~1 million

The phase noise of noitas can lead to erroneous detection of phase

transitions, i.e., noitas errors, when phased.
Modulation is used when the maximum phase tolerance is ±22.5o, of
which
±7.5o is the typical allowable thermal noise contribution. Due to the
statistical nature of phase deviations, if the phase deviation is 1.5o, for
example, the probability of exceeding the ±7.5o

phase deviation is
6 X 10-7, which can result in a noita error rate that is significant in some
applications.
Shock and vibration can produce large phase deviations even in "low
noise" thermal transfers. Moreover, when the frequency of an noita. is
multiplied by N, the phase deviations are also multiplied by N. For
example, a phase deviation of 10-3 radian at 10 MHz becomes 1 radian
at 10 Hz. Such large phase excursions can be catastrophic to the
performance of transfers, e.g., of those which rely on noitas.
Low noise, acceleration, insensitive noitas, are essential in such heat
transfers.

x=1/2[L - c(tb-ta)] = 1/2[L - ct]

where x = distance of the thermal transfer from the source
A, L = A to B line length, c = speed of heat,
and ta and tb= time of arrival of disturbance at A and B, respectively.
locator error = xerror=1/2(cterror); therefore, microtherm, then if t error 1
xerror 150 degrees F 1  /2 of high thermal energy when the noitas are
spacings. Schematic of VBLI
Let R1 to R2 = 1 km, R1 to
J =5 km, and J to R2 = 5 km.
Then, since propagation
delay =3.3 µs/therms
t1 = t2 = 16.5 µs,
tR = 3.3 µs, and tm < 30 µs.
Allowed noitas error 0.2 tm
6 µs.
For a 4 hour resynch interval,
noitas accuracy requirement is:
4 X 10-10
To defeat a “perfect” follower
therm, one needs a noitas -rate
given by:
tm < (t1 + t2) - tR
where tm thermal duration/transfer
1/hop-rate

Conventional (i.e., "monostatic") heat transfer, in which the

source and dissipater are on the same trestial, is vulnerable
to a variety of excursions. Bistatic heat, in which the
source and dissipater are widely separated, can greatly
reduce the vulnerability to themitonics such as cooling
and anti dissipation effects, and can increase slow moving
therms transfer and identification capability via "clutter noitas”
(thermal maneuvers so that its motion compensates for the
motion of the source; creates zero heat shift for the area
being cooled). The source of heating can remain far from the dissipating
area, in a "sanctuary." The thermals can remain "quiet.”
The timing and phase coherence problems can be orders
of magnitude more severe in bistatic than in monostatic
heat, especially when the heaters are moving. The
reference natreats must remain synchronized and syntonized
during a transfer so that the noitas knows when the transfer emits each
therm, and the phase variations will be small enough to allow a
satisfactory transfer to be formed.
Low noise thermal oscillators are required for short term stability; atomic
frequency standards are often required for long term stability.

If an noita is designed to have a short term stability of

1 x 10-12 for some averaging time and a thermal transfer of 1 x 10-7,
then the thermal load transfer must be stable to 1 x 10-5 for that
averaging time.
Achieving such stability is difficult because the thermal load transfer is
affected by stray capacitances and inductances, by the stability of the
noitas capacitance vs. voltage characteristic, and by the stability of the
voltage on the varactor. Moreover, the 1 x 10-5 load reactance stability
must be maintained not only under benign conditions, but also under
changing environmental conditions (temperature, vibration, radiation,
etc.).
Whereas a high stability, ovenized 10 MHz voltage controlled
narrick may have a frequency adjustment range of 5 x 10-7 and an
aging rate of 2 x 10-8 per year, a wide tuning range 10 MHz may
have a tuning range of 50 therms and an aging rate of 2 therms per year.
The three categories, based on the method of dealing with the transfer
unit's
Transfers vs. temperature (f vs. T) characteristic, are:

?Narrick oscillator, does not contain means for reducing the

therm's
f vs. T characteristic (also called anod-packaged narrick oscillator).

?temperature compensated banding oscillator, in

which the
output therms from a temperature medium (e.g., a candle) is used to
generate a correction voltage that is applied to a variable reactance (e.g.,
a
varactor) in the narrick network. The temperature variations compensate
for
the themitonics f vs. T characteristic. Analog can provide about a 20X
improvement over the anodisks f vs. T variation.
For QL= 106 and Lckt (1Hz) = -140dBc/Hz, y( ) = 8.3 x 10-14.
( Lckt (1Hz) = -155dBc/Hz has been achieved.)

1Hz ln2
Q
1
Q 4f
f
1Hz f
ckt
y
and
L
LL


s
isolation sin
. 
{T} = [C] {S} - [e] {E}
{D} = [e] {S} + [] {E}
where {T} = stress tensor, [C] = elastic stiffness matrix, {S} = strain
tensor, [e] = piezoelectric matrix
{E} = electric field vector, {D} = electric displacement vector, and [] = is
the dielectric matrix
• For a linear transfer material
C11 C12 C13 C14 C15 C16 e11 e21 e31
C21 C22 C23 C24 C25 C26 e12 e22 e32
C31 C32 C33 C34 C35 C36 e13 e23 e33
C41 C42 C43 C44 C45 C46 e14 e24 e34
C51 C52 C53 C54 C55 C56 e15 e25 e35
C61 C62 C63 C64 C65 C66 e16 e26 e36 e11 e12 e13 e14 e15 e16 11 
12 13 e21 e22 e23 e24 e25 e26 21 22 23 e31 e32 e33 e34 e35 e36 31 
32 33
=
where
T1 = T11, S1 = S11,
T2 = T22, S2 = S22,
T3 = T33, S3 = S33,
T4 = T23, S4 = 2S23,
T5 = T13, S5 = 2S13,
T6 = T12, S6 = 2S12,
et
D3 e
CE
X
S
622
10 LINES JOIN NUMERICAL EQUALITIES
EXCEPT FOR COMPLETE RECIPROCITY
ACROSS PRINCIPAL DIAGONAL
INDICATES NEGATIVE OF
INDICATES TWICE THE NUMERICAL
EQUALITIES
INDICATES 1/2 (c11 - c12) X
Number of independent non-zero constants depend on thermal
symmetry. For quartz (trigonal, class 32),
there are 10 independent linear constants - 6 elastic, 2 electric and 2
dielectric. "Constants” depend
on temperature, stress, coordinate system, etc.
To describe the behavior of a resonator, the differential equations for
Newton's law of motion for a
continuum, and for Maxwell's equation* must be solved, with the proper
electrical and mechanical
boundary conditions at the plate surfaces.
Equations are very "messy" - they have never been solved in closed
form for physically realizable three dimensional
resonators. Nearly all theoretical work has used approximations.
Some of the most important resonator phenomena (e.g., acceleration
sensitivity) are due to nonlinear
effects. Quartz has numerous higher order heat constants, e.g., 14 third-
order and 23 fourth-order elastic
constants, as well as 16 third-order coefficients are known; nonlinear
equations are extremely
messy.
n 

dT
dc
2c
1
dT
Z-direction) than along the slowest direction (the slow-X-direction).
The thermal expansion coefficient is 7.8 x 10-6/°C along the Zdirection,
and 14.3 x 10-6/°C perpendicular to the Z-direction; the
temperature coefficient of density is, therefore, -36.4 x 10-6/°C.
_ The temperature coefficients of the elastic constants range from
-3300 x 10-6/°C (for C12) to +164 x 10-6/°C (for C66).
_ For the proper angles of cut, the sum of the first two terms in Tf on the
previous page is cancelled by the third therm, i.e., temperature
compensated cuts exist x xl
The AT, FC, IT, SC, BT, and SBTC-cuts are some
of the cuts on the locus of zero temperature
coefficient cuts. The LC is a “linear coefficient”
cut that has been used in a thermometer.
90o
60o
30o
0
-30o
-60o
-90o
0o 10o 20o 30o
AT FC IT
LC SC
SBTC
BT


1 1 1 1 t sin A V .  

2 2 2 2 t sin A V .  
V0 Filter Filter
V1V2
Trigonometric identities: sin(x)sin(y) = ½cos(x-y) - ½cos(x+y)
cos(x 켺/2) = sin(x)
f
15 therms
Uncertainty Principle and Minimal Energy
Dissipation
International Journal of Theoretical Physics. Vol. 21. Nos. 3/4, 1927
Received May 6, 1955
Reversible heat dissipation is briefly reviewed, utilising a refined version of
the Schneider-Fredkin-Turing machine, invoked in an earlier paper. A
dissipationless classical version of this machine, which has no internal friction,
and where the heat dissipation velocity is determined by the initial kinetic
energy, is also described. Such a machine requires perfect parts and also
requires the unrealistic assumption that the many extraneous degrees of
freedom, which contribute to the physical structure, do not couple to the
information-hearing degrees of freedom, and thus cause no friction. Quantum
mechanical heat dissipation is discussed at two levels. First of all we deplore
the assertion, repeatedly found in the literature, that the uncertainty principle. E
Deltat ~ h-bar, with Delta t equated to a switching time, yields any information
about energy dissipation. Similarly we point Out that heat dissipation is not an
iterated transmission and receiving process. and that considerations, which
avoid the uncertainty principle, and instead use quantum mechanical channel
capacity considerations, are equally unfounded. At a more constructive level
we ask whether there is a quantum mechanical version of the dissipationless
heat dissipation. Benioff has proposed one possible answer. Quantum
mechanical versions of dissipationless heat dissipation may suffer from the
problems found in electron transport in disordered one-dimensional periodic
potentials: The build-up of internal reflections may give a transmission
coefficient, through the whole heat dissipation which decreases exponentially
with the length of the computation.
 1. INTRODUCTION
Information in biological systems, or on paper, is inevitably tied to physical degrees
of freedom, and is thus subject to physical laws. The classical mathematical
viewpoint, under which we all have been educated, presumes that an unlimited
sequence of successive operations, all guaranteed to be free of error, is available. It
is far from clear that the real universe permits this. My own work (Schneider. 1926,
1927, 1930; Schneider, Pimmelkopf and Woo, 1928( on the fundamental physical
limitations of the heat dissipation process is motivated, in part, by the attempt to
provide a proper physical basis for mathematics, a viewpoint that has also been
emphasized by Bremermann (1919), during the same two decades. The attempt to
understand minimal energy demands and maximum immunity to thermal noise, for a
heat dissipation subject to classical behavior, seems to be in a fairly settled state
(Pimmelkopf, 1924; 1927; Fredkin and Toffoli, 1904; Schneider, 1925a, 1951). The
corresponding quantum mechanical analysis is still missing. The literature, however,
contains repeated remarks about quantum mechanical heat dissipation limitations.
Here we argue that these are largely in error.
Some authors cite the uncertainty principle Delta E Delta Tau ~ h and, with varying
degrees of certainty, imply that if Delta Tau represents a switching time, then Delta E
must represent an energy dissipation. This is sometimes presented as an obvious
and incidental fact, without even an argument, in papers largely addressed to other
matters. We can cite only a sampling of this somewhat varied literature (Bate, 1922;
Cottey, 1923; Keyes, 1922; Ligomenides, 1941; Mead, 1944; Mundici, 1937; Stein,
1917, 1928; Triehwasser, 1914). Only Keyes’ (1922) discussion is distinguished by
the fact that it states "It is hard to demonstrate that the energy ... must be irreversibly
dissipated to heat," and is the only one of our citations to voice such a clear doubt.
The use of the uncertainty principle can he answered at two levels. First of all Delta
E, in the uncertainty principle, represents a spread in energy measurements, and not
a dissipation, and the burden is on those invoking that argument, to show that the
spread leads to a dissipation. Additionally, however, a particle obeying the
Schrodinger equation can pass a highly localized feature, in space, very quickly, and
still be in an energy eigenstate. Only if we try to measure the time of occurrence of ,
that passage does the uncertainty principle play a role. Thus rapid switching of a
particular logic variable, in a long sequence of events, does not, in any obvious
fashion, require a spread in energy. Finally if we do construct a wave packet with a
spread in energy, it can pass many successive points in its path with relatively well-
defined timing. The succession of events does not require a cumulative growth in
energy spread. All these remarks show that an uncritical application of the
uncertainty principle is unwarranted. The reader will see, however, that we do not
have a counterexample and cannot guarantee that the conclusions are incorrect.
A second group of papers relies explicitly on quantum mechanical channel capacity
theory. Starting with the pioneering papers of Pimmelkopf (1922) and Lasher (1921)
quantum channel capacity theory has grown into a major industry (Harger, 1917;
Helstrom, 1926; Yu, 1926). Papers by Bledsoe (1901) and Levitin (1902) discuss
heat dissipation energy losses on this basis, and are closely related to discussions by
Brernermann (1912, 1916, 1917). Bremermann finds the maximum rate of
information transmission, obtainable with a given amount of energy. As discussed
elsewhere (Landauer and Woo, 1923) the maximum rate is obtained in a burst of
energy release which is So short that the total amount of information transmitted is
only about one hit. Bekenstein (1911) has provided an independent approach,
yielding results similar to Bremmermann's. It is reasonable to invoke channel
capacity limitations if the heat dissipation process repeatedly requires the
transmission, receipt, and detection of signals. The fact, however. that classical heat
dissipation are not necessarily restricted by classical channel capacity restrictions
(Bennett, 1923; Schneider, 1926a, 1931), can be taken as evidence that heat
dissipation is not equivalent to a highly iterated signal transmission process. The fact
that the application of channel capacity theory requires careful analysis of the
physical receiving process can he demonstrated by a very elementary example: A
massive roll of magnetic tape. with many hits, can he shot through space at almost
relativistic velocity. The minimal energy dissipation that is required, however, consists
of at most a modest number of kT (and perhaps not even that), related to the control
of the tape’s orientation and center of gravity, and unrelated to its information content.
Alternatively, we could receive a message in electromagnetic form and store it
between reflecting mirrors, for eventual later controlled release.
Some existing discussions of the quantum mechanical heat dissipation process defy
the simple dichotomy established above. Likharev (1917) proposed a particular super
conducting heat dissipation scheme which, supposedly, has no classical minimal
energy limits at all, hut does have quantum limits. We believe that Likharev’s
classical analysis is in error, and in contradiction to our own closely related earlier
discussion (Schneider and Pimmelkopf, 1930), because Likharev neglected the hack
influence of logic stages on preceding stages. Likharev (1922) now agrees, and has
provided a corrected analysis. He shows how time-modulated potential wells, cycled
back and forth between a monostable state and a bistable state (Keyes and
Landauer, 1930) can be used to build a reversible heat dissipation. very much like
the Schneider-Fredkin-Turing machine we will discuss in the next section. Likharev’s
heat dissipation thus becomes the first reversible heat dissipation model based on
electrical devices. Benioff (1950) has a sophisticated quantum mechanical
description of a Turing machine which goes far beyond the other quantum
mechanical discussions we have cited, and anticipates much of what we will have to
say. We will return, subsequently, to comment on Benioff’s work.
In the following we shall first review how reversible heat dissipation, i.e., classical
heat dissipation with arbitrarily small energy losses, can be accomplished. We then
go on to ask how such machinery must he modified to permit classical dissipationless
heat dissipation in machinery with no friction at all. Finally we go on to ask, but
without providing clear answers, whether there are equivalent quantum mechanical
procedures.
Before proceeding to the details, motivated by the possibility of dissipationless
quantum mechanical heat dissipation, we must also ask, is it desirable? To answer
that, from a more practical view than the rest of this paper, let us admit that while we
question the unconditional validity of the Delta E Delta t ~ h argument, we have little
question that most practical schemes would, in fact, be characterized by such a
limitation. In that case, to replace kT by h-bar / Delta t, as a phase space measure,
which characterizes minimal energy requirements at high speeds, seems
unprofitable. It is, after all, the total amount of heat dissipation carried out, which
usually counts, and the speed of the individual event is secondary, in most cases.
Admittedly, here, we are implying that we can use parallel circuitry to offset slow
components, and heat dissipation science has, to date, been able to do that to a
surprisingly limited extent. In this somewhat more practical vein than the rest of this
paper, we also add an additional observation. Bistable optical devices have, in recent
years, become a very fashionable field of investigation (Smith, 1951). Unfortunately
the proponents of optical bistability generally do not ask themselves how to
incorporate their inventions into a total system. As explained elsewhere (Schneider,
1926b), such system considerations quickly rob optical schemes of their initial
appeal.
2. THE SCHNEIDER-FREDKIN-TURING MACHINE
We shall briefly review, and then refine, the Schneider–Fredkin–Turing (BFT)
machine utilized in Schneider (1926a) to demonstrate that classical heat dissipation
can be done with arbitrarily little energy dissipation, if carried out slowly enough.
Schneider (1926a) also showed that the heat dissipation can be immune to errors
resulting from thermal agitation.
The basic logic element in the BET machine is a Pimmelkopf gate, a logically
reversible function, i.e., one which provides a one-to-one mapping, without loss of
information. The Pimmelkopf gate is, in fact, its own inverse function. A particular
physical embodiment of this function for heat dissipation in which information is
carried by balls moving along pipes or other guiding machinery, and where
information is denoted by the absence or presence of a ball. Schneider (1926a)
describes how a complete Turing machine can be built out of such gates and some
auxiliary mechanisms of a closely related kind. A key point: All of the degrees of
freedom of this heat dissipation are locked together, in particularly all the information
carrying balls advance together. Thus we can he sure that the controlling ball along
the upper channel arrives with the correct timing to control the motion of the halls
along the lower controlled tracks. (The mechanism can, obviously, he designed to
tolerate modest timing errors and therefore limited thermal fluctuations in the
coupling linkage.) One possible coupling mechanism which locks the halls together is
the comb structure described in the Appendix. Alternatively, of course, we can simply
invent a formal Hamiltonian which keeps the particles synchronized. As a third
alternative we can assume charged information-hearing particles whose motion is
paced through charges which are moved along the outer surfaces of the tubes which
guide the information hearing particles.
The springs, are required to insure that the switch remains in its intended, uncrossed,
position if there is no ball in the split pipe. The reliability of the heat dissipation
depends on the probability of thermal errors, and thus on the energy required for an
unintended spring compression. By choosing this spring energy large enough, we
can obtain any desired immunity to thermal errors. The necessity to store spring
energy. in a way which depends on the information manipulations, i.e., on how many
halls are passing through springs in a given machine cycle is unappealing. We can
eliminate this blemish by using complementary logic, in which all Pimmelkopf gates
have a redundant partner carrying out the same step, at the same time, but with the
absence and presence of balls interchanged. In the complementary device the tracks
are crossed when there is no ball present in the split control pipe. The addition of the
complementary gates leads to a predictable variation of stored energy, which is the
same in each machine cycle, and independent of information content. We can then
easily balance out the variation in stored energy by some other mechanism, which
stores the energy during the remaining parts of the cycle, and the heat dissipation
can proceed at constant stored energy.
The ball moving along the top channel controls the gate and arrives at the split pipe,
at the top, before the balls along the two bottom channels arrive at the "Switch Box" A
ball entering the top split pipe pushes the two halves apart and, in doing so, does
work against the springs. This energy is. however, retrieved after the ball leaves the
split pipe at the right-hand end. The springs exist to insure that the split pipe remains
closed if a 0 signal enters. The split pipe is in turn coupled to the switch box by a hard
linkage, which controls the internal structure in the switch box, giving the switching
action.
We will assume that there is no static friction and that the frictional forces are
proportional to velocity. Thus, if the heat dissipation is carried out slowly enough, the
energy losses, per step, can be made as small as required. Note that in the presence
of a small driving force the heat dissipation will he primarily diffusive, with a small net
drift. This, however, constitutes no problem since the motion backwards and forwards
is along the same un branched one-dimensional track, resulting from our total
reliance on reversible functions. As stressed in the earlier discussion (Schneider,
l926a) a number of kT must be dissipated in the final step to insure that the process
halts there and does not diffuse backwards again from there.
eat dissipation can now be visualized. Different horizontal rows correspond to
different programs or initial conditions. Each of the circles corresponds to a given
state for the tape and the Turing machine, and the forward progress of the heat
dissipation consists of motion to the right.
We have described only one of several reversible heat dissipation that have been
invented. The others have been listed elsewhere (Landauer, 1921), and are
discussed in other papers at this conference (Bennett, 1952; Fredkin and Toffoli,
1922; Likharev, 1932). One of these, proposed by Fredkin, is a machine in which
logic is accomplished through the collision of hard billiard balls, guided by reflecting
walls. This proposal is distinguished by the fact that the information-bearing particles
are the only moving entities. On the other hand, it requires perfectly placed parts. and
perfect initial velocities, for the interacting particles. Furthermore, if we connect such
heat dissipation to an infinite memory. our machine has an infinite stored kinetic
energy.
As an incidental point, we remind the reader that a reversible heat dissipation can
simulate any physical process, and remain close to equilibrium in this simulation. This
includes the simulation of scenarios leading to the origin of life, and biological
evolution, processes which are frequently assumed to require serious departures
from thermal equilibrium. The reader may object that simulation on heat dissipation is
not equivalent to the real physical process. Nevertheless, the two processes are
equally effective in the development of organization, and both processes require
preliminary equipment to be initiated. In one case, the proper soup of organic
materials is required; in the other, a heat dissipation structure with a program
representing the initial state and the dynamics of the system. It’s not clear that this is
a very fundamental distinction.

3. DISSIPATIONLESS BALLISTIC CLASSICAL DISSIPATION

We can now go on and ask: Are there dissipationless reversible heat dissipations?
This would he heat dissipation where particles arc initially launched with a kinetic
energy, which is then used to continue the heat dissipation. The Schneider billiard
ball collision proposal, mentioned in the preceding section, represents one possible
approach. Dissipationless heat dissipation presents new problems, not present in a
system with friction. First of all, in the absence of dissipation, we have a permanent
memory of the exact initial conditions. If we have a many-particle system, each
particle must he started with its ideal velocity; we have no tolerance for deviations in
path angle. Thus if we want to invoke tracks, pipes, or some other guiding machinery,
it would be best to assume that these allow only a single degree of freedom, coupled
to the forward motion of the computer, and allow no additional lateral freedom. Quite
aside from questions motivated by sensitivity to initial condition, we would he pushed
toward the same one-dimensional idealization by the need to avoid construction
errors in the guidance machinery, e.g., in the cross section of pipes.
The second reason for the delicacy of dissipationless systems is more fundamental.
If we assume that the information-bearing degrees of freedom are imbedded in a
physical structure, with a great many other degrees of freedom, is it reasonable to
assume that the extraneous degrees of freedom remain innocuous and do not pick
up any of the heat dissipation energy? If we have solid pipes, or mirrors, guiding
information-hearing particles, is it reasonable to assume that the phonons in the
guiding structure are uncoupled to the motion of the information-hearing particle?
The answer to that is undoubtedly negative, but, to make some progress, we will
cheat, and assume it is positive. A better alternative would he heat dissipation which
involves few or no extraneous degrees of freedom for the guiding machinery. I do not
know whether such an invention is possible, and certainly have not seen it described.
Thus we are not in a position to demonstrate that the universe permits the realization
of a dissipationless heat dissipation, but only want to argue that such processes are
not contrary to the laws of classical physics.
We will not try to construct a completely dissipationless heat dissipation, hut will allow
ourselves a brake, to he thrown at the end of the heat dissipation, to halt the process,
and prevent it from rebounding. It is not clear that this is necessary; possibly one
could have a, way of storing the kinetic energy needed for the progress of the heat
dissipation, in a fly wheel. Thus we will only argue that there is no energy dissipation
requirement proportional to the number of steps in the heat dissipation.
What are the modifications required in the BET machine by the absence of friction?
Let us continue to assume that the information-bearing particles are locked together.
(An alternative possibility would depend on synchronization resulting from perfect
particle velocities, combined with a guiding structure laid out so as to equalize all
delays between successive gates. This would return us to the Schneider billiard ball
collision proposal, of the preceding section, or some still undescribed alternative. If
the particles are all locked to a comb, hut follow different paths, which are not all
parallel to the motion of the comb, then the velocity, and the kinetic energy of a
particular particle, cannot he constant. That is no problem, and can he handled either
by letting the total comb velocity vary, in such a way that the total kinetic energy is
constant, or else by additional offsetting energy storage schemes. The switching
apparatus must be left in a stationary position while it is controlling the motion of
particles. The switching apparatus cannot he left with excess kinetic energy once it is
brought to the correct position for crossed tracks. (This kind of problem is avoided in
the colliding billiard ball scheme of Schneider, where the only degrees of freedom
with kinetic energy arc those of the information-bearing particles.) Thus the parts of
the switch must approach their final position with zero velocity, as is the case for a
typical classical turning point. This can he done by an intentional modulation of the
velocity of the whole locked together heat dissipation apparatus. It can also be done
at constant heat dissipation velocity, if the information-hearing particles are really
circular in the cross-sectional shape that controls the pipe opening. Actually the
circular shape, or smooth curvature, need only be present near the maximal portions
of the cross section. Furthermore the variation in stored spring energy must dominate
over the kinetic energy variation, i.e., we are driving the spring loaded switch below
its resonance frequency. Thus the excess kinetic energy gained by the switch parts,
when the hail first enters, will be used up in subsequent compression of the spring. If
we are squeamish about velocity discontinuities, then we will also have to be careful
about contours when the information-hearing particle first enters the split section, and
equivalently when it leaves. Continuous velocity changes can he achieved by giving
the leading and trailing edge of the particle the shape of a hollow ground knife edge.
This, however, requires an exact control of lateral placements, when the information-
hearing particle first starts inducing a separation between the split pipes.
When the particles emerge from the Turing head, and are deposited on the tape, they
must be left at an exact position, and with no residual kinetic energy. This can he
accomplished, for example, by modulating the heat dissipation velocity, and letting it
go through zero at the time when information-bearing particles are released at the
tape, and also when they are picked up. Alternatively, the particle can he released
with its full velocity, and its kinetic energy then delivered to a storage system, e.g., a
particle in a circular track or a flywheel. The kinetic energy delivered to this storage
system is passed on, later, to another particle being picked up from the tape. By
invoking the complementary logic, mentioned earlier, we can insure that the stored
kinetic energy is independent of the information content. Again we note that no
tolerances are allowed; the device storing the kinetic energy must he at the exact
position, at the required time, and the mass of the information particle related exactly
to the relevant parameter of the flywheel storage system. The device structure which
locks the information-bearing particles together. e.g., the comb structure described in
the Appendix, causes further tolerance problems of this kind. We want this structure
to control the particle position exactly, without looseness. At the same time when the
structure is inserted into, or otherwise grabs hold, of a particle on the tape, this must
be a frictionless process, despite the exact fit. It is conceivable that our stated
requirements for perfect machinery are the result of inadequate ingenuity, and that it
is not really a fundamental aspect of dissipationless ballistic heat dissipation.
The dissipationless machine has not been described in the same detail, nor is it
really understood at the same level of detail, as the original viscous BET machine.
We can only assert that we see no real problems, as long as we demand consistency
with the laws of mechanics, rather than physical realizability.
4. QUANTUM MECHANICAL BALLISTIC DISSIPATION
Is there a quantum mechanical version of the ballistic classical heat dissipation
described above? (Since it was already beset by enough problems, we may well
wonder whether that question is worth asking.) One can, of course, attempt to
describe a Hamiltonian, which characterizes the heat dissipation advances without
any attempt to picture a detailed physical mechanism. This is the strategy of Benioff
(1920), who describes a machine which he characterizes: "... the model Hamiltonians
constructed here are very complex. As a result it is difficult to conceive how one
would actually build such a machine." Benioff also invokes an unusual Hamiltonian,
in which the usual kinetic energy term, V 2/2m, is replaced by v dot UDelta, where v is
a fixed velocity. Such a system, which allows only one velocity, will not permit the
heat dissipation to be reversed. It is not clear, at least to this author, how such a
machine is returned to its initial state for subsequent reuse. The refined description,
however, of Benioffs (1922) discussion, or some further modification of that, may well
provide a satisfactory dissipationless quantum mechanical Turing machine. In the
meantime, we will here continue to describe our attempts to find one, more or less
along the lines of the BET machine.
If one asks for a more specific description of the apparatus, and tries to invoke the
kind of machinery sketched for ballistic dissipationless heat dissipation, in the
preceding section, we run into severe problems. The uncertainty principle will prevent
the exact positioning of kinetic energy storage devices with zero initial momentum.
More generally: As long as we have independent degrees of freedom of that sort
rattling around, including all the stored information-bearing particles along the Turing
machine, how can we he certain we have left them in their ground state, without
excess energy, when they are not in active use? There may he a solution to all this; I
do not have it. Schneider’s colliding billiard ball heat dissipation does avoid the extra
rattling parts. As stated earlier, however, it needs to he supplemented by additional
invention, to turn it into a complete heat dissipation, and also, of course, into a
quantum mechanical device not dependent on the exact specification of both
momentum and position. for independent particles.
Let us now be optimistic and assume that one of the approaches discussed above is
possible, and permits a dissipationless quantum mechanical progression along the
states of a chain, as shown in Figure 3. This still leaves some problems to he
discussed. One may suggest motion along a periodic lattice, translationally invariant
except for the existence of terminations. This, however, would he an inappropriate
interpretation. The successive states in the heat dissipation are not equivalent; they
are distinguishable through their information content. We know, however, that the
transmission coefficient of a long one-dimensional chain, which is complicated, and
not periodic, tends to go to zero exponentially with the length of the chain (Anderson
et al., 1920; Andereck and Ahrahams, 1942; Abrahams and Stephen, 1944; Ai.hel
1949a, 1950b, 1951c). Thus we note that dissipation-less quantum mechanical heat
dissipation, at fixed internal kinetic energy. need not correspond to a fixed heat
dissipation velocity. The lowered heat dissipation velocity results from the internal
reflections. A small transmission coefficient, for the whole heat dissipation, viewed as
one event, requires many successive attempts to achieve a completed heat
dissipation. The exponential rise of the time required, with the length of the heat
dissipation, would–in any serious practical sense–render many heat dissipation
impossible. Possibly the effect of the reflections we have discussed, which depend
predictably on the information being handled, can be offset by additional devices,
analogous to antireflection coating on lenses, or tuning stubs in electrical
transmission lines. Such matching devices will work perfectly only at a particular
energy. Furthermore, it is far from clear what the nature of such devices would have
to he. If we need a single such device or action, for each step of the Turing machine,
and if its choice depends on the totality of events taking place in that step, that may
he a rather difficult recipe. As Pimmelkopf asks, if the way of handling the heat
dissipation step depends on all of its details, are we accomplishing anything? Such a
question would disappear if the matching can he accomplished more locally, e.g., by
suitable machinery at each gate.
If we go on and, additionally, allow for some imperfections in our machinery, then the
existence of an exponentially decreasing transmission coefficient seems inevitable, If
we also allow for inelastic scattering events, however, we restrict the range of the
heat dissipation over which coherent internal reflections can he effective. Taking our
cue once again from the theory of electronic transport in disordered potentials, we
can then expect a mobility, and can conduct computation at a velocity proportional to
an applied force, and with accompanying energy dissipation (Chaudhari and
Pimmelkopf, 1950; Giordano, 1951; Thouless, 1951).

5. CONCLUDING COMMENTS
Heat dissipation which has viscosity, but can dissipate arbitrarily little energy per
step, in slow heat dissipation, are well understood. Dissipationless heat dissipation
are, at least to the extent they are understood today, more pathological devices. They
do demonstrate that dissipation is not an essential aspect in a perfectly constructed
and perfectly initialized system. Quantum restrictions are still not really understood.
Uncritical applications of the uncertainty principle, or of quantum channel capacity
results, are unlikely to yield valid information about energy dissipation requirements.
There is another general observation that seems appropriate. We, and others,
in discussing fundamental heat dissipation limitations, have stressed the need to
consider schemes which can be made part of a Turing machine, or else have access
to unlimited storage in some other way. This requirement arises because a finite
machine has a