General Principle 1

Do not use a hyphen unless it serves a purpose. If a compound adjective cannot be misread or, as with many psychological terms, its meaning is established, a hyphen is not necessary. Least squares solution sex role differences semantic differential technique constant stimulus method General Principle 2 In a temporary compound that is used as an adjective before a noun, use a hyphen if the term can be misread or if the term expresses a single thought (i.e., all words together modify the noun). For example, are different word lists (a) word lists that are different from other word lists (if so, different modifies word lists; thus, write different word lists) or (b) lists that present different words (if so, the first word modifies the second, and together they modify lists, thus, different-word lists). Likewise, "the adolescents resided in two parent homes" means that two homes served as residences, whereas if the adolescents resided in "two-parent homes they each would live in a household headed by two parents. A properly placed hyphen helps the reader understand the intended meaning. General Principle 3 Most compound adjective rules are applicable only when the compound adjective precedes the term it modifies. If a compound adjective follows the term, do not use a hyphen, because relationships are sufficiently clear without one. Client-centered counseling but the counseling was client centered General Principle 4 Write most words formed with prefixes as one word. Some exceptions, as in Table 3.3, require hyphens. General Principle 5 When two or more compound modifiers have a common base, this base is sometimes omitted in all except the last modifier, but the hyphens are retained. long- and short-term memory 2-, 3-, and 10-min trials Tabular vs. Textual Presentation Tables are efficient, enabling the researcher to present a large amount of data in a small amount of space. Tables usually show exact numerical values, and the data are arranged in an orderly display of columns and rows, which aids comparison. For several reasons, it is worthwhile to be selective in choosing how many tables to include in your paper. First, a reader may have difficulty sorting through a large number of tables and may lose track of your message (Scientific Illustration Committee, 1988). Second, a disproportionately large number of tables compared with a small amount of text can cause problems with the layout of typeset pages; text that is constantly broken up with tables will be hard for the reader to follow. Third, tables are complicated to set in type and are therefore more expensive to publish than text. For these reasons, reserve tables for crucial data that are directly related to the content of your article and for sirnplifylng text that otherwise would be dense with numbers.

Q#3
Bandura, A. J. (1977). Social learning theory. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice Hall.

Kernis, M. H., Cornell, D. P., Sun, C.-R., Berry, A., & Harlow, T. (1993). There's more to self-esteem than whether it is high or low: The importance of stability of self-esteem. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 65, 1190- 1204. Henry, W. A., III. (1990, April 9). Beyond the melting pot. Time, 135, 28-31.