Thomas Visnack B-4 Federalist This was the name assumed by the supporters of the U.S.

. Constitution of 1787 during the ratification. The Federalist supported policies of Alexander Hamilton that evolved into a political party during the 1790s. Judiciary Act of 1789 A Congressional legislation that established the U.S. Supreme Court of six justices and a system of federal inferior courts, which were restricted primarily to consideration of federal crimes. State courts retained original jurisdiction in most civil and criminal cases, with the U.S. Supreme Court taking appeals from the highest state courts. Bill of Rights These were the first ten amendments to the Constitution. These contain basic protection of the rights of individuals from abuses by the federal government, including freedom of speech, press, religion, and assembly. U.S. Census of 1790 To fulfill the constitutional requirement for a decennial census, Congress ordered a population count to provide an accurate enumeration for apportioning delegates to the House of Representatives and electoral college. Alexander Hamilton The first U.S. secretary of the treasury (1789-1795), Alexander Hamilton established the national bank and public credit system. In 1804 he was mortally wounded in a duel with his political rival Aaron Burr. Republican Party (1790s) Led by Thomas Jefferson and James Madison, the Republican Party favored a strict interpretation of the Constitution and opposed Alexander Hamiltons vision of a strong central government and federal privileges for manufacturing and commerce. Thomas Jefferson Thomas Jefferson was the third president of the United States (1801-1809). As a member of the second Continental Congress, he drafted the Declaration of Independence (1776). His presidency was marked by the purchase of the Louisiana Territory (1800) and the Embargo of 1807. Report of Public Credit The Report of Public Credit was Alexander Hamiltons plan for funding all Revolutionary War debts, including those of the states, paying the interest with an import duty and excise tax on whiskey. Pierre Charles LEnfant Pierre Charles LEnfant was a French-born American architect, who designed Washington, D.C., and its major buildings. His grandiose street plan and Greek and Roman architecture expressed an exalted vision of the republic. Bank of the United States The first bank in the United States, modeled on the Bank of England, helped to solve the wartime fiscal crisis. Instead of issuing paper currency through a land office, as farmers wanted, the bank issued money in the form of short-term loans backed by gold and silver plate. Samuel Slater Samuel Slater was a British born textile pioneer in America. He oversaw construction of the nations first successful water-powered cotton mill.

Eli Whitney Eli Whitney was an American inventor and manufacturer whose invention of the cotton gin (1793) revolutionized the cotton industry. He also established the first factory to assemble muskets with interchangeable parts. Oliver Evans Oliver Evans was an American inventor who developed the first application of steam power in an industrial setting. He also developed a method of automating flour mills that a generation later was standard in U.S. mills Chickamaugas The Chickamaugas were militant Cherokees who allied with Creeks and Shawnees against settlers along the frontier from Kentucky to Georgia during the 1780s and early 1790s. Governor William Blount William Blount was the governor of the Tennessee Territory and a land speculator the Indians called dirt king who after the Treaty of 1791 ignored President George Washingtons guarantee of remaining Cherokee lands. Whiskey Rebellion In the early 1790s western Pennsylvania farmers resisted the whiskey tax: they held protest meetings, tarred and feathered collaborators, and destroyed property. In 1794 the Washington administration sent thirteen thousand troops to restore order, but the Whiskey Rebellion was over by the time they arrived. Junipero Serra Junipero Serra was a Franciscan missionary who in 1769 established Spanish missions along the Pacific coast from San Diego to San Francisco. Edmond Genet Edmond Genet was a French ambassador who in 1791 enlisted American mercenaries to assist the French in their fight against the British. Genets move threatened relations between the United States and Britain. Jay Treaty The Jay Treaty was the treaty between the United States and Great Britain negotiated by John Jay. It settled difficulties arising from violations of the Treaty of Paris of 1783 and regulated commerce and navigation. XYZ Affair A diplomatic incident in which the French government (the Directory) demanded, through three agents known to the American public as X, Y, and Z, that the U.S. government pay a bribe and apologize for criticizing France. Second Great Awakening The Second Great Awakening was the Protestant religious revival that began in 1797 and lasted into the 1830s. Ann Lee Ann Lee was the founder of the Shakers in the United States. The sect believed in salvation by confession of sin, equality regardless of sex or race, opposition to slavery and war, sexual abstinence, and assistance to the poor. Universalists A Protestant denomination established in 1779 by an Englishman, John Murray, Universalists preached a message of universal salvation had wide influence, though the Universalist Church itself remained small.

Handsome Lake Handsome Lake was a Seneca spiritual and political leader. He advocated peace, the U.S. acculturation policy, abstinence from drinking alcohol and practicing witchcraft, and return to ancestral rituals. Tenskwatawa Called the Shawnee Prophet, Tenskwatawa became prominent among the people of the Great Lakes and Ohio Valley. With his brother, Tecumseh, he inspired a nativist movement to resist the U.S. governments acculturation policy and land seizure. Richard Allen Reverend Richard Allen was a former slave who founded the African Methodist Episcopal Church and was a leader of the Philadelphia black community. St. Domingue St. Domingue was a French West Indies colony in which black led by Toussaint LOuverture, a former slave, defeated local whites and invading European armies. Napoleon failed to regain control of the island and in 1804, the victorious rebels established Haiti as an independent nation. Convention of 1800 Negotiated with France by a three-man commission appointed by President John Adams, the Convention of 1800 echoed provisions of the 1778 commercial treaty but voided the defensive alliance, thus eliminating the French claim to U.S. support against Great Britain. Midnight Appointments Federal judicial officials appointed to office in the closing period of a presidential administration were known as midnight appointments. The Republicans accused Adams of staying awake until midnight in order to sign the commissions for Federalist officeholders. John Marshall John Marshall was an American politician and jurist. As chief justice of the United States (1801-1835), he helped establish the doctrine of judicial review. Marbury v. Madison The first decision by the Supreme Court to declare unconstitutional and void an act passed by Congress that the Court considered in violation of the Constitution. The decision established the doctrine of judicial review, the authority of courts to declare statures unconstitutional. Twelfth Amendment The Constitutional amendment requiring electors to draw up distinct lists for president and vice president, thus avoiding the deadlock of 1800 in which Thomas Jefferson and Aaron Burr tied for the presidency. Louisiana Purchase The acquisition of the Louisiana Territory west of the Mississippi River and New Orleans by the United States from France for $15 million. Meriwether Lewis Meriwether Lewis was Jeffersons personal secretary who along with William Clark led the Corps of Discovery from St. Louis to the Pacific Coast and back from 1804 to 1806. Sacagawea Sacagawea was the Shoshone guide and interpreter who accompanied the Lewis and Clark Expedition from 1805 to 1806. Embargo Act Passed by Congress in response to British restriction on U.S. trade and impressments of American sailors, the Embargo Act prohibited exportation to all other countries. The policy had serious economic repercussions and was widely violated.

Tecumseh Tecumseh was the Shawnee leader who attempted to establish a confederacy to unify Native Americans against white encroachment. He sided with the British in the War of 1812 and was killed in the Battle of the Thames. William Henry Harrison While he was the governor of the Indiana Territory, William Henry Harrison attacked and burned Prophetstown in 1811. The ninth president of the United States (1841), he died of pneumonia after one month in office. Andrew Jackson Andrew Jackson was the U.S. general and seventh president of the United States (1827-1837). In the War of 1812, he defeated the Red Sticks at Horseshoe Bend and the British at New Orleans. As president he denied the right of individual states to nullify federal laws and increased presidential powers. Hartford Convention The Hartford Convention was the gathering of Federalists in 1814 that called for significant amendments to the Constitution and attempted to damage the Republican Party. The Treaty of Ghent and Andrew Jacksons victory at New Orleans annulled any recommendation of the convention. James Monroe James Monroe was the fifth president of the United States (1817-1825, whose administration was marked by the acquisition of Florida, the Missouri Compromise, and the Monroe Doctrine. Forty-ninth parallel The line of latitude established as the border between the United States and Canada by the Treaty of 1818 was called the forty-ninth parallel; extended to the Pacific by President Polks secret negotiation of the Oregon Treaty in 1846. Seminoles Seminoles were a Native American people made up of various primarily Creek groups who moved into northern Florida during the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries, later in habiting the Everglades region as well. Adams-Onis Treaty Negotiated by John Quincy Adams, the Adams-Onis Treaty gave the United States control of Spanish Florida and recognized Spanish authority over southwestern territories from Texas to California, while Spain ceded claims to the Oregon Territory Henry Clay Henry Clay was an American statesman and a founder of the Whig party. He pushed the Missouri Compromise through the U.S. House of Representatives (1820) in an effort to reconcile free and slave states and served as secretary of state under John Quincy Adams. John C. Calhoun John C. Calhoun was the vice president of the United States (1825-1832) under John Quincy Adams and Andrew Jackson. In his political philosophy he maintained that the states had the right to nullify federal legislation that they deemed unconstitutional. American System The American System was a political program developed by Henry Clay and John C. Calhoun to strengthen the federal government and promote commerce and industry through a national bank, a strong navy, federally sponsored internal improvement projects, and protective tariffs.

Second Bank of the United States (1806-1890) A new national bank created to stabilize the economy and distribute scarce money across the country. President Jackson believed the bank had too much power, and he vetoed the re-chartering of the bank in 1836. Gibbons v. Ogden The Supreme Court case that overturned a steamboat monopoly granted to Robert Fulton and Robert Livingston by New York state. The decision established federal authority over interstate navigation, as an extension of the federal power to regulate interstate commerce. McCulloch v. Maryland This was the Supreme Court case striking down Maryland efforts to tax notes issued by the Bank of the United States. The decision established the constitutionality of the Bank, the supremacy of federal over state laws, and the principle that the federal government possessed powers implied by but not enumerated in the Constitution. National Road The National Road was a federally sponsored road running from the Potomac River at Cumberland, Maryland, to the Ohio River at Wheeling, [West] Virginia, by 1818; extended to Vandalia, Illinois, by 1839. Erie Canal The Erie Canal was the first major American canal, stretching two hundred fifty miles from Lake Erie across the state of New York to Albany, where boats then traveled down the Hudson River to New York City. Begun in 1818, it was completed in 1825. Cotton South The Cotton South was the Southeastern United States; became a major cotton producing region following the invention of the cotton gin in 1793 and the eviction of Native Americans from their lands in the decades after 1815. The spread of cotton cultivation led to the development of a vast interstate slave trade. Piecework Piecework was the early manufacturing system in which clothing, hats, and portions of shoes were sewn by women, generally working in their own homes, then sent to merchants in nearby cities for assembly and sale. Era of Good Feelings The Era of Good Feelings was the period in U.S. history (1817-1823) when, the Federalist Party having declined, there was little open party feeling. Colonization The moving of Africans who were freed slaves from America back to Africa to a country called Liberia starting in 1816 and lasting for almost 50 years. Missouri Compromise The Missouri Compromise was the Congressional legislation that ended the first of a series of crises concerning the extension of slavery. Denmark Vesey Denmark Vesey was an American insurrectionist. A freed slave in South Carolina, he was implicated in the planning of a large uprising of slaves and was hanged. The event led to more stringent slave codes in many southern states. Monroe Doctrine The Monroe Doctrine was the U.S. foreign policy statement presented to Congress by James Monroe, declaring U.S. opposition to European interference in the Americas.