Lect ure I V Lect ure I V

General Physics (PHY 2130)

Applications of Newtons Laws (cont.)
inclined surfaces, connected objects
Energy
Work
Kinetic and potential energy
Conservative and non-conservative
forces
Other forms of energy
htt p: / / www.physics.wayne.edu/ ~ apet rov/ PHY2130/
Light ning Review Light ning Review
Last lecture:
1. Motion in two dimensions (projectile motion):
easier to solve in components
vertical motion: a=const, horizontal motion: a=0!
2. Laws of motion (Newtons laws)
forces, three Newtons laws
free body diagrams and applications of NL
Review Problem: If an astronaut has a mass of 90 kg on Earth, what is the
astronauts mass on the Moon? The acceleration of gravity on the Moon
is 1/6 of that on Earth.
(1) 15 kg
(2) 90 kg
(3) 147 kg
(4) 540 kg
Applying Newt ons Laws Applying Newt ons Laws
Make a sket ch of t he sit uat ion described in t he Make a sket ch of t he sit uat ion described in t he
problem, problem, int roduce a coordinat e frame int roduce a coordinat e frame
Draw a Draw a free body diagram free body diagram for t he isolat ed obj ect for t he isolat ed obj ect
under considerat ion and label all t he forces act ing under considerat ion and label all t he forces act ing
on it on it
Resolve t he forces int o x Resolve t he forces int o x-- and y and y--component s component s, ,
using a convenient coordinat e syst em using a convenient coordinat e syst em
Apply equat ions Apply equat ions, keeping t rack of signs , keeping t rack of signs
Solve Solve t he result ing equat ions t he result ing equat ions
Example1: I nclined Planes Example1: I nclined Planes
Problem: Problem:
A child holds a sled at rest on A child holds a sled at rest on
frict ionless, snow frict ionless, snow--covered hill, covered hill,
as shown in figure. I f t he sled as shown in figure. I f t he sled
weight s 77.0 N, find t he force weight s 77.0 N, find t he force TT
exert ed by t he rope on t he sled exert ed by t he rope on t he sled
and t he force and t he force nn exert ed by t he exert ed by t he
hill on t he sled. hill on t he sled.
Example: I nclined Planes Example: I nclined Planes
Choose t he coordinat e syst em Choose t he coordinat e syst em
wit h x along t he incline and y wit h x along t he incline and y
perpendicular t o t he incline perpendicular t o t he incline
Replace t he force of gravit y Replace t he force of gravit y
wit h it s component s wit h it s component s
Given:
angle: o=30
weight: w=77.0 N
Find:
Tension T=?
Normal n=?
1. Introduce coordinate frame:
Oy: y is directed perp. to incline
Ox: x is directed right, along incline
N N mg T
mg T F Ox
x
5 . 38 ) 30 (sin 0 . 77 ) 30 (sin
, 0 sin :
= = =
= =

0 : =

F Note
N N mg n
mg n F Oy
y
7 . 66 ) 30 (cos 0 . 77 ) 30 (cos
, 0 cos :
= = =
= =

Example 2: Connect ed Obj ect s Example 2: Connect ed Obj ect s

Apply Newt ons Laws Apply Newt ons Laws separat ely separat ely
t o each obj ect t o each obj ect
The The accelerat ion accelerat ion of bot h obj ect s of bot h obj ect s
will be will be t he same t he same
The The t ension is t ension is t he same t he same in each in each
diagram diagram
Solve t he simult aneous equat ions Solve t he simult aneous equat ions
Problem:
Two obj ect s m Two obj ect s m
11
= 4.00 kg and = 4.00 kg and
mm
22
= 7.00 kg are connect ed by a = 7.00 kg are connect ed by a
light st ring t hat passes over a light st ring t hat passes over a
frict ionless pulley. The frict ionless pulley. The
coefficient of sliding frict ion coefficient of sliding frict ion
bet ween t he 4.00 kg obj ect an bet ween t he 4.00 kg obj ect an
t he surface is 0.300. Find t he t he surface is 0.300. Find t he
accelerat ion of t he t wo obj ect s accelerat ion of t he t wo obj ect s
and t he t ension of t he st ring. and t he t ension of t he st ring.
Example: Connect ed Obj ect s Example: Connect ed Obj ect s
Given:
mass1: m
1
=4.00 kg
mass2: m
2
=7.00 kg
friction: =0.300
Find:
Tensions T=?
Acceleration a=?
1. Introduce two coordinate frames:
Oy: ys are directed up
Ox: xs are directed right
: ,
k
Note F ma and f n = =

. 0 :
, : : 1
1 1
1 1
= =
= =

g m n F Oy
a m f T F Ox Mass
y
k x
. : : 2
2 2 2
a m T g m F Oy Mass
y
= =

Solving those equations:

a = 5.16 m/s
2
T = 32.4 N

Energy Energy
I nt roduct ion I nt roduct ion
Forms of energy: Forms of energy:
Mechanical Mechanical
focus for now focus for now
chemical chemical
elect romagnet ic elect romagnet ic
nuclear nuclear
Energy can be t ransformed from one form t o anot her Energy can be t ransformed from one form t o anot her
Essent ial t o t he st udy of physics, chemist ry, biology, geology, ast ronomy Essent ial t o t he st udy of physics, chemist ry, biology, geology, ast ronomy
Can be used in place of Newt ons laws t o solve cert ain Can be used in place of Newt ons laws t o solve cert ain
problems more simply problems more simply

Work Work
Provides a link bet ween force and energy Provides a link bet ween force and energy
The work, The work, WW, done by a const ant force on an , done by a const ant force on an
obj ect is defined as t he product of t he obj ect is defined as t he product of t he
component of t he force along t he direct ion of component of t he force along t he direct ion of
displacement displacement and and t he magnit ude of t he t he magnit ude of t he
displacement displacement
x F W A ) cos (
(F cos (F cos ) ) is t he component of is t he component of
t he force in t he direct ion of t he t he force in t he direct ion of t he
displacement displacement
x x is t he displacement is t he displacement
Work Work
This gives no informat ion about This gives no informat ion about
t he t ime it t ook for t he displacement t o occur t he t ime it t ook for t he displacement t o occur
t he velocit y or accelerat ion of t he obj ect t he velocit y or accelerat ion of t he obj ect
Not e: Not e: work work is is zero when zero when
t here is t here is no displacement no displacement (holding a bucket ) (holding a bucket )
force and displacement are force and displacement are perpendicular perpendicular
t o each ot her t o each ot her, as , as cos 90 cos 90 = 0 = 0 (if we are (if we are
carrying t he bucket horizont ally, gravit y carrying t he bucket horizont ally, gravit y
does no work) does no work)
(different from everyday definit ion of work) (different from everyday definit ion of work)
x F W A ) cos (
More About Work More About Work
Scalar Scalar quant it y quant it y
I f t here are mult iple forces act ing on an obj ect , t he t ot al I f t here are mult iple forces act ing on an obj ect , t he t ot al
work done is t he algebraic sum of t he amount of work work done is t he algebraic sum of t he amount of work
done by each force done by each force
Unit s of Work Unit s of Work
SI SI j oule ( J= N m) j oule ( J= N m)
CGS CGS erg ( erg= dyne cm) erg ( erg= dyne cm)
US Cust omary US Cust omary foot foot -- pound ( foot pound ( foot -- pound= ft lb) pound= ft lb)
More About Work More About Work
Work can be Work can be posit ive posit ive or or negat ive negat ive
Posit ive Posit ive if t he force and t he displacement are if t he force and t he displacement are in t he in t he
same direct ion same direct ion
Negat ive Negat ive if t he force and t he displacement are if t he force and t he displacement are in t he in t he
opposit e direct ion opposit e direct ion
Example 1: lift ing a cement block Example 1: lift ing a cement block
Work done Work done by t he person by t he person: :
is is posit ive posit ive when lift ing t he box when lift ing t he box
is is negat ive negat ive when lowering t he box when lowering t he box
Example 2: t hen moving it horizont ally Example 2: t hen moving it horizont ally
Work done Work done by gravit y by gravit y::
is is negat ive negat ive when lift ing t he box when lift ing t he box
is is posit ive posit ive when lowering t he box when lowering t he box
is is zero zero when moving it horizont ally when moving it horizont ally
0 0 :
3 2 1
= + + = + + = mgh mgh W W W W work Total
lifting lowering moving total
Problem: Problem: cleaning t he dorm room cleaning t he dorm room
Eric decided to clean his dorm room
with his vacuum cleaner. While doing
so, he pulls the canister of the vacuum
cleaner with a force of magnitude
F=50.0 N at an angle 30.0. He moves
the vacuum cleaner a distance of 3.00
meters. Calculate the work done by all
the forces acting on the canister.
Problem: Problem: cleaning t he dorm room cleaning t he dorm room
Given:
angle: o=30
force: F=55.0 N
Find:
Work W
F
=?
W
n
=?
W
mg
=?
1. Introduce coordinate frame:
Oy: y is directed up
Ox: x is directed right
2. Note: horizontal
displacement only,
Work: W=(F cos u) s
J m N m N s F W
F
130 130 ) 00 . 3 )( 0 . 30 )(cos 0 . 50 ( ) cos ( = = = =

J m n s n W
n
0 ) 00 . 3 )( 0 . 90 )(cos ( ) cos ( = = =

J m n s mg W
mg
0 ) 00 . 3 ))( 0 . 90 )(cos( ( ) cos ( = = =

No work as force is
perpendicular to the
displacement

Graphical Represent at ion of Work Graphical Represent at ion of Work

i i
x F W A = ) cos (
Split Split t ot al t ot al displacement (x displacement (x
ff
--xx
ii
))
int o int o many small displacement s many small displacement s AAxx
For each small displacement : For each small displacement :
Thus, t ot al work is: Thus, t ot al work is:
which is which is t ot al area under t he F(x) curve! t ot al area under t he F(x) curve!

A = =
i
i x
i
i tot
x F W W
Kinet ic Energy Kinet ic Energy
Energy Energy associat ed wit h t he associat ed wit h t he mot ion mot ion of an obj ect of an obj ect
Scalar quant it y Scalar quant it y wit h t he wit h t he same unit s as work same unit s as work
Work is relat ed t o kinet ic energy Work is relat ed t o kinet ic energy
Let F be a Let F be a const ant const ant force: force:
.
2
1
2
1
2
:
.
2
, 2
: , ) (
2
0
2
2
0
2
2
0
2
2
0
2
mv mv
v v
m W Thus
v v
s a or s a v v
but s ma Fs W
net
net
=
|
|
.
|

\
|
=

= + =
= =
2
2
1
mv KE = This quantity is called kinetic energy:
Work Work--Kinet ic Energy Theorem Kinet ic Energy Theorem
When work is done by a net force on an When work is done by a net force on an
obj ect and t he only change in t he obj ect is it s obj ect and t he only change in t he obj ect is it s
speed, t he work done is equal t o t he change speed, t he work done is equal t o t he change
in t he obj ect s kinet ic energy in t he obj ect s kinet ic energy

Speed will increase if work is posit ive Speed will increase if work is posit ive
Speed will decrease if work is negat ive Speed will decrease if work is negat ive
KE KE KE W
i f net
A = =
Work and Kinet ic Energy Work and Kinet ic Energy
An obj ect s kinet ic An obj ect s kinet ic
energy can also be energy can also be
t hought of as t he t hought of as t he
amount of work t he amount of work t he
moving obj ect could moving obj ect could
do in coming t o rest do in coming t o rest
The moving hammer The moving hammer
has kinet ic energy and has kinet ic energy and
can do work on t he nail can do work on t he nail
Let s wat ch t he movie! Let s wat ch t he movie!
Pot ent ial Energy Pot ent ial Energy
Pot ent ial energy Pot ent ial energy is associat ed wit h t he is associat ed wit h t he
posit ion posit ion of t he obj ect wit hin some of t he obj ect wit hin some
syst em syst em
Pot ent ial energy is a propert y of t he Pot ent ial energy is a propert y of t he
syst em, not t he obj ect syst em, not t he obj ect
A syst em is a collect ion of obj ect s or A syst em is a collect ion of obj ect s or
part icles int eract ing via forces or processes part icles int eract ing via forces or processes
t hat are int ernal t o t he syst em t hat are int ernal t o t he syst em
Unit s Unit s of of Pot ent ial Energy Pot ent ial Energy are t he same are t he same
as t hose of as t hose of Work Work and and Kinet ic Energy Kinet ic Energy
Gravit at ional Pot ent ial Energy Gravit at ional Pot ent ial Energy
Gravit at ional Pot ent ial Energy is t he energy Gravit at ional Pot ent ial Energy is t he energy
associat ed wit h t he relat ive posit ion of an associat ed wit h t he relat ive posit ion of an
obj ect in space near t he Eart hs surface obj ect in space near t he Eart hs surface
Obj ect s int eract wit h t he eart h t hrough t he Obj ect s int eract wit h t he eart h t hrough t he
gravit at ional force gravit at ional force
Act ually t he pot ent ial energy of t he eart h Act ually t he pot ent ial energy of t he eart h--obj ect obj ect
syst em syst em
Pot ent ial Energy: example Pot ent ial Energy: example
Work and Gravit at ional Pot ent ial Work and Gravit at ional Pot ent ial
Energy Energy
Consider block of mass m at init ial height Consider block of mass m at init ial height yy
ii
Work done by t he gravit at ional force Work done by t he gravit at ional force
f i gravity
PE PE W =
( )
( ) . :
, 1 cos ,
: , ) cos ( cos
f i f i grav
f i
grav
mgy mgy y y mg W Thus
y y s
but s mg s F W
= =
= =
= =

This quantity is called potential energy:
mgy PE =
Not e: Not e:
Important: work is related to the difference in PEs!
Reference Levels for Gravit at ional Reference Levels for Gravit at ional
Pot ent ial Energy Pot ent ial Energy
A locat ion where t he gravit at ional pot ent ial energy A locat ion where t he gravit at ional pot ent ial energy
is zero must be chosen for each problem is zero must be chosen for each problem
The choice is arbit rary since The choice is arbit rary since t he change t he change in t he pot ent ial in t he pot ent ial
energy is t he import ant quant it y energy is t he import ant quant it y
Choose a convenient locat ion for t he zero reference Choose a convenient locat ion for t he zero reference
height height
oft en t he Eart hs surface oft en t he Eart hs surface
may be some ot her point suggest ed by t he problem may be some ot her point suggest ed by t he problem
Reference Levels for Reference Levels for
Gravit at ional Pot ent ial Energy Gravit at ional Pot ent ial Energy
A locat ion where t he A locat ion where t he
gravit at ional pot ent ial energy is gravit at ional pot ent ial energy is
zero must be chosen for each zero must be chosen for each
problem problem
The choice is arbit rary since The choice is arbit rary since
t he change t he change in t he pot ent ial in t he pot ent ial
energy gives t he work done energy gives t he work done
.
.
,
,
3 2 1
3
2
1
3 3
2 2
1 1
grav grav grav
f i grav
f i grav
f i grav
W W W
mgy mgy W
mgy mgy W
mgy mgy W
= =
=
=
=
ConcepTest 2 ConcepTest 2
At t he bowl i ng al l ey, t he bal l - feeder mechani sm must exert
a force t o push t he bowl i ng bal l s up a 1. 0- m l ong ramp.
The ramp l eads t he bal l s t o a chut e 0. 5 m above t he base
of t he ramp. Approxi mat el y how much force must be
exert ed on a 5. 0- kg bowl i ng bal l ?
Please fill your answer as question 3 of
General Purpose Answer Sheet
1. 200 N
2. 50 N
3. 25 N
4. 5.0 N
5. impossible t o
det ermine
Conservat ive Forces Conservat ive Forces
A force is A force is conservat ive conservat ive if t he work it does on if t he work it does on
an obj ect moving bet ween t wo point s is an obj ect moving bet ween t wo point s is
independent of t he pat h independent of t he pat h t he obj ect s t ake t he obj ect s t ake
bet ween t he point s bet ween t he point s
The work depends only upon t he init ial and final The work depends only upon t he init ial and final
posit ions of t he obj ect posit ions of t he obj ect
Any conservat ive force can have a pot ent ial Any conservat ive force can have a pot ent ial
energy funct ion associat ed wit h it energy funct ion associat ed wit h it
Note: a force is conservative if the work it does on an object moving
through any closed path is zero.
Examples of Conservat ive Forces: Examples of Conservat ive Forces:
Examples of conservat ive forces include: Examples of conservat ive forces include:
Gravit y Gravit y
Spring force Spring force
Elect romagnet ic forces Elect romagnet ic forces
Since work is independent of t he pat h: Since work is independent of t he pat h:
: : only init ial and final point s only init ial and final point s
f i c
PE PE W =
Nonconservat ive Forces Nonconservat ive Forces
A force is A force is nonconservat ive nonconservat ive if t he work it if t he work it
does on an obj ect does on an obj ect depends on t he pat h depends on t he pat h
t aken by t he obj ect bet ween it s final and t aken by t he obj ect bet ween it s final and
st art ing point s. st art ing point s.
Examples of nonconservat ive forces Examples of nonconservat ive forces
kinet ic frict ion, air drag, propulsive forces kinet ic frict ion, air drag, propulsive forces
Example: Frict ion as a Example: Frict ion as a
Nonconservat ive Force Nonconservat ive Force
The frict ion force t ransforms kinet ic energy The frict ion force t ransforms kinet ic energy
of t he obj ect int o a t ype of energy of t he obj ect int o a t ype of energy
associat ed wit h t emperat ure associat ed wit h t emperat ure
t he obj ect s are warmer t han t hey were before t he obj ect s are warmer t han t hey were before
t he movement t he movement
I nt ernal Energy I nt ernal Energy is t he t erm used for t he energy is t he t erm used for t he energy
associat ed wit h an obj ect s t emperat ure associat ed wit h an obj ect s t emperat ure
Frict ion Depends on t he Pat h Frict ion Depends on t he Pat h
The The blue blue pat h is pat h is
short er short er t han t he t han t he red red
pat h pat h
The work required is The work required is
less on t he blue less on t he blue
pat h t han on t he red pat h t han on t he red
pat h pat h
Frict ion Frict ion depends on depends on
t he pat h t he pat h and so is a and so is a
nonconservat ive nonconservat ive
force force
Conservat ion of Mechanical Conservat ion of Mechanical
Energy Energy
Conservat ion in general Conservat ion in general
To say a physical quant it y is To say a physical quant it y is conserved conserved is t o say t hat is t o say t hat
t he numerical value of t he quant it y remains const ant t he numerical value of t he quant it y remains const ant
I n Conservat ion of Energy, t he t ot al mechanical I n Conservat ion of Energy, t he t ot al mechanical
energy remains const ant energy remains const ant
I n any isolat ed syst em of obj ect s t hat int eract only I n any isolat ed syst em of obj ect s t hat int eract only
t hrough conservat ive forces, t he t ot al mechanical t hrough conservat ive forces, t he t ot al mechanical
energy of t he syst em remains const ant . energy of t he syst em remains const ant .
Conservat ion of Energy Conservat ion of Energy
Tot al mechanical energy is t he sum of t he Tot al mechanical energy is t he sum of t he
kinet ic and pot ent ial energies in t he syst em kinet ic and pot ent ial energies in t he syst em
Ot her t ypes of energy can be added t o modify Ot her t ypes of energy can be added t o modify
t his equat ion t his equat ion
f f i i
f i
PE KE PE KE
E E
+ = +
=
Problem Solving wit h Problem Solving wit h
Conservat ion of Energy Conservat ion of Energy
Define t he syst em Define t he syst em
Select t he locat ion of zero gravit at ional pot ent ial Select t he locat ion of zero gravit at ional pot ent ial
energy energy
Do Do not not change t his locat ion while solving t he problem change t his locat ion while solving t he problem
Det ermine whet her or not nonconservat ive forces Det ermine whet her or not nonconservat ive forces
are present are present
I f only conservat ive forces are present , apply I f only conservat ive forces are present , apply
conservat ion of energy and solve for t he unknown conservat ion of energy and solve for t he unknown
Pot ent ial Energy St ored in a Pot ent ial Energy St ored in a
Spring Spring
I nvolves t he I nvolves t he spring const ant spring const ant (or (or
force const ant ), k force const ant ), k
Hookes Law gives t he force Hookes Law gives t he force
F = F = -- k x k x
F is t he rest oring force F is t he rest oring force
F is in t he opposit e direct ion of x F is in t he opposit e direct ion of x
k depends on how t he spring was formed, t he k depends on how t he spring was formed, t he
mat erial it is made from, t hickness of t he wire, mat erial it is made from, t hickness of t he wire,
et c. et c.
Pot ent ial Energy in a Spring Pot ent ial Energy in a Spring
Elast ic Pot ent ial Energy Elast ic Pot ent ial Energy
relat ed t o t he work required t o compress a spring from relat ed t o t he work required t o compress a spring from
it s equilibrium posit ion t o some final, arbit rary, posit ion it s equilibrium posit ion t o some final, arbit rary, posit ion
xx
2
2
1
kx PE
s
=
( )
.
2
1
2
0 :
2 2
0
2
, 1 cos
: , cos
2
0
x k x
kx
W Thus
kx F F F
F
but x F W
spr
x x
spr
=

=
+
=
+
= =
=

This is called elastic potential energy:

Power, cont . Power, cont .
US Cust omary unit s are generally hp US Cust omary unit s are generally hp
(horsepower) (horsepower)
need a conversion fact or need a conversion fact or
Can define unit s of work or energy in t erms of unit s of Can define unit s of work or energy in t erms of unit s of
power: power:
kilowat t hours (kWh) are oft en used in elect ric bills kilowat t hours (kWh) are oft en used in elect ric bills
W 746
s
lb ft
550 hp 1 = =
Cent er of Mass Cent er of Mass
The point in t he body at which all t he mass The point in t he body at which all t he mass
may be considered t o be concent rat ed may be considered t o be concent rat ed
When using mechanical energy, t he change in When using mechanical energy, t he change in
pot ent ial energy is relat ed t o t he change in pot ent ial energy is relat ed t o t he change in
height of t he cent er of mass height of t he cent er of mass
Work Done by Varying Forces Work Done by Varying Forces
The work done by a The work done by a
variable force act ing variable force act ing
on an obj ect t hat on an obj ect t hat
undergoes a undergoes a
displacement is equal displacement is equal
t o t he area under t he t o t he area under t he
graph of F versus x graph of F versus x
Spring Example Spring Example
Spring is slowly st ret ched Spring is slowly st ret ched
from 0 t o x from 0 t o x
max max
FF
applied applied
= = --FF
rest oring rest oring
= kx = kx
W = { W = { area under t he curve area under t he curve} = } =
(kx) x = kx (kx) x = kx