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ENVIRONMENTAL ISSUES
PHIL KNEEBONE
Encapsulation (use of concrete or lime to immobilise contaminate) Soil washing Phytoremediation (use of plants to bio accumulate the contaminant out of the ground), and Thermal destruction/desorption (use of heat).
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ENVIRONMENTAL ISSUES
REMEDIATION
Acid mine drainage is one of the worst environmental problems faced by the mining industry The main by-products of mining are tailings, the waste product of ore-processing facilities, which contain a high concentration of heavy metals. These tailings can be susceptible to erosion or removal by wind and water, adding further to problems such as water contamination. Electrokinetic remediation has been shown to be successful in such cases, as it relies on the application of a low-intensity direct current through the soil between ceramic electrodes. This mobilises charged metal particles in water causing them to move toward the electrodes where they can be collected and treated. Although heavy metals and petrochemicals prove more difficult to
remediate, acid mine drainage (AMD) is the worst environmental problem faced by the mining industry. This is generally treated with alkaline reagents such as limestone, lime, soda ash etc. This in itself is relatively effective but can be combined with barrier technology to produce even better results. Permeable reactive barriers enable treatment of contaminated groundwater by directing flow through reactive materials placed in trenches. So far, a combination of compost, limestone and recycled steel slag dusts has been found to be the most effective but other treatments/combinations are also being investigated to determine their effectiveness. An example of prevention in the case of AMD is the Haber Gold process (HGP is exclusively owned by US-based Omai Gold Mines). The process operates by extracting the gold from its ores by dissolving the gold into water using non-toxic chemicals where it can then be recovered. The key factor in the success of this solution is that it does not lead to
the release of heavy metals such as mercury, cadmium and lead. While there is ever more innovative remediation technologies to address the toxic or harmful pollutants produced as a result of the mining process, the problem of inert waste must also be addressed; while not directly affecting the environment by toxic contamination it will contribute to visual pollution and leave the site in an inactive state once closed. Another use of this recycled aggregate is a substance called Plastisoil, created by Naji Khoury. It is a combination of polyethylene terephthalate, which is pulverised and mixed with soil, blended with a coarse aggregate and then heated to create a hard yet non-watertight substance similar to porous asphalt. The unique properties of Plastisoil allow rainwater to flow completely through and not run over the surface of the ground, collecting contaminates at it goes which then flow into our rivers.
There are many examples around the world of effective mine and quarry regeneration possibly the most famous in the UK is the Eden Project but there are numerous other uses ranging from heritage and tourism attractions, wildlife habitats, educational, sport and leisure facilities, concert venues and dozens of industrial uses. The green mining revolution will continue and increase in pace as new technologies are developed and innovations sought and drawn from the medical, space and military fields. Mining, just like other business, has always been conducted with sustainability in mind. It is just that we have now changed our view of sustainability.
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