You are on page 1of 15

PAMVEC

The Parametric Analytical Model of Vehicle Energy Consumption


Version 1.1, released 1st September 2005
Copyright © 2005 by Andrew G. Simpson

Developed under a Ph.D. scholarship provided by the:


School of Information Technology and Electrical Engineering
The University of Queensland, Australia
Description:
PAMVEC is a spreadsheet-based parametric vehicle modelling and design tool used for the analysis of advanced vehicle technologies such as
hybrid-electric, battery and fuel cell-powertrains. For these technologies, PAMVEC predicts vehicle performance, powertrain component sizes,
total vehicle mass and fuel/energy consumption. Its features include:

• A comprehensive set of ~30 parameters that fully characterize the vehicle platform, powertrain components, vehicle performance requirements
and driving pattern.
• Vehicle energy consumption models derived from first principles using the well-known vehicle road load equation.
• Implicit sizing of powertrain components in terms of specified performance targets that include driving range.
• A novel parametric driving pattern description that enables predictions of vehicle energy consumption under real-world driving patterns, without
resorting to the computational intensity of dynamic simulation.
• Simple component models based on parametric inputs for efficiency and specific power/energy.
• Accurate predictions that are typically within 10% of real-world vehicle test data.

With its unique combination of speed, accuracy, convenience and transparency, PAMVEC provides a valuable complement to other vehicle
modelling and design tools. Best of all, it's free!

Please read the instructions contained in the next worksheet…


INSTRUCTIONS FOR USE:

Iterative calculations:
Check that iterative calculations are enabled by going to Tools -> Options -> Calculation. Tick the Iteration box, set max. iterations to 10000,
max. change to 0.0001.

Display settings:
Worksheet formatting works best with 1024 x 768 resolution setting.

Worksheet contents:
PAMVEC consists of 11 worksheets in addition to the PAMVEC (title page) and Instructions worksheets.
References contains hyperlinks to PAMVEC-related references and contact details for feedback or comment.
Inputs contains all parameters that define the vehicle platform attributes, vehicle performance requirements, and driving pattern parameters.
Driving Cycles contains a list of parameters for many useful driving cycles that may be used within the PAMVEC model.
Powertrain Components contains all parameters that define the specific power/energy and efficiency of powertrain components as well as
other relevant parameters.
Results Summary presents the model results - vehicle performance, powertrain component sizes, total vehicle mass and fuel/energy
consumption.
ICV, PHEV, SHEV, FCEV, FCHEV, BEV: these worksheets provide templates for the six powertrain architectures included in the PAMVEC
model: conventional internal combustion engine vehicle (ICV), parallel hybrid electric vehicle (PHEV), series hybrid electric vehicle (SHEV),
fuel cell electric vehicle (FCEV), fuel cell hybrid electric vehicle (FCHEV) and battery electric vehicle (BEV). These templates can be copied
into new worksheets to create additional variants of each powertrain architecture.

Colour coding of cells:


Each numerical cell in the PAMVEC model has a colour code based on its role in the model.
Input cells are coloured YELLOW and are intended to be modified by the user. These cells may be found in the Inputs, Driving Cycles and
Powertrain Components worksheets.
Intermediate input cells are coloured BLUE and may be modified by the user. These cells import input parameters into the six template
worksheets.
Output cells are coloured PINK and preferably should not be modified. These cells can be found throughout the PAMVEC model.

Worksheet protection:
PAMVEC users are encouraged to customize the model for their own purposes. However, the public release version of PAMVEC has
worksheets protections in place to prevent accidental modification/deletion of cells. The protections still allow the user to vary parameters in
the Inputs and Powertrain Components worksheets and also allow the user to copy any one of the six powertrain templates into a new
worksheet. Further modifications to the PAMVEC model will require the user to go to Tools -> Protection -> Unprotect Sheet and use the
password pamvec. Each worksheet must be unprotected in turn. Before unprotecting any of the worksheets, please remember to save a
copy of the original model.
DOWNLOADS

Download PAMVEC

Download PAMVEC Manual (chapter 3 of Ph.D. thesis)

REFERENCES

PAMVEC webpage

Simpson, A. G. (2005) "Parametric Modelling Of Energy Consumption In Road Vehicles", Ph.D. Thesis, The University of Queensland, Brisbane,
Australia.
Download

Simpson, A. (2005) "Validation of a Parametric Vehicle Modelling Tool using Published Data for Prototype and Production Vehicles with Advanced
Powertrain Technologies", SAE paper no. 2005-01-3481, presented at the 2005 SAE Future Transportation Technology Conference, September 6-
9, Chicago, IL, USA.
Download

Simpson, A.G. & Walker, G.R. (2004) “A Parametric Analysis Technique for Design of Fuel Cell and Hybrid-Electric Vehicles”, SAE paper no. 2003-
01-2300, Transactions of the SAE – Journal of Engines, Society of Automotive Engineers International, Warrendale. Also printed in “Hybrid Vehicle
and Energy Storage Technologies”, publication no. SP-1789, Society of Automotive Engineers International, Warrendale. Originally presented at
the 2003 SAE International Future Transportation Technology Conference, June 23-25, Costa Mesa, CA, USA.
Download

COMMENTS / FEEDBACK / SUGGESTIONS

Contact Andrew Simpson


Vehicle Platform
Glider mass (m glider) 1200 kg
Vehicle inertia factor (k m) 1.1
Powertrain structural mass factor (k struct) 1.15
Aerodynamic drag area (C DA) 0.8 m2
Rolling resistance coefficient (C RR) 0.01
Cargo mass (2 person) 140 kg
Accesory load 1000 W

Performance Targets
Acceleration: 0 to 100 kph in 13.5 sec
Gradability: maintain 190 kph grade of 6.0%
Top speed 200 kph
Driving range 600 km
200 km for BEV

Drive Cycle NEDC


Average speed 33.04 kph
Velocity ratio 1.62
Root-mean-cubed speed 53.52 kph
Characteristic acceleration 0.11 m/s2

Conversion factors
1 m/s = 3.6 kph
1 Wh = 3600 J
1 mile = 1.61 km
1 gallon = 3.79 L
Petrol energy content = 3.22E+07 J/L
Petrol density = 0.75 kg/L
INSTRUCTIONS: To use a particular cycle, copy the 4 cells for each cycle and paste in cells B16:B20 in the "Inputs" worksheet. These parameters were produced using driving cycles
contained in NREL's ADVISOR vehicle simulation freeware.

Light Duty Vehicle Cycles


Cycle name NYCC NYCCOMP WVUCITY INDIA_URBAN_SAMPLE 1015 WVUSUB UDDS NEDC SC03 LA92
Average speed kph 11.36 14.03 13.53 23.28 25.69 25.75 31.35 33.04 34.36 39.40
Velocity ratio 1.81 1.77 1.94 1.38 1.51 1.55 1.42 1.62 1.36 1.47
Root mean cubed speed kph 20.56 24.83 26.25 32.13 38.79 39.91 44.52 53.52 46.73 57.92
Characteristic acceleration m/s2 0.293 0.186 0.155 0.170 0.125 0.138 0.171 0.112 0.200 0.217

Light Duty Vehicle Cycles cont.


Cycle name UNIF01 IM240 INDIA_HWY_SAMPLE WVUINTER ARB02 US06 HWFET REP05 HL07 US06-HWY
Average speed kph 40.88 47.00 47.33 54.50 69.68 76.88 77.23 82.45 85.44 97.60
Velocity ratio 1.53 1.24 1.10 1.29 1.23 1.19 1.04 1.11 1.14 1.05
Root mean cubed speed kph 62.55 58.28 52.06 70.31 85.71 91.49 80.32 91.52 97.40 102.48
Characteristic acceleration m/s2 0.172 0.198 0.149 0.067 0.187 0.190 0.069 0.138 0.143 0.113

Heavy Duty Vehicle Cycles


Cycle name MANHATTAN NYCTRUCK NUREMBERGR36 CSHVR UDDSHDV
Average speed kph 10.93 12.10 14.28 21.74 30.17
Velocity ratio 1.75 2.15 1.69 1.61 1.72
Root mean cubed speed kph 19.13 26.02 24.13 35.00 51.89
Characteristic acceleration m/s2 0.269 0.234 0.235 0.162 0.124
Engine / Fuel Cell Specific power Efficiency Pmax/Peff Optimal fraction Fuel storage Specific energy energy density
(W/kg) (%) (-) (%) (Wh/kg) (Wh/L)
ICV 642 22.5% 1.12 --- Gasoline/Petrol 10360 7010
PHEV 642 30.50% 1.07 --- Diesel 10360 7970
SHEV 432 33.30% --- 50% LPG 5760 4550
FCEV 375 56.60% --- --- LNG 7400 3890
FCHEV 375 55.60% --- 10% CNG 4320 1950
Biodiesel 8860 7010
Battery Specific power Specific energy Efficiency Energy density Ethanol 6280 4640
(W/kg) (Wh/kg) (%) (Wh/L) Methanol 5430 3980
PHEV 605 45 95% 87 Gaseous H2 (5ksi) 3700 760
SHEV 605 45 95% 87 Gaseous H2 (10ksi) 3330 1190
FCHEV 605 45 95% 87 Liquid H2 2570 1210
BEV - VRLA 300 35 90% 92 Boro-hydride 1130 1070
BEV - NiMH 220 70 90% 165 Metal hydride HT 1000 1520
BEV - Li-Ion 420 150 95% 310 Metal hydride LT 400 950

Regenerative Braking Fraction


Motor/Controller Specific power Efficiency N Pmax/Peff ICV 0%
(W/kg) (%) (-) (-) PHEV 50%
PHEV 1484 70% 3.21 --- SHEV 50%
EVs 1027 86% 4.99 1.00 FCEV 0%
FCHEV 50%
Transmission Specific power Efficiency No. of gears Time per shift N BEV 50%
(W/kg) (%) (-) (s) (-) Min. Degree of Hybridization
ICV & PHEV 1300 87% 5 0.2 4.74 ICV ---
EVs 1625 87% --- --- --- PHEV 15%
SHEV 30%
FCEV ---
FCHEV 30%
BEV ---
Fuel Storage Engine Motor Battery Battery Curb Net Fuel Economy Energy
Power Power Power Storage Mass Efficiency Consumption
RESULTS Mass Volume

(kg) (L) (kW) (kW) (kW) (kWh) (kg) (%) (L/100km) (MPG) (Wh/km)
ICV 56 82 179 --- --- --- 1722 10.2% 10.77 21.9 963
PHEV 40 59 174 31 44 3.3 1797 14.7% 7.64 30.8 684
SHEV 47 70 208 178 89 6.6 2193 13.6% 9.15 25.7 818
FCEV 90 251 206 176 --- --- 2147 22.1% 5.57 42.2 498
FCHEV 91 255 217 186 93 6.9 2375 23.0% 5.65 41.6 505
BEV 477 231 --- 172 200 71.6 2048 38.8% 3.09 76.1 277
Fuel Consumption (L/100km) Fuel Economy (MPG gasoline equivalent)
11.0 80
75
10.0
70
9.0 65
60
8.0
55
7.0 50
45
L/100km

MPGGE
6.0
40
5.0 35
4.0 30
25
3.0
20
2.0 15
10
1.0
5
0.0 0
ICV PHEV SHEV FCEV FCHEV BEV ICV PHEV SHEV FCEV FCHEV BEV
BEV
Fuel Storage Vehicle Platform Performance Targets wheel power required
Fuel spec energy 10360 Wh/kg Glider mass 1200 kg Top Speed 200 kph 92450 W
Fuel energy density 7010 Wh/L Km 1.1 Acceleration: 0 to 100 kph in 13.5 sec 76081 W
Fuel energy storage 577832 Wh CdA 0.8 m2 Gradability: maintain 190 kph grade of 6.0% 138035 W
Fuel mass 55.78 kg Crr 0.01 Driving range 600 km
Fuel volume 82.4 L Kregen 0%
Kstruct 1.15 Drive Cycle NEDC
Engine Powertrain mass 522 kg Average speed 33.04 kph
specific power 642 W/kg Curb mass 1722 kg Root-mean-cubed speed 53.52 kph
efficiency 22.5% Cargo mass 140 kg Characteristic acceleration 0.11 m/s^2
Pmax/Peff 1.12 Total mass 1862 kg
power 178939 W Average wheel power 3254 W 98.5 Whpkm
mass 278.7 kg Transmission Average brake power 2105 W 63.7 Whpkm
spec power 1300 W/kg Average drive losses 801 W 24.2 Whpkm
Total Propulsion system efficiency 87% Accessory power 1000 W 30.3 Whpkm
Mass 522 kg No of gears 5 Average engine power 7159 W 216.7 Whpkm
Power 154807 W time per shift 0.2 s Average engine losses 24660 W 746.4 Whpkm
Energy 113111 Wh N (overspeed ratio) 4.74 Average fuel flow 31819 W 963.1 Whpkm
Spec power 297 W/kg power 154807 W Fuel consumption 10.77 L/100km_eq
Spec energy 217 Wh/kg mass 119.1 kg Fuel economy 21.9 MPG_eq
N for shift calcs 2.37 Net powertrain efficiency 10.2%
Inter-gear ratio 1.48
No. of shifts 3.00 INPUTS
Shifting time 0.6 s OUTPUTS
N drive effective 5.6
N accel effective 2.82
Fuel Storage Vehicle Platform Performance Targets wheel power required
spec energy 10360 Wh/kg Glider mass 1200 kg Top Speed 200 kph 92862 W
energy density 7010 Wh/L Km 1.1 Acceleration: 0 to 100 kph in 13.5 sec 72616 W
energy storage 410181 Wh CdA 0.8 m2 Gradability: maintain 190 kph grade of 6.0% 140775 W
mass 39.6 kg Crr 0.01 Driving range 600 km
volume 58.5 L Kregen 50%
Kstruct 1.15 Drive Cycle NEDC
Engine Powertrain mass 597 kg Average speed 33.04 kph
specific power 642 W/kg Curb mass 1797 kg Root-mean-cubed speed 53.52 kph
efficiency 30.5% Cargo mass 140 kg Characteristic acceleration 0.11 m/s^2
power 173894 W Total mass 1937 kg
mass 270.9 kg Average wheel power 3322 W 100.5 Whpkm
Total Propulsion system Average brake power 1095 W 33.1 Whpkm
Transmission Mass 597 kg Average drive losses 1414 W 42.8 Whpkm
efficiency 87% Power 150418 W Accessory power 1000 W 30.3 Whpkm
spec power 1300 W/kg Energy 108842 Wh Average battery losses 58 W 1.8 Whpkm
ICE/motor Pmax/Peff 1.07 Spec power 252 W/kg Average engine power 6889 W 208.5 Whpkm
ICE/motor overspeed 3.21 Spec energy 182 Wh/kg Average engine losses 15698 W 475.1 Whpkm
No. of gears 5 Average fuel flow 22587 W 683.6 Whpkm
time pershift 0.2 s Motor/Controller Fuel consumption 7.64 L/100km_eq
N (overspeed ratio) 4.74 specific power 1484 W/kg Fuel economy 30.8 MPG_eq
power 150418 W efficiency 70% Net powertrain efficiency 14.7%
mass 115.7 kg min DOH 15%
N for shifts calc 2.37 max power 30687 W INPUTS
Inter gear ratio 1.48 mass 20.7 kg OUTPUTS
No. of shifts 3.00 DOH 15%
Shifting time 0.6 s
N drive effective 15.20 Battery
N accel effective 7.60 specific power 605 W/kg
specific energy 45 Wh/kg
efficiency 95%
max power 43839 W
energy 3261 Wh
mass 72.5 kg
Fuel Storage Vehicle Platform Performance Targets wheel power required
spec energy 10360 Wh/kg Glider mass 1200 kg Top Speed 200 kph 95021 W
energy density 7010 Wh/L Km 1.1 Acceleration: 0 to 100 kph in 13.5 sec 93457 W
energy storage 490833 Wh CdA 0.8 m2 Gradability: maintain 190 kph grade of 6.0% 155129 W
mass 47.38 kg Crr 0.01 Driving range 600 km
volume 70.0 L Kregen 50%
Kstruct 1.15 Drive Cycle NEDC
Generator Powertrain mass 993 kg Average speed 33.04 kph
specific power 432 W/kg Curb mass 2193 kg Root-mean-cubed speed 53.52 kph
efficiency 33.3% Cargo mass 140 kg Characteristic acceleration 0.11 m/s^2
opt frac 50% Total mass 2333 kg
power 208336 W Average wheel power 3678 W 111.3 Whpkm
mass 482.3 kg Total Propulsion system Average brake power 1319 W 39.9 Whpkm
frac 4% Mass 864 kg Average drive losses 2458 W 74.4 Whpkm
opt power 104168 W Power 155206 W Accessory power 1000 W 30.3 Whpkm
duty 8.6% Energy 122291 Wh Average battery losses 132 W 4.0 Whpkm
Spec power 180 W/kg Average bus power 8588 W 259.9 Whpkm
Motor/Controller Spec energy 142 Wh/kg Battery thermo losses 413 W 12.5 Whpkm
specific power 1027 W/kg Average engine power 9001 W 272.4 Whpkm
efficiency 86% Battery Average engine losses 18028 W 545.6 Whpkm
N (overspeed ratio) 4.99 specific power 605 W/kg Average fuel flow 27029 W 818.1 Whpkm
Pmax/Peff 1.00 specific energy 45 Wh/kg Fuel consumption 9.15 L/100km_eq
max power 178398 W efficiency 95% Fuel economy 25.7 MPG_eq
mass 91.0 kg min DOH 30% Net powertrain efficiency 13.6%
N for acceleration 2.49 max power 89287 W
energy 6641 Wh INPUTS
Transmission mass 147.6 kg OUTPUTS
efficiency 87% DOH 30%
spec power 1625 W/kg
power 155206 W
mass 95.5 kg
Fuel Storage Vehicle Platform Performance Targets wheel power required
spec energy 3330 Wh/kg glider mass 1200 kg Top Speed 200 kph 94768 W
energy density 1190 Wh/L Km 1.1 Acceleration: 0 to 100 kph in 13.5 sec 91700 W
energy storage 298909 Wh CdA 0.8 m2 Gradability: maintain 190 kph grade of 6.0% 153446 W
mass 89.76 kg Crr 0.01 Driving range 600 km
volume 251.2 L Kregen 0%
Kstruct 1.15 Drive Cycle NEDC
Fuel Cell Powertrain mass 947 kg Average speed 33.04 kph
specific power 375 W/kg Curb mass 2147 kg Root-mean-cubed speed 53.52 kph
efficiency 56.6% cargo mass 140 kg Characteristic acceleration 0.11 m/s^2
power 206190 W Total mass 2287 kg
mass 549.8 kg Average wheel power 3637 W 110.1 Whpkm
Total Propulsion system Average brake power 2586 W 78.3 Whpkm
Motor/Controller Mass 947 kg Average drive losses 2094 W 63.4 Whpkm
specific power 1027 W/kg Power 153523 W Accessory power 1000 W 30.3 Whpkm
efficiency 86% W Energy 126582 Wh Average fuel cell power 9316 W 282.0 Whpkm
N (overspeed ratio) 4.99 kg Spec power 162 W/kg Average fuel cell losses 7144 W 216.2 Whpkm
Pmax/Peff 1.0005 Spec energy 134 Wh/kg Average fuel flow 16460 W 498.2 Whpkm
max power 176463 W Fuel consumption 5.57 L/100km_eq
mass 89.3 kg Transmission Fuel economy 42.2 MPG_eq
N for accel spec 2.49 efficiency 87% Net powertrain efficiency 22.1%
spec power 1625 W/kg
power 153523 W INPUTS
mass 94.5 kg OUTPUTS
Fuel Storage Vehicle Platform Performance Targets wheel power required
spec energy 3330 Wh/kg glider mass 1200 kg Top Speed 200 kph 96009 W
energy density 1190 Wh/L Km 1.1 Acceleration: 0 to 100 kph in 13.5 sec 100323 W
energy storage 303269 Wh CdA 0.8 m2 Gradability: maintain 190 kph grade of 6.0% 161704 W
mass 91.07 kg Crr 0.01 Driving range 600 km
volume 254.8 L Kregen 50%
Kstruct 1.15 Drive Cycle NEDC
Fuel cell Powertrain mass 1175 kg Average speed 33.04 kph
specific power 375 W/kg Curb mass 2375 kg Root-mean-cubed speed 53.52 kph
efficiency 55.6% cargo mass 140 kg Characteristic acceleration 0.11 m/s^2
opt frac 10% Total mass 2515 kg
power 217231 W Average wheel power 3842 W 116.3 Whpkm
mass 579.3 kg Total Propulsion system Average brake power 1422 W 43.0 Whpkm
frac 4% Mass 1175 kg Average drive losses 2608 W 78.9 Whpkm
opt power 21723 Power 161784 W Accessory power 1000 W 30.3 Whpkm
duty 42.7% Energy 126160 Wh Average battery losses 143 W 4.3 Whpkm
Spec power 138 W/kg Average bus power 9014 W 272.8 Whpkm
Battery Spec energy 107 Wh/kg Battery thermo losses 272 W 8.2 Whpkm
specific power 605 W/kg Average fuel cell power 9285 W 281.0 Whpkm
specific energy 45 Wh/kg Motor/Controller Average fuel cell losses 7415 W 224.4 Whpkm
efficiency 95% specific power 1027 W/kg Average fuel flow 16700 W 505.4 Whpkm
min DOH 30% efficiency 86% Fuel consumption 5.65 L/100km_eq
max power 93099 W N (overspeed ratio) 4.99 Fuel economy 41.6 MPG_eq
energy 6925 Wh Pmax/Peff 1.0005 Net powertrain efficiency 23.0%
mass 153.9 kg max power 185959 W
DOH 30% mass 97.6 kg INPUTS
N for accel spec 2.49 OUTPUTS
Transmission
efficiency 87%
spec power 1625 W/kg
power 161784 W
mass 99.6 kg
Battery Vehicle Platform Performance Targets wheel power required
specific power 420 W/kg glider mass 1200 kg Top Speed 200 kph 94227 W
specific energy 150 Wh/kg Km 1.1 Acceleration: 0 to 100 kph in 13.5 sec 87947 W
energy density 310 Wh/L CdA 0.8 m2 Gradability: maintain 190 kph grade of 6.0% 149852 W
efficiency 95% Crr 0.01 Driving range 200 km
Charger efficiency 95% Kregen 50%
max power 200384 W Kstruct 1.15 Drive Cycle NEDC
energy 71566 Wh Powertrain mass 848 kg Average speed 33.04 kph
mass 477.1 kg Curb mass 2048 kg Root-mean-cubed speed 53.52 kph
volume 230.9 L cargo mass (1 person) 140 kg Characteristic acceleration 0.11 m/s^2
Total mass 2188 kg
Motor/Controller Average wheel power 3547 W 107.4 Whpkm
specific power 1027 W/kg Total Propulsion system Average brake power 1237 W 37.4 Whpkm
efficiency 86% Mass 848 kg Average drive losses 2338 W 70.8 Whpkm
N (overspeed ratio) 4.99 Power 149927 W Accessory power 1000 W 30.3 Whpkm
Pmax/Peff 1.0005 Energy 50868 Wh Average battery losses 124 W 3.8 Whpkm
max power 172330 W Spec power 177 W/kg Average battery power 8246 W 249.6 Whpkm
mass 167.7 kg Spec energy 60 Wh/kg Average recharge losses 434 W 13.1 Whpkm
N for accel spec 2.49 Average electricity 8680 W 262.7 Whpkm
INPUTS Fuel consumption 2.94 L/100km_eq
Transmission OUTPUTS Fuel economy 80.1 MPG_eq
efficiency 87%
spec power 1625 W/kg Charger
power 149927 W Average electricity 276.5 Whpkm
mass 92.3 kg Fuel consumption 3.09 L/100km_eq
Fuel economy 76.1 MPG_eq
Net powertrain efficiency 38.8%

You might also like