Cybercrime: cybercrime, refers to any crime that involves a computer and a network, where the computers may or may

not have played an instrumental part in the commission of a crime. Netcrime refers, more precisely, to criminal exploitation of the Internet. Issues surrounding this type of crime have become high-profile, particularly those surrounding hacking, copyright infringement, child pornography, and child grooming. There are also problems of privacy when confidential information is lost or intercepted, lawfully or otherwise. Operating systems: Functions Of Operating System: Today most operating systems perform the following important functions: 1. Processor management, that is, assignment of processor to different tasks being performed by the computer system. 2. Memory management, that is, allocation of main memory and other storage areas to the system programmes as well as user programmes and data. 3. Input/output management, that is, co-ordination and assignment of the different output and input device while one or more programmes are being executed. 4. File management, that is, the storage of file of various storage devices to another. It also allows all files to be easily changed and modified through the use of text editors or some other files manipulation routines. 5. Establishment and enforcement of a priority system. That is, it determines and maintains the order in which jobs are to be executed in the computer system. 6. Automatic transition from job to job as directed by special control statements. 7. Interpretation of commands and instructions. 8. Coordination and assignment of compilers, assemblers, utility programs, and other oftware to the various user of the computer system. 9. Facilitates easy communication between the computer system and the computer operator (human). It also establishes data security and integrity. What is HTML? HTML is a computer language devised to allow website creation. These websites can then be viewed by anyone else connected to the Internet. It is relatively easy to learn, with the basics being accessible to most people in one sitting; and quite powerful in what it allows you to create. It is constantly undergoing revision and evolution to meet the demands and requirements. HTML is HyperText Markup Language.

HyperText is the method by which you move around on the web by clicking on special text called hyperlinks which bring you to the next page. The fact that it is hyper just means it is not linear i.e. you can go to any place on the Internet whenever you want by clicking on links there is no set order to do things in. Markup is what HTML tags do to the text inside them. They mark it as a certain type of text (italicised text, for example). HTML is a Language, as it has code-words and syntax like any other language.

How does it work? HTML consists of a series of short codes typed into a text-file by the site author these are the tags. The text is then saved as a html file, and viewed through a browser, like Internet Explorer or Netscape Navigator. This browser reads the file and translates the text into a visible form, hopefully rendering the page as the author had intended. Writing your own HTML entails using tags correctly to create your vision. You can use anything from a rudimentary text-editor to a powerful graphical editor to create HTML pages. What are the tags up to? The tags are what separate normal text from HTML code. You might know them as the words between the <angle-brackets>. They allow all the cool stuff like images and tables and stuff, just by telling your browser what to render on the page. Different tags will perform different functions. The tags themselves dont appear when you view your page through a browser, but their effects do. The simplest tags do nothing more than apply formatting to some text, like this: <b>These words will be bold</b>, and these will not. In the example above, the <b> tags were wrapped around some text, and their effect will be that the contained text will be bolded when viewed through an ordinary web browser. Is this going to take long? It depends on what you want from it. Knowing HTML will take only a few days of reading and learning the codes for what you want. You can have the basics down in an hour. Once you know the tags you can create HTML pages. However, using HTML and designing good websites is a different story, which is why I try to do more than just teach you code here at HTML Source. Good website design is half skill and half talent. Learning techniques and correct use of your tag knowledge will improve your work immensely, and a good understanding of general design and the audience youre trying to reach will improve your websites chances of success. Luckily, these things can be researched and understood, as long as youre willing to work at it so you can output better websites. Do I have to be online all the time? Not at all. You can code your entire website offline, storing it all on your own computer, and then just transfer all the files onto the web. Then whenever you have new content, you just add that to the existing online version of your site. Its really quite simple. Is there anything HTML cant do? Of course, but since making websites became more popular and needs increased many other supporting languages have been created to allow new stuff to happen, plus HTML is modified every few years to make way for improvements.

Cascading Stylesheets are used to control how your pages are presented, and make pages more accessible. Basic special effects and interaction is provided by JavaScript, which adds a lot of power to basic HTML. Most of this advanced stuff is for later down the road, but when using all of these technologies together, you have a lot of power at your disposal.

JavaScript: Scripts are the ideal way to add special effects and extra bits and bobs to your pages without having to resort to plug-ins or full-on applets. There are a myriad of uses for this most versatile of scripting languages. Event Handlers: It is used in reacting to user input, like clicks and movements. Form Validation: An input-checking script that makes sure your readers have filled in a form correctly before submitting it. Support Detection: Before executing advanced bits of JavaScript code, you first need to make sure your readers' browsers are up to the task. Testing their support levels is a vital step in designing workable scripts. Popup Windows: Whether for ancillary information, special reminders or more goddamned ads, popup windows have myriad uses. ******************** DHTML: Dynamic HTML the amalgam of CSS and JavaScript is a very powerful, very interesting tool which allows you to create highly interactive pages. Cookies: Cookies are text files that you can sow on your visitors' computers and then read data from the next time they visit. Ajax: With clever use of Ajax, you can send and receive data to the server, changing the users experience of your site, without even having to refresh the entire page. What is ASP? ASP stands for Active Server Pages, and it is Microsoft's implementation of server-side scripting. In short, this server-site scripting basically means that a script is parsed and executed by the server. When a user requests a web-page containing ASP, the web-server will

parse code and send the result to the user, so the ASP code will never reach the user's browser. This is the exact opposite of JavaScript. To use ASP scripts, you must have installed Microsoft's IIS (Internet Information Services), which is a web-server included in Windows 2000 and Windows XP Professional. It is also a part of the Windows NT 4.0 Option Pack, which can be downloaded from Microsoft's website. If IIS is not already installed on your computer, you can install it using the Add/Remove Programs section within the Windows Control Panel. The ASP engine is included within IIS, so you won't have to download it and install it separately. You must have Windows NT 4.0 or later to run IIS, so if you use Windows 98 you should install PWS (Personal Web Server), which is the smaller brother of IIS. Uses of ASP: You can use ASP code to do a lot of things: dynamically edit, change or add any content to a web-page, access and query databases, read or write files, connect to remote computers, create images the only limit is your imagination. The most obvious difference from HTML files is that ASP files have the extension ".asp", but this doesn't mean that you need to separate the ASP code from the HTML code in different files; you can use one file which will include both HTML and ASP code. The web-server won't mind at all, it will parse the ASP code and forget about the HTML code. Depending on your ASP code, the web-server will output some HTML instead of the ASP code, so the web-browser will only see HTML. This provides a higher level of security, because nobody will be able to view your ASP code, and copy it and use it on their own web-page. Furthermore, you don't need any extra components for your web-browser, because the ASP files are returned in plain HTML, so they can be viewed in any web-browser. In case you don't have Windows, you should know that some companies also didn't like the fact the ASP was only available for Windows platforms, so they decided to adapt ASP to other operating systems. So they created technologies like ChiliASP and iASP which allow you to take advantage of the ASP technology while using other web-servers, not just IIS. And because other web-servers run on many operating systems like Apache web-server this extends the ASP technology too, so it can run on other operating systems. Database connection: A database connection is a facility that allows client software to communicate with database server software, whether on the same machine or not. A connection is required to send commands and receive answers. Connections are a key concept in data-centric programming. Since some DBMS engines require considerable time to connect connection pooling was invented to improve performance. No command can be performed against a database without an "open and available" connection to it.

Computer network A computer network, referred to as a network, is a group of computers and devices interconnected by communications channels that facilitate communications among users and allows users to share resources. Networks may be classified according to a wide variety of characteristics. Network classification o Wired technologies o Wireless technologies Types of networks based on physical scope o Local area network Personal area network Home area network o Wide area network Campus network o Metropolitan area network Enterprise private network Virtual private network Internetwork o Backbone network Global area network Internet Intranets and extranets Overlay network

A computer network allows sharing of resources and information among interconnected devices. In the 1960s, the Advanced Research Projects Agency (ARPA) started funding the design of the Advanced Research Projects Agency Network (ARPANET) for the United States Department of Defence. It was the first computer network in the world. Development of the network began in 1969, based on designs developed during the 1960s. Computer networks can be used for several purposes:

Facilitating communications. Using a network, people can communicate efficiently and easily via email, instant messaging, chat rooms, telephone, video telephone calls, and video conferencing. Sharing hardware. In a networked environment, each computer on a network may access and use hardware resources on the network, such as printing a document on a shared network printer. Sharing files, data, and information. In a network environment, authorized user may access data and information stored on other computers on the network. The capability of providing access to data and information on shared storage devices is an important feature of many networks. Sharing software. Users connected to a network may run application programs on remote computers.

The following list presents categories used for classifying networks.

Computer networks can be classified according to the hardware and software technology that is used to interconnect the individual devices in the network, such as optical fiber, Ethernet, wireless LAN, HomePNA, power line communication or G.hn. Wired technologies

Twisted pair wire is the most widely used medium for telecommunication. Twistedpair wires are ordinary telephone wires which consist of two insulated copper wires twisted into pairs and are used for both voice and data transmission. The use of two wires twisted together helps to reduce crosstalk and electromagnetic induction. The transmission speed ranges from 2 million bits per second to 100 million bits per second. Coaxial cable is widely used for cable television systems, office buildings, and other worksites for local area networks. The cables consist of copper or aluminum wire wrapped with insulating layer typically of a flexible material with a high dielectric constant, all of which are surrounded by a conductive layer. The layers of insulation help minimize interference and distortion. Transmission speed range from 200 million to more than 500 million bits per second. Optical fiber cable consists of one or more filaments of glass fiber wrapped in protective layers. It transmits light which can travel over extended distances. Fiberoptic cables are not affected by electromagnetic radiation. Transmission speed may reach trillions of bits per second. The transmission speed of fiber optics is hundreds of times faster than for coaxial cables and thousands of times faster than a twisted-pair wire.

Wireless technologies

Terrestrial microwave Terrestrial microwaves use Earth-based transmitter and receiver. The equipment look similar to satellite dishes. Terrestrial microwaves use low-gigahertz range, which limits all communications to line-of-sight. Path between relay stations spaced approx, 30 miles apart. Microwave antennas are usually placed on top of buildings, towers, hills, and mountain peaks. Communications satellites The satellites use microwave radio as their telecommunications medium which are not deflected by the Earth's atmosphere. The satellites are stationed in space, typically 22,000 miles (for geosynchronous satellites) above the equator. These Earth-orbiting systems are capable of receiving and relaying voice, data, and TV signals. Cellular and PCS systems Use several radio communications technologies. The systems are divided to different geographic areas. Each area has a low-power transmitter or radio relay antenna device to relay calls from one area to the next area. Wireless LANs Wireless local area network use a high-frequency radio technology similar to digital cellular and a low-frequency radio technology. Wireless LANs use spread spectrum technology to enable communication between multiple devices in a limited area. An example of open-standards wireless radio-wave technology is IEEE.

Infrared communication , which can transmit signals between devices within small distances not more than 10 meters peer to peer or ( face to face ) without any body in the line of transmitting.

A local area network (LAN) is a network that connects computers and devices in a limited geographical area such as home, school, computer laboratory, office building, or closely positioned group of buildings. Each computer or device on the network is a node. Current wired LANs are most likely to be based on Ethernet technology, although new standards like ITU-T G.hn also provide a way to create a wired LAN using existing home wires (coaxial cables, phone lines and power lines).

Personal area network A personal area network (PAN) is a computer network used for communication among computer and different information technological devices close to one person. Some examples of devices that are used in a PAN are personal computers, printers, fax machines, telephones, PDAs, scanners, and even video game consoles. A PAN may include wired and wireless devices. The reach of a PAN typically extends to 10 meters. A wired PAN is usually constructed with USB and Firewire connections while technologies such as Bluetooth and infrared communication typically form a wireless PAN. Home area network A home area network (HAN) is a residential LAN which is used for communication between digital devices typically deployed in the home, usually a small number of personal computers and accessories, such as printers and mobile computing devices. An important function is the sharing of Internet access, often a broadband service through a CATV or Digital Subscriber Line (DSL) provider. It can also be referred as an office area network (OAN). Wide area network A wide area network (WAN) is a computer network that covers a large geographic area such as a city, country, or spans even intercontinental distances, using a communications channel that combines many types of media such as telephone lines, cables, and air waves. A WAN often uses transmission facilities provided by common carriers, such as telephone companies. WAN technologies generally function at the lower three layers of the OSI reference model: the physical layer, the data link layer, and the network layer.

Campus network A campus network is a computer network made up of an interconnection of local area networks (LAN's) within a limited geographical area. The networking equipments (switches, routers) and transmission media (optical fiber, copper plant, Cat5 cabling etc.) are almost entirely owned (by the campus tenant / owner: an enterprise, university, government etc.).

In the case of a university campus-based campus network, the network is likely to link a variety of campus buildings including; academic departments, the university library and student residence halls. Metropolitan area network A Metropolitan area network is a large computer network that usually spans a city or a large campus.

Sample EPN made of Frame relay WAN connections and dialup remote access.

Sample VPN used to interconnect 3 offices and remote users Enterprise private network An enterprise private network is a network build by an enterprise to interconnect various company sites, e.g., production sites, head offices, remote offices, shops, in order to share computer resources. Virtual private network A virtual private network (VPN) is a computer network in which some of the links between nodes are carried by open connections or virtual circuits in some larger network (e.g., the Internet) instead of by physical wires. The data link layer protocols of the virtual network are said to be tunneled through the larger network when this is the case. One common application

is secure communications through the public Internet, but a VPN need not have explicit security features, such as authentication or content encryption. VPNs, for example, can be used to separate the traffic of different user communities over an underlying network with strong security features. A VPN may have best-effort performance, or may have a defined service level agreement (SLA) between the VPN customer and the VPN service provider. Generally, a VPN has a topology more complex than point-to-point. Internetwork An internetwork is the connection of two or more private computer networks via a common routing technology (OSI Layer 3) using routers. The Internet is an aggregation of many internetworks, hence its name was shortened to Internet. [edit] Backbone network Global area network A global area network (GAN) is a network used for supporting mobile communications across an arbitrary number of wireless LANs, satellite coverage areas, etc. The key challenge in mobile communications is handing off the user communications from one local coverage area to the next. In IEEE Project 802, this involves a succession of terrestrial wireless LANs.

Internet:
The Internet is a global system of interconnected governmental, academic, corporate, public, and private computer networks. It is based on the networking technologies of the Internet Protocol Suite. It is the successor of the Advanced Research Projects Agency Network (ARPANET) developed by DARPA of the United States Department of Defense. The Internet is also the communications backbone underlying the World Wide Web (WWW). Participants in the Internet use a diverse array of methods of several hundred documented, and often standardized, protocols compatible with the Internet Protocol Suite and an addressing system (IP addresses) administered by the Internet Assigned Numbers Authority and address registries. Service providers and large enterprises exchange information about the reachability of their address spaces through the Border Gateway Protocol (BGP), forming a redundant worldwide mesh of transmission paths. Intranets and extranets Intranets and extranets are parts or extensions of a computer network, usually a local area network. An intranet is a set of networks, using the Internet Protocol and IP-based tools such as web browsers and file transfer applications, that is under the control of a single administrative entity. That administrative entity closes the intranet to all but specific, authorized users. Most commonly, an intranet is the internal network of an organization. A large intranet will typically have at least one web server to provide users with organizational information.

An extranet is a network that is limited in scope to a single organization or entity and also has limited connections to the networks of one or more other usually, but not necessarily, trusted organizations or entitiesa company's customers may be given access to some part of its intranetwhile at the same time the customers may not be considered trusted from a security standpoint. Technically, an extranet may also be categorized as a CAN, MAN, WAN, or other type of network, although an extranet cannot consist of a single LAN; it must have at least one connection with an external network. *****************************************************************