MATTER AND ITS PROPERTIES Matter is anything that has mass (the amount of matter an object contains) and

has volume (it occupies space). All matter is made up of atoms and molecules. ~~Basic Building Blocks~~ An atom is the smallest building block of an element. An element is a pure substance made from only one kind of atom. Some elements are made from molecules of two or more of the same kind of atom bonded together. Elements can not be separated into simpler substances by chemical changes. Another type of pure substance is a compound, which contains two or more different elements bonded together. Compounds can be separated into simpler substances by chemical means. ~~Properties and Changes~~ Properties that can be used to identify a substance are called intensive properties. They do not change when the amount of the substance is changed; that is, they do not depend on the amount of matter present. Examples include melting points, boiling points, and density. Properties that do depend on the amount of matter present are called extensive properties. Examples of these are volume, and mass. Physical properties can be observed and measured without changing the substance s composition. The physical properties used most in chemistry are density, melting points, boiling points, solubility, odor, color, and state of matter. Physical changes occur without the substance changing its identity. The physical changes used most in chemistry are melting, boiling, and evaporating. These are changes of state, which is when a substance changes between solid, liquid, and gaseous states.

State solid

Closeness of Particles packed together in fixed positions close together but not in fixed positions far apart from each other

Movement of Particles slow - vibrate around fixed points more rapid - can easily flow very rapidly and in random directions

Volume definite

Shape definite

Compressibility cannot be compressed very little - almost no compression can easily be compressed

liquid

definite

indefinite - takes shape of container indefinite - takes shape of container

gas

indefinite - fills volume of container

Plasma is another state of matter in which the temperature is so high that the atoms have lost their electrons. Plasma has an electrical charge and its only natural form on earth is in lightening bolts.

Chemical properties can only be observed when the substance undergoes a chemical change, and indicate a substance s ability to react and form different substances. Chemical properties include flammability and ability to oxidize.
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Chemical changes are also known as chemical reactions, and involve one or more substances converting into different substances. The original substances are known as the reactants and the new substances are called the products. Energy is always involved in physical changes. Energy has many forms; the forms most commonly encountered in chemistry are heat or light. Relatively small amounts of energy are needed to cause physical changes. Larger amounts of energy are usually associated with chemical changes. Energy can change from one form to another, but it is never created or destroyed. This is known as the Law of Conservation of Energy. ~~Classification of Matter~~ There are two main types of matter: pure substances and mixtures. A pure substance has a uniform and unchanging composition. Elements and compounds are pure substances. Mixtures contain two or more pure substances and can have widely varying compositions. The substances in mixtures retain their individual physical properties, but the properties of the mixture itself will be a blending of the individual properties. The different substances in mixtures can be separated by physical means such as filtration (uses a porous filter to separate a solid from a liquid), chromatography (components are separated out by their size and tendency to travel along a strip of paper), crystallization (boiling or evaporating the liquid part of a mixture and letting the solid part form crystals) or distillation (boiling a solution and capturing the pure water vapor .

A mixture is separated by filtration. www.nps.gov

Chromatography separates out the different colors of ink. ep.llnl.gov/msds

Crystals form when the water is evaporated from this solution. soundwaves.usgs.gov Salt water being distilled to produce pure fresh water. ga.water.usgs.gov

Mixtures that do not have uniform composition are called heterogeneous. They are not blended smoothly throughout the sample. Examples of heterogeneous mixtures are seawater, salad dressings, and sandbox sand. Mixtures with uniform composition are called homogeneous, which means that they are blended smoothly throughout the sample. Solutions are homogeneous mixtures. They can easily be confused with pure substances, but their components can be separated by physical means. Examples of solutions are salt water, sugar water, and vinegar.

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Types of Solutions Components gas - gas gas - liquid liquid - gas liquid - liquid solid - liquid solid - solid Example Air - a mixture of nitrogen, oxygen, and other gases. Carbonated sodas - carbon dioxide is dissolved in the soda. Fish tank water oxygen is dissolved in the water so the fish can breathe. Humid air - a small amount of water vapor is dissolved in the air. Rubbing alcohol - isopropyl alcohol dissolved in water. Hydrogen peroxide - dissolved in water. Typical solutions such as salt or sugar dissolved in water. Alloys - such as pewter, brass, or bronze.

In contrast to mixtures, pure substances can only be separated into simpler parts through chemical means like electrolysis (using an electrical current to break chemical bonds) or decomposition (using heat to break chemical bonds). Laboratory chemicals are considered to be pure substances. In reality though, even pure laboratory chemicals have small traces of impurities that could potentially affect the chemical reaction.

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