Exam 1 Review Sheet

Pre-Columbian Indian Cultures Olmecs first written language in the Americas Maya created an accurate calendar had an advanced civilization - made advancements in mathematics and astronomy organized into city-states Aztecs chinampas - floating gardens Tenochtitlan - capital received tribute from places they conquered - made them a wealthy empire warriors polytheistic - the sun god - sacrificed people to ensure the sun would rise Pacific Northwest and California sedentary hunter and gatherers Pacific Northweest - potlach ceremonies California - small bands compete for access to acorns Southwest settled agricultural communites irrigation pueblos Great Basin nomadic hunter-gatherers Great Plains buffalo were hunted on foot before Spanish arrived Eastern Woodlands combination of agriculture and hunting and gathering

Mississippian Culture mound builders centered at Cahokia (now St. Louis)

 a city of perhaps 40,000 people Iroquois Confederacy loose alliance of five peoples fur trade helped determine a balance of power between French and English Arctic and Sub-Arctic People most well known tribe is the Inuit subsisted on a diet rich in animal protein European Settlement Columbian Exchange the exchange of goods, peoples, and disease between America, Europe, Asia, and Africa

Impacts of the Columbian Exchange On Europeans: new crops - population expansion

 gold and silver - market revolution, it enriches Europe, inflation Americas become an outpost of European civilization On Africans: millions of Africans brought to New World as slaves On Native Americans: population decimated by disease, warfare, overwork Treaty of Tordesillas 1494 - made Spain able to claim most of the New World Spanish Conquest and Colonization conquistadores (conquerors) inspired by gold, god (spread Christianity), Glory conquest made possible by Guns, Germs, and Steel Social Status (pyramid)

Encomienda System Spaniards could demand tribute from the local natives (precious metals/labor) Haciendas large estates Bartolome de las Casas priest who criticized Spanish mistreatment of Natives Black legend - European idea that Spanish were uniquely cruel to Natives

Patterns of Colonization French had an absolute monarchy located in Canada, Mississippi River, and Ohio River Valley very small number of settlers

 government was closely supervised by royal officials economy: fur trade - coureurs de bois relations with natives: friendly except with Iroquois Spanish had an absolute monarchy located in Mexico, Florida, Southwest and California Mexico was densely populated; however, north of Mexico was not government was closely supervised by royal officials and church officials economy: extraction of precious metals, small-scale agriculture relations with natives: exploitation, frequent intermarriage English limited monarchy located eastern seaboard large number of settlers, somewhat diverse government - representative government with some royal oversights economy: diverse, self-sustaining relations with natives: frequent clashes over land Dutch republic located in Hudson River Valley, Manhattan, Delaware River small number of settlers, very diverse (18 different languages) government - military dictatorship economy: commerce, fur trade, patroonships relations with natives: allied w/ Iroquois, fought with other groups

English Settlement Protestant Reformation begins 1517- ideas of Luther and Calvin (predestination) spread to England English Reformation 1530s - Henry XIII creates Church of England (Anglican Church) religious conflict under Tudor Monarchs

Under Elizabeth I (r. 1558 - 1603) England established as a Protestant country England begins to emerge as a world power first (failed) attempt to colonize North America Debate within the Church of England Low Anglicans => more Calvinist influence (Puritans - wanted to purify England church) High Anglicans => more Catholic influence Mercantilism colonies exist for the benefit of the mother country ship goods from the colonies back to England Joint-Stock allows for people to combine capital exists to make a profit (mainly from tobacco) people became more concerned with profit than the colonists - led to the starving time *Pilgrims were not Puritans, they did not want to purify the Church of England - they just wanted to leave, separate themselves from it Push Factors (reasons to leave Europe) Puritans felt persecuted by Stuart Monarchs (James I) James I viewed Puritans as a threat to his power Enclosure movement - loss of the commons land - led people to urban areas (urbanization) high unemployment among Englands surplus population unequal social classes - very little social mobility Inheritance Laws (primogeniture) - eldest son inherits entire estate harsh criminal codes

Pull Factors (reasons to come to Americas) economic opportunity - abundance of land religious freedom chain migration - once it was proven that it was a stable environment, people were convinced to come Virginia Jamestown founded in 1607 by Virginia Company joint-stock company - existed to make money

Early Problems in Jamestown location - very swampy which made it difficult to grow food and crops, and also brought around mosquitoes that cause disease (malaria) - brackish water (salt and fresh water) made people sick lack of labor - too many gentlemen who lived by work of others poor relations with the natives Tobacco John Rolfe introduced a new strain of tobacco in 1611 (Nicotiana Tobacum) that helped turn Virginia into a profit-making venture for the Virginia Company Issues with Tobacco Cultivation rapidly depleted the soil of nutrients required a great deal of labor price dropped as market became flooded Other Stabilizing Influences John Smith - no work, no eat Lord De La Warr - military regime All the Single Ladies - 1619 first shipment of women House of Burgesses 1619- establishment of the Virginia House of Burgesses first representative legislature in North America Economics collapse of tobacco market 1660s - overproduction, new regulation (Navigation Acts) many former indentured servants unable to acquire land colony increasingly dominated by an elite group of planter merchants The Headright System 50 acres of land to those who pay their own way to Virginia + 50 acres for each servant whose passage a planter paid for Geography best land in the East owned by small number of planters Race Native Americans seen as obstacle by western settlers Politics Sir William Berkeley appointed to a second term as governor in 1660 landless men disenfranchised (lose the right to vote) in 1670 Bacons Grievances against Berkeley unfair taxes

 appointment friends as offices in government monopolizes fur trade protects Indians - too friendly Bacons Rebellion 1676 Bacon and his men attack Native Americans (both friendly and hostile) they burn Jamestown Bacon dies of disease- Rebellion collapses Impacts of Bacons Rebellion planters do more to appease lower classes cut taxes, support white expansion onto Indian lands planters replace potentially volatile indentured servants with African slaves Mayflower Compact 1620 Plymouth settlers agree to govern themselves for the general good Plymouth Colony founded by Separatist Pilgrims in 1620 only 44 of 102 settlers survived first winter 1621 Wampanoas Indians help settlers grow corn colony eventually prospered under leadership of William Bradford who was elected governor 30 times 1691 Plymouth becomes part of Massachusetts Bay Massachusetts Bay Colony receives royal charter in 1629 settled in 1630 by 1000 colonists Non-Separatist Puritans 20,000 more came in the Great Migration of the 1630s established a stable, prosperous colony with an economy based on fur trade, fishing, small farms, shipbuilding Massachusetts was almost entirely self governed in its early years Civil War distracts from attention to colonies first governor was John Winthrop - City Upon a Hill - the idea that Mass. would be a model Christian society New England Vs. Virginia geography: NE had less fertile soil, but was healthier social structure: NE had more family stability, more towns, more education, less economic inequality Democracy in Massachusetts Bay Colony? at town meetings, all male property owners could speak but, only full church members could vote (40%)

Separation of Church and State? church officials could not hold political office but everyone was taxed to support the church, attendance was mandatory and dissenters were banished The Puritan Outlook viewed themselves as Gods chosen people, but saw threats all around (supernatural, Indians) Pequot War 1637 As Puritans spread into Connecticut they came into conflict with the Pequot Indians the ensuing Pequot War nearly wiped out the Pequot people Threat #1: Roger Williams minister in Congregational Church in Salem Separatist - forced worship stinks in Gods nostrils separation of church and state believed Puritans did not have the right to take land from Indians banished in 1635 from Massachusetts moves to Rhode Island in 1636 - complete religious toleration, friendly with Indians Threat #2: Anne Hutchinson held prayer meetings the fact that she was a woman acted as a threat antinomianism - going against laws predestination - one need not follow the laws of God or man because you will end up where God has planned for you to go claimed to have direct revelation from God banished from Massachusetts in 1638 Threat #3: Quakers Religious Society of Friends equality of all - rejection of distinctions based on class, gender, race pacifists quakers were usually banished from Massachusetts Bay Colony - 4 were executed around 1660 Threat #4: Halfway Church Members many third generation New Englanders did not share the religious zeal of their grandparents Half-way Covenant of 1662 allowed Baptism but not Communion for children of full church members who would not or could not testify to a conversion experience King Philips War 1675-1676 Cause of War depends on source Quakers blame: English desire for land Puritans blame: Indian thirst for English blood

Results of King Philips War: victory for the colonists end of Native American threat to the survival of New England colonies population declined by 1/2 about 1,000 colonists died Interference from England the monarchy was restored in 1660 Massachusetts Bay Charter revoked in 1684 dominion of New Engladn all colonies from NJ north united under Sir Edmund Andros Glorious Revolution 1688-89 In England James II ousted because he was Catholic and Protestants revolted - William and Mary become King and Queen agreeing to the Bill of Rights Locke writes Two Treaties of Government In America overthrow of Dominion of NE - all revert back to independence Salem Witch Trials 1692 150 people accused of witchcraft (mostly women) first accusations made by teenage girls most of the accused confessed to save their lives 14 women and 5 men were hanged by the end of 1692 the governor of Massachusetts dissolved the Salem Court Possible Explanations for Witch Trials Political: lingering turmoil by dominion of NE Economic: growing gap between rich and poor Religious: witchcraft was believed in Military: fear of more Indian attacks Social: women who were accused were not traditional Other: Ergotism: by people eating ergot (similar to LSD) - suffering from a bad acid trip made them hallucinate