Alpha Eritrean Engineers Community

VOL. 2 NO. 3 OCTOBER 2011

STEEL AND CONCRETE FEAR IS A PARALYZING FACTOR

DESIGNING BLOOD PRESSURE CONTROL SYSTEM LIST OF COMPANIES HIRING

AEEC | October 2011

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CONTENTS AND CONTRIBUTORS

STEEL AND CONCRETE
BY S ENAIT

EDITORS
SEBLE GEBREMEDHIN, M.S. IN PSYCHOLOGY ADIAM WOLDEGERGISH, PH.D SENAIT NEGASH, B.S. IN LIBERAL ARTS SAMSON GONNETZ, C.E.
AND

A MANUEL

FEAR IS A PARALYZING FACTOR

BY

F ILIPOS A BRAHAM

DESIGNING BLOOD PRESSURE CONTROL

SYSTEM
BY

Y OSIEF W OLDEMARIAM

LIST OF COMPANIES OR GOVERNMENTAL

AGENCIES CURRENTLY HIRING

YOSIEF WOLDEMARIAM, E.E.

AEEC | October 2011

STEEL AND CONCRETE

Buildings can be made of wood, masonry (stone, brick, and hollow-blocks), concrete, steel and/or a combination of these materials. When Engineers or Property Owners choose construction materials for projects many factors are taken into consideration. The most important one is the availability and cost of construction materials, then the purpose and aesthetics and finally the location of the project. For instance, wood is widely available in the United States thus 90% of the residential buildings here are made of wood. By contrast, there are regions where wood is scarce, such as a country like Eritrea where the most available construction material is stone. Stone is good for construction since it can be widely used in foundation walls, retaining walls, perimeter walls and even as a decorative in facade walls. Steel, on the other hand, has the highest strength-toweight ratio of any construction material. Steel is an alloy that consists mostly of iron and has carbon content between 0.2% and 2.1% by weight. Archeologists have reported that steel was known in antiquity, and may have been produced by iron-smelting facilities. In fact, archeologists have made some discoveries that ancient steel was used in East Africa, dating back as far as 1400B.C. The modern era in steel making began with the introduction of Henry Bessemer's, Bessemer Process, in 1858. The raw material which he used was crude iron. As a result, this enabled steel to be produced cheaply in large quantities and mild steel is now used for most purposes for which wrought iron was formerly used. The strength and ductility of steel make it a better choice in seismic/earthquake zones. Steel framing Presently the most widely used construction materials does very well under high wind loads because it is for high rise, industrial and commercial buildings and ductile, meaning it has the ability to bend without bridges are concrete and steel. The origin of concrete breaking and can absorb lots of energy. dates back to the Roman times. However, modern-day How about cost? Concrete is more expensive than steel, form of concrete was not invented until 1756, when but tends to remain steady in price, giving builders a British engineer John Smeaton pioneered the use of good idea of how much money they should expect to cement into concrete. The ingredient in concrete spend in material costs for the project. Although consists of cement, gravel, sand and water. Nowadays, concrete costs more up front, builders save up to 25% in concrete commands a $35 billion worldwide industry property insurance. Steel is cheaper overall, but and employees within the United States at least 2 insurance costs are higher since insurance companies million people. recognize the increased safety and structural integrity of Todays cities reveal skies punctuated by buildings so cast-in-place reinforced concrete buildings. tall and austere that the marvel of Engineering and Architecture has come to its fullest. Modern engineering is dominated by steel and concrete. As for whether which is better, concrete or steel, each has outstanding qualities of its own. Concrete is considered to be safer. It offers an outstanding resistance to explosion and/or impact. Moreover, it can endure very high temperatures from fire for a long time without loss of structural integrity. Additionally concrete does not require additional fireproofing treatment; mild steel is now used for most purposes for which wrought iron was formerly used. Regarding availability of materials: it is not uncommon to experience shortage of cement (material used in making concrete). The shortage of concrete availability due to shipping rates, imported materials and limited supplies can drive costs up despite growing demand. On the other hand with steel, the United States structural steel industry has the capacity to produce 6 million tons per year. In 2004, steel usage for construction was about 4 million tons of wide flange structural products, meaning there is certainly adequate capacity to meet any growth in the foreseeable future and is readily available.

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SCIENTISTS DREAM ABOUT DOING GREAT THINGS. ENGINEERS DO THEM. ~ JAMES A. MICHENER

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The old adage time is money has never been more true than when talking about construction schedules. Although major contractors can pour concrete floors as fast as they can erect steel floors, in general steel construction is faster. It is believed that structural steel framing systems are the way of the future, mainly because they result in an accelerated schedule. Quality is also enhanced because of off-site fabrication and the productivity opportunities that exist in off-site fabrication Industries. Hence, construction can best be addressed in off-site fabrication industries with a reduction of actual on-site time/construction When it comes to Design possibilities, concrete buildings are taking many different shapes. One can shape almost anything out of concrete; the Guggenheim museum of New York is a fine example which proves that. In addition, to the unique aesthetics achieved with concrete, developers realize that concrete framed buildings yield more rent-able space because of their lower floor to floor heights. When looking for long spans of column-free space? Steel delivers the option. Steel can accomplish extremely long spans in structures and very large open-bay footprints without intermediate columns. When traveling take a look at airport halls where structures of such width and height are usually made of steel. Gymnasiums and warehouses in which steel is the non-negotiable choice are usually left naked to give an increase effect of ceiling height. Steel does not fall short either in fulfilling one's design imaginations. Consider one of the most admired works of architecture- the Guggenheim Museum Bilbao, in Spain. It stands to testify that steel can be employed in design opportunities as well. In conclusion, one is left wondering what to choose: steel or concrete. Each is endowed with its own benefits. The decision to make varies from project to project. As it has been stated earlier one must inquire: is the project located in a windy area or in a region prone to earthquake attacks.

What about the availability of materials and workmanship as well as the type of foundation it is going to be needed. One has to address all these questions before settling with a particular choice. No two projects are alike but there are many similarities between most projects. Doing research will provide the builder with a lot of information. If one is interested on high-rise buildings, one will find that most are built with a combination of steel and concrete, the foundations and lower level floors are constructed with concrete while steel is used for the higher level floors. A good example and one worth mentioning is, the BurjKhalifa of Dubai which is the tallest existing building. The foundation used for this iconic structure was mat on pile foundation which extended as deep as 130 feet underground while the total height of the structure is 2716 feet above ground. The concrete structure goes up to 2016ft initially and then the additional 700ft is complimented by steel structure which is called the Spire. Of course mega projects such as this are not common everyday projects, but whenever we intercept them, they inspire us and stir us to want to know more about - steel and concrete. ~ Engineer Senait Amanuel
Hard to reach doesnt have to mean hard to do

~ Winston Churchill

We shape our buildings, thereafter they shape us. ~ Winston Churchill

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Comments & Suggestions

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My thanks for giving me the opportunity to add my comments to Alpha Eritrean Engineers Magazine, job!!! I breeze in our intellectual journey. Wow, what a greatthe fresh am really proud of you guys. I Alpha Magazine is email of start reading it, it sounds really good. just got thethe hopeandWalking together at the same speed with knowledge and technology information and to inspire and prosper our society Thank you for your hard work an intellectual dialogue, which reflects the and making it happen. Great professionally. The magazine opens job!!! that Eritrean professionals need to come together in the spirit of learning, belief Engineer Mekonen Hadgu sharing and mutual Comments & Suggestions understanding to build the dream nation. Our Diaspora communities, finally conceiving a smart future as a vision for nation building, which is aurally thrilling and intellectually splendid premiere achievements. It is a It great pleasure to receive Alpha magazine withits firstAlpha magazine have is really nicesocial articles. Some of the articles in output. scientific to see the project issuing innovative, creative information and Great work and keep st premiere technology and other design/mathematical beautiful images with 21 it up. Hope it will inspire lots of Eritrean Engineersof course, tobe it will be a venue for and supporters formulae. My thanks and may all the contributors, sponsors who made engineering carries for a lot of my special thanks and attaining the publication possible and above all, young Eritrean go to Yosief Woldemariam for his commendable effort and dedication. the like.

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Please continue the momentum for future generation to embrace and be inspired. Eritrean professionals are endangered species, we need more of them as scientists, accountants, engineers, pharmacist, medical doctors, Information Technology experts, environmentalist, vet your effort and those innovators Bravo. This is really wonderful and and agricultural scientists, of etc. to is much appreciated and needed. I mitigate climate for othersavert drought, desertification, famine, and hope the best change with technological knowhow! Alpha Magazine I also want first step the future of AEEC and its members.has taken the to thankand I hope many more professional magazines will follow in each field of scientific you for your kind words in the 1st edition. I am very endeavors.

Engineer Filipos Abreha

humbled and honored. I believe that if we are in a position to lend a helping hand to our fellowthanks to all readers fruits My best wishes to you all, and again, my people, then the and recipient of the magazine. of that simple effort are enjoyed by many. Engineer Daniel Woldeselasie Senior Research Fellow
Victorian Australian of the Year 2009 Dr. Berhan Ahmed

ALPHA ERITREAN ENGINEERS

AEEC | October 2011

FEAR IS A PARALYZING FACTOR

After completing post graduate studies at Wichita State University and getting ready to start my career, I thought my educational background and strong desire to better myself was enough to help me navigate my career towards a bright direction that have lots of reward. I did not realize the complexity of the job and how the people whom I would work with have a bigger impact in achieving my dream to be true. I realized if I let the work environment conquered me; failure and dissatisfaction was a sure thing to come. Fear and failure could have also stimulated and even induce weaker self-esteem in me that I never had to face before. I learned all that to be true when I first started working with The Boeing Company in defense program at thinker air force base. I was not sure whether I can effectively carryout the complex work load that was expected to be completed in daily responsibilities and it actually made me feel far less confident and thought I definitely were going to fail and state of fear and failure started to creep on me. The negatively internalized thought processes started to put images of failure and ineffectiveness in my mind at the worst possible times. Fortunately, it didnt take long before I recognized that fear is the major factor for the feeling of ineffectiveness and it can paralyze you easily and can stop you from taking action to change your life for a better one. I also realized that I should not be afraid of making mistakes or taking on new challenges just so to avoid a task. By avoiding and not taking on new challenges I recognized I would never get to the point where I wanted to be in the first place. I also realized I do not have to please other co-workers to become successful. It is always good to remember that people that you work with cant stop you from getting to your destination. Most of us dont even know that fear make us feel and act less than what we actually are capable of. I remember soon after I was employed, one of the technical fellow gave me a tour of the range of laboratories which I would end up spend countless hours in, At first seeing the complexity of the equipments and numerous computers and machines with countless buttons and serious- faced people working there was outright overwhelming and rightfully intimidating. I was literally telling myself that there is no way I could perform or for that matter simple just work in this area.
~Frederick P. Brooks

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"Courage is not the absence of fear, but rather the judgment that something else is more important than fear." Ambrose Redmoon

But, eventually I found out all that was not real that overwhelming or difficult to manage the many equipments and computers I was initially introduced to when I first started my job. When I was a little boy my father used to say I am not going to quite without trying, I would rather die fighting than giving up without trying and it definitely makes sense now than ever before. When you dont let fear get to you, fear does not have a power to control your life or future. Fear can ignite selfdefeat and as a result can produce more harm than you can imagine. Eventually, it can paralyze you from living a normal life. On the other hand, courage is a learned mental skill that you must condition, just as weight training strengthens your muscles. When one goes into a gym for the first time, one does not try to lift 300 pounds, so don't think that to be courageous or fear-less you must tackle your most paralyzing fear right away. Based on my experience there are two methods which I

AEEC | October 2011

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~Frederick P. Brooks

will suggest in terms of building courage. The first approach is analogous to progressive weight training. Begin with weights you can lift but yet are challenging for you. Then progressively continue to lift heavier and heavier weights as you grow stronger.

In other words tackle your smallest fears first, and then progressively train yourself to handle more difficult and You shall never kneel down to fear. bigger fears. Training yourself to lift 300 pounds ~ Engineer Filipos Abraham weights isn't so hard if you are already lifting 290 pounds.

Similarly, speaking in front of an audience of 1000 people isn't so tough once you've already spoken to 900. Over time a new mindset will emerge within you as the task become easier. It will be like opening a longlocked door to understanding your true abilities or flooding your world with warm sunshine and fresh air.

Good judgment comes from experience, and experience comes from bad judgment ~Frederick P. Brooks

Engineer Ghirmai Haile, an honored, respected, and revered member of our noble profession passed away on October 6, 2011 in Cincinnati. Let us pause to pay a richly deserved tribute of love, affection and respect to his memory. May the bereaved family find solace in the inspiring memories of the exemplary life of the departed.

AEEC | October 2011

ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING CIVIL ENGINEERING MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING

AEEC CONNECTING THE DOTS AEEC CONNECTING THE DOTS AEEC CONNECTING THE DOTS AEEC CONNECTING THE AEEC CONNECTING THE AEECDOTS CONNECTING AEECDOTS CONNECTING AEEC THE DOTS AEEC THE DOTS CONNECTING THE AEEC CONNECTING
DOTS CONNECTING THE DOTS THE DOTS

BIO ENGINEERING

SOFTWARE ENGINEERING

COMPUTER ENGINEERING

INDUSTRIAL ENGINEERING

NUCLEAR ENGINEERING

AEEC | October 2011

Eritreans who are currently looking for Engineering/Technical jobs

Name
Samson Gonnetz Thomas Araya Simon Haile Samuel Fessehaye Kibrom Hadgu

Degree
Civil Engineer Computer Science Electrical Engineer Electrical Engineer Electrical Engineer

Experience
Five Year Seven ears One year Eight years 17 years

Email
samigonnetz@yahoo.com thomasaraya@yahoo.com dhaile8@gmail.com SBFessehaye14@gmail.com kibromwoldehaimanot@yahoo.com

Phone Number
(510) 495-4538 (510) 757-7352 (678) 982-0147 (510) 830-7082 (415) 678-7179

Current Job Opportunities

Companies or Government Jobs
https://jobs.boeing.com/JobSeeker/JobView?reqcode https://jobs.boeing.com/JobSeeker/JobView?reqcode https://jobs.boeing.com/JobSeeker/JobView?reqcode https://jobs.boeing.com/JobSeeker/JobView?reqcode

Location & Number

Herndon, VA (USA) (11-1022221) Springfield, VA (USA) (11-1021444) Springfield, VA (USA) (11-1021443) Springfield, VA (USA) (11-1021442)

Closing Date
November 02, 2011 January 03, 2013 January 03, 2013 January 03, 2013

Software Engineering

Staff Engineering
http://newton.newtonsoftware.com/career/JobIntroduction.acti on http://newton.newtonsoftware.com/career/JobIntroduction.acti on http://newton.newtonsoftware.com/career/JobIntroduction.acti on

Milpitas, CA (USA) (BM007) Milpitas, CA (USA) (2050) Milpitas, CA (USA) (2051)

Until filled Until filled Until filled

Industrial Engineering
http://jobs-boeing.com/seattle

Auburn, WA (USA) (11-1013415)

November 13, 2011

AEEC | October 2011

DESIGNING BLOOD PRESSURE CONTROL SYSTEM

I can hardly believe that a several years have passed since I first stepped into San Francisco State University (SFSU). I remember vividly my excitement as I entered the engineering department and walked into engineering lab. At that moment, I knew this was the beginning of a new chapter in my life. While taking engineering courses at SFSU, one of the priceless lessons I acquired besides of subjects in the curriculum was how to distinguish between volume and substance to what was available. Amongst many of the experiences that I have had during my collage time, participating in designing blood pressure control system which will be used in clinical applications during Anesthesia was one of the interesting substantive design experiments. The experiment was designing stable control system for Mean Arterial Pressure (MAP) and the blood pressure control during anesthesia sing MATLAB and Simulink software. Systems design requirements were: The settling time is less than 15 Minutes for 10% change from the MAP set-point. Percent overshoot is less than 20% for a 10% step change from the MAP set-point Zero steady state tracking error to a step change from the MAP set-point Zero steady state error to a step surgical d (t ) disturbance input (of magnitude < 50) with maximum response less than 5% of the MAP set-point and Minimum sensitivity to process parameter change. As you read please keep in mind the sensitivity and Figure 1 the value of such design and how it adds to quality of humans life. We set out to do an experiment designing a Mean Arterial Pressure to any set point and maintaining this set point in the presence of unwanted disturbance and noise or minimize the effects of disturbances. The controller is a Proportional-IntegralDerivative or (PID) controller with the following transfer function:

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"Engineering is the art or science of making practical." ~ Samuel C. Florman

K GC ( s) K p sK D I s

KD s2 K p s KI s

The pump has the following transfer function:

G p ( s)

1 s

The patient transfer function is given by:

G( s)

1 ( s 2) 2

The sensor transfer function is given by:

H ( s) 1
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This experiment begins by arbitrarily selecting fifteen Applying the final value theorem, the steady state tuning parameters. tracking error is:

"Chance only favors the prepared mind." Louis Pasteur

After correlating the numbers with transfer functions R0 ( s 4 4 s 3 4 s 2 ) sE( s) lim 4 3 2 and tuning the numbers, the candidate numbers were lim s 0 s 0 s 4 s ( 4 K D ) s K p s K I =0 narrowed down to five parameters out of fifteen. They are listed below on table 1. Where R(s) = Ro/s is the step input of magnitude Ro. Therefore, PID 1 2 3 4 5

KD
8 11 8 8 9

KP
7 6 8 5 6

KI
3 6 5 4 5

lim e(t )
s

The steady state tracking error is expected to be zero to a step input in spite of changes in the system parameters. Thus the 3rd design requirement is met. The steady state output of Y(s) should be zero for a step disturbance. For this to happen, make R(s) and N(s) equal to zero. Therefore, the transfer functions from the disturbance Td (s) to the input Y(s) is:

Y ( s)
Table 1

G( s) Td ( s) 1 GC ( s) G p ( s) G( s)

s2 To design a system of a Mean Arterial Pressure Y ( s) Td ( s) s 4 4s 3 (4 K D ) s 2 K p s K I (MAP) with the given required specifications, start analyzing the steady state error with the assumption of When applying the final value theorem and set: Td (s) (surgical disturbance and N (s) (noise) are equal to zero. Therefore, the tracking error is given by the D0 Td (s) following equations. = s
E ( s ) R( s ) Y ( s ) 1 R( s ) 1 GC ( s) G p ( s) G( s)

lim Y (t )
s

E ( s)

s 4 4s 3 4s 2 R( s ) s 4 4s 3 (4 K D ) s 2 K p s K I

In this case there will be no output in the steady state, as wanted it to be. The sensitivity of the closed loop transfer function to changes in p is:

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ST p
S
T p

T SG S G p

Comment:

"Engineering is the conscious application of science to the problems of economic production." H. P. Gillette

4( s 2) s 2 s 4 4s 3 (4 K D ) s 2 K p s K I

For low frequencies, the system sensitivity is given by

ST p

8s 2 KI

On the plot (figure 2) of the Magnitude of Sensitivity PID 2 (with the largest gain of the six) has the smallest and PID 1 (with the largest gain of 3) has the largest system sensitivity for low frequencies, as the frequency increases however, PID 1 has the smallest and PID 4 has the highest peak sensitivity. PID 3 and PID 5 however, have relatively average sensitivity. For all PIDs

Since the PID gain K I pretty much controllers the sensitivity of the system for low frequencies, when setting K I to higher value in order to have a very sensitive system.

Magnitude of the Sensitivity 14

PID 3
12

PID 4 PID 1

Percent decrease in MAP (%)

For 10% change from the MAP set points the related input is:
R( s ) R0 s 10 s

10

PID 2
8

PID 5

Magnitude of Sensitivity
2

Magnitude of the Sensitivity 5 0 -5 -10

Magnitude (dB)

10

15

20

25

Time (min) (sec)

PID 4 PID 3 PID 2 PID 1 PID 5

Figure 2 Comment: The step response of each of our PIDS is plotted on the above figure 3, and as seen from the plot PID 1, PID 2, PID 3, and PID 5 meet the required settling time and overshoot specifications; PID 4 however, nearly meet the specifications. For more clarity all the PIDS have been plotted individually with their respective overshoot, settling time and the desired steady-state response which is 10%.

-15 -20 -25 -30 -35 -40 -1 10

10

10

Frequency (rad/sec)

Figure 2

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For PID 1
Step Responses f or KD = 8, Dp = 7, and KI = 3 12 System: untitled1 Peak amplitude: 11.3 10 Overshoot (%): 12.7 At time (sec): 3.5 System: untitled1 Settling Time (sec): 7.11

however, the 10 % input change has not met the specification. It is a little bit lower than what is required between 10.1 and 9.9.
System: untitled1 Final Value: 10

It is through science that we prove, but through intuition that we discover." ~Henri Poincare

For PID - 2
Step Responses for KD = 11, Dp = 6, and KI = 6 12 System: untitled1 Peak amplitude: 11.8 Overshoot (%): 17.9 10 At time (sec): 3.14 System: untitled1 Settling Time (sec): 14.6

Percent decrease in MAP (%)

System: untitled1 Final Value: 10

Percent decrease in MAP (%)

5 Time (min) (sec)

10

15

Figure 4 This plot will indicate whether 10% step change, which is between 10.1 and 9.9, is satisfied.
Step Response for KD = 8, KP = 7 and KI = 3

10

15

20

25

Time (min) (sec)

Figure 6
Step Response for KD = 11, KP = 6 and KI = 6

11.5

11
12

Percent decrease in MAP (%)

10.5 System: untitled1 Time (sec): 10.2 Amplitude: 9.84

11.5 11

Percent decrease in MAP (%)

10

System: untitled1 Settling Time (sec): 7.11

10.5 10 9.5 9 8.5

System: untitled1 Settling Time (sec): 14.6

9.5

System: untitled1 Time (sec): 17.6 Amplitude: 9.83

8.5

8 7.5 8 8.5 9 9.5 Time (min) (sec)

7.5 15 16 17 Time (min) (sec) 18 19 20

10

10.5

11

11.5

Figure 5

Comment: As seen from the above plot for PID 1 with K D , K P , and K I of 8, 7 and 3 respectively meets the required specification of settling time and overshoot and considering the fact that the smaller K I , which basically determines the sensitivity of the system to be designed, the more sensitive the system would be. This criterion would definitely make this system very desirable; Comment:

Figure - 7

The PID 2 system also meets the specification. The overshoot is very reasonable taking the required specification into account, the time the system took to settle down however, is very close to the specification which is 15 min. this makes this particular system a bit on the higher level of being

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riskier than PID 1, at the same time the 10% input For PID 4 change 9.83 is lower than what is needed. For PID 3
Step Responses for KD = 8, Dp = 8, and KI = 5 12 System: untitled1 Peak amplitude: 11.9 Overshoot (%): 19 At time (sec): 1.55 System: untitled1 Settling Time (sec): 8.85 System: untitled1 Final Value: 10

Scientists discover the world that exists; engineers create the world that never was." ~Theodore Von Karman,

Step Responses f or KD = 8, Dp = 5, and KI = 4 14

10

Percent decrease in MAP (%)

12 System: untitled1 Peak amplitude: 12.1 Overshoot (%): 20.7 10 At time (sec): 3.49 8

System: untitled1 Settling Time (sec): 15.8

System: untitled1 Final Value: 10

Percent decrease in MAP (%)

10

15

20

25

Time (min) (sec)

0

5 Time (min) (sec)

10

15

Figure 10

Figure 8
Step Response for KD = 8, KP = 8 and KI = 5 12 11.5 11 10.5 10 9.5 9 8.5 8 System: untitled1 Settling Time (sec): 8.85 System: untitled1 Time (sec): 12 Amplitude: 10.1

Comment:
The required settling time and overshoot for the system are 15min and 20% respectively, and from plot of the

step response of PID 4, there are 15.8 settling time and 20.7% overshoot which is more than that of what is desire. Even though the difference of unit step response for this system and the required specification is not much, considering that this design is for blood pressure control during anesthesia, this system would be disqualified.
14

Percent decrease in MAP (%)

10

11

12 Time (min) (sec)

13

For PID 5
Step Responses f or KD = 9, Dp = 6, and KI = 5 12 System: untitled1 Peak amplitude: 11.9 Overshoot (%): 19.1 10 At time (sec): 3.19 System: untitled1 Settling Time (sec): 14.3 System: untitled1 Final Value: 10

Figure 9

Percent decrease in MAP (%)

Comment: The settling time of this system with K D , K P , and K I of 8, 8, and 5 respectively, is 8.85 min and is very desirable, the overshoot however, is on the edge comparing with the given overshoot specification of 20%, however, the 10% step change is 10.1, which is very desirable.

10

15

20

25

Time (min) (sec)

Figure 11

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Unit step disturbance for all PIDs

Step Response for KD = 9, KP = 6 and KI = 5 12.5 12 11.5
Percent decrease in MAP (%)

~ Thomas Koenig

The joy of engineering is to find a straight line on a double logarithmic diagram. ~ Thomas Koenig

Unit Step Disturbance for each PID 3 2 1

Percent decrease in MAP (%)

PID 3

11 System: untitled1 10.5 Settling Time (sec): 14.3 10 9.5 9 8.5 8 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 System: untitled1 Time (sec): 18.1 Amplitude: 9.9 System: untitled1 Time (sec): 23.2 Amplitude: 10

0 -1 -2 -3 -4

PID 1

PID 2

PID 5
-5
Time (min) (sec)

PID 4
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35

-6

Figure 12

Time (min) (sec)

Comment: PID 5 also meets the required specifications including the 10% input change, however, both the settling time and the percent overshoot are on the upper borderline of specifications. Unless the other three PIDs fail to meet the 4th required specification, this system will not necessarily be unqualified but undesirable. Comment:

Figure 9

The unit step surgical disturbance for all PIDs is plotted on the above figure 9 for selection of the one PID which satisfies the 4th required specification. It turns out that with the exception of PID 4, all the other PIDs have satisfied the specification. The actual responses of percent overshoot, settling time, To meet the 4th required specification for the design, and disturbance input responses that correspond in compute the disturbance step response with each of the PIDs are listed below on table 2.
Td ( s) D0 s 50 s

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~John Dykstra

PID Controller Gain and System Performance Result:

Input response overshoot (%) 12.7 17.9 19 20.7 19.1 Settling time Disturbance input response (%) 4.96 4.12 4.41 5.44 4.63 Mag. of 10% input change 9.84 9.83 10.1 Failed 9.9

I like engineering, but I love the creative input. ~ John Dykstra

PID 1 2 3 4 5

KD
8 11 8 8 9

KP
7 6 8 5 6

KI
3 6 5 4 5

7.11 14.6 8.85 15.8 14.3

Table 2 Comment on the results: PID 3 and PID 5 meet the design specifications while PID 1 and PID 2 nearly do. PID 3 has the smallest disturbance input response than the others. However, the time it took for PID 5 to settle down and the percent overshoot to the step is much higher than that of PID 3. The response of PID 3 and PID 5 systems are very attractive. Therefore, given the five PID controllers, PID 3 is best selection of peak as the controller of choice. The reason being, it meets all the required design specifications, has fewer disturbances input response to the system and has smaller percent overshoot and settling time than PID 5. Conclusion: At the beginning of the experiment, it seemed the experiment was beyond of our capability, unattainable and too big of a task to accomplish. However, as the experiment progressed and I started getting positive results joy and excitements replaced the anxiety and despair. Besides of rewarding with an joy and excitement This experiment has provided me with ample experience and knowledge on how to design stable control system for Mean Arterial Pressure (MAP) with a given requirements using control system applications. I am also able to compare and analyze the actual values of the unit step input responses and select the best controller of choice. ~ Engineer Yosief Woldemariam

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Reference: For modern buildings of Steel and concrete

Vatovec,M., T.H. Miller and R.Gupta. 1995. Analytical and Experimental Investigation of the Behavior of Metal-Plate-Connected Wood Truss Joints. http://targetstudy.com/knowledge/invention/118/concrete.html http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steel http://www.ehow.com/info_8125009_steel-structure-vs-concrete.html http://www.allbusiness.com/construction/construction-buildings/457278-1.html http://www.guggenheim.org/bilbao http://www.burjkhalifa.ae/language/en-us/the-tower/structure.aspx http://www.sefindia.org/?q=system/files/BURJ+KHALIFA-World%27s+Tallest+Building.pdf For modern buildings of Steel and concrete For Designing Blood Pressure Control System Hand out copies from Dr. A A. Hajar, and Modern control system by Richard C. Dorf and Robert H. Bishop tenth edition

~John Dykstra

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C E E C A E E A C E E C A A C E E E E C A A C E E E E C A A C E E E E C A A C E E E E C A A C E E E E C A A C E E E E C A A C E E E E C A A C E E E E C A A C E E E E C A A C E E E E A C E E

About the authors

Senait Amanuel senuamanuel@yahoo.com graduated with a B.S. in Civil Engineering from Addis Ababa University, Ethiopia and with M.S in Structural Engineering from Cornell University, Ithaca, New York. Filipos Abreha afiliposa@yahoo.com holds Master's Degree in Software Engineering from Wichita State University and currently he is working with The Boeing Defense Space & Security as designer and embedded real time software developer Yosief Woldemariam meharigrw@yahoo.com earned his B.S. in Electrical Engineering from San Francisco State University. Currently he is working as designer with Syska Hennessey Group, an Engineering Consulting Firm.
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