The Commonwealth Period The founding of Silliman University by Presbyterian missionaries and the Philippine Normal School (PNS)

in 1901 and the University of the Philippines (U.P.) in 1908, as well as of English newspapers like the Daily Bulletin 1900, The Cablenews 1902, and the Philippines Free Press 1905, helped boost the spread of English. The first ten years of the century witnessed the first verse and prose efforts of Filipinos in student publications such as The Filipino Students Magazine first issue, 1905, a short-lived quarterly published in Berkeley, California, by Filipino pensionados (or government scholars); the U.P. College Folio (first issue, 1910); The Coconut of the Manila High School (first issue, 1912); andThe Torch of the PNS (first issue, 1913). However, the beginnings of anything resembling a professional market for writing in English would not be realized until the 1920s with the founding of other newspapers and magazines like the Philippines Herald in 1920, the Philippine Education Magazine in 1924 (renamed Philippine Magazine in 1928), and later the Manila Tribune, the Graphic, Womans Outlook, and Womans Home Journal. The publications helped introduce the reading public to the works of Paz Marquez Benitez, (Jose Garcia Villa), Loreto Paras, and Casiano Calalang, among others. Cash incentives were given to writers in 1921 when the Free Press started to pay for published contributions and awarded P1,000 for the best stories. The organization in 1925 of the Philippine Writers Association and in 1927 of the University of the Philippines National Writers Workshop, which put out the Literary Apprentice, also helped encourage literary production. In 1939, the Philippine Writers League was put up by politically conscious writers, intensifying their debate with those in the "art for arts sake" school of Villa. Among the significant publications of this fertile period were: Filipino Poetry (1924) by Rodolfo Dato; English-German Anthology of Filipino Poets (1934) by Pablo Laslo; Jose Garcia Villas Many Voices (1939) and Poems of Doveglion (1941); Poems (1940) by Angela Manalang-Gloria; Chorus for America: Six Philippine Poets (1942) by Carlos Bulosan; Zoilo Galangs A Child of Sorrow (1921), the first Filipino novel in English, and Box of Ashes and Other Stories (1925), the first collection of stories in book form; Villas Footnote to Youth: Tales of the Philippines and Others (1933);

"The Wound and the Scar" (1937) by Arturo Rotor, a collection of stories; "Winds of April" (1940) by N. V. M. Gonzalez; "His Native Soil" (1941) by Juan C. Laya; Manuel Arguillas "How My Brother Leon Brought Home a Wife and Other Stories" (1941); Galangs "Life and Success" (1921), the first volume of essays in English; and the influential "Literature and Society" (1940) by Salvador P. Lpez.

Dramatic writing took a backseat due to the popularity of Filipino vaudeville (bodabil) and Tagalog movies, although it was kept alive by the playwright Wilfredo Ma. Guerrero. [edit]The Post-war period During the Japanese occupation, when Tagalog was favored by the Japanese military authority, writing in English was consigned to limbo, since most of the English writers are forced to write in Tagalog or joined in the underground and write English stories based on the battles to serve as propaganda pieces in boosting the morale of the guerrillas. It picked up after the war, however, with a fervor and drive for excellence that continue to this day. Stevan Javellanas "Without Seeing the Dawn" (1947), the first postwar novel in English, was published in the United States. In 1946, the Barangay Writers Project was founded to help publish books in English. Against a background marked by political unrest and government battles with Hukbalahap guerrillas, writers in English in the postwar period honed their sense of craft and techniques. Among the writers who came into their own during this time were, among many others: T. D. Agcaoili Estrella Alfon Carlos Angeles Francisco Arcellana Gregorio C. Brillantes Carlos Bulosan Linda Ty Casper Gilda Cordero-Fernando

Amador Daguio jansen allen abanes Ricaredo Demetillo N. V. M. Gonzalez Sinai C. Hamada Alejandrino Hufana Dominador Ilio Nick Joaquin F. Sionil Jos Virginia Moreno Vicente Rivera Jr. Alejandro R. Roces Bienvenido Santos Abelardo and Tarrosa Subido Edilberto K. Tiempo Kerima Polotan Tuvera Manuel A. Viray Oscar de Zuiga

Government recognition of literary merit came in the form of the Republic Cultural Heritage Awards (1960), the Pro Patria Awards for Literature (1961), and the National Artist Awards (1973). Only the last of these three awards survives today. Writers in English who have received the National Artist award include: Jose Garcia Villa (1973), Nick Joaquin (1976), Carlos P. Romulo (1982), Francisco Arcellana (1990), N. V. M. Gonzalez, Rolando Tinio (1997), Edith L. Tiempo, (2000), F. Sionil Jos (2003), and Bienvenido Lumbera (2006). A select group of local writers have also received the international Magsaysay Award, namely, F. Sionil Jos, Nick Joaquin and Bienvenido Lumbera.

nation [ney-shuh n] nation [ney-shuh n] noun 1. a large body of people, associated with a particular territory,that is suf ficiently conscious of its unity to seek or topossess a government peculi arly its own: The president spoketo the nation about the new tax. 2. the territory or country itself: the nations of Central America. 3. a member tribe of an American Indian confederation. 4. an aggregation of persons of the same ethnic family, oftenspeaking th e same language or cognate languages. Nations and Nation-States Example Sentences Origin

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Fresh from studies in American universities, usually as Fulbright or Rockefeller scholars, a number of these writers introduced New Criticism to the country and applied its tenets in literature classes and writing workshops. In this way were born the Silliman National Writers Workshop. [edit]Literary awards and competitions In 1940, the first Commonwealth Literary Awards were given by President Manuel L. Quezon to Salvador P. Lopez for "Literature and Society" (essay), Manuel Arguilla for "How My Brother Leon Brought Home a Wife and Other Stories" (short story), R. Zulueta da Costa for "Like the Molave" (poetry), and Juan C. Laya for "His Native Soil" (novel).

Nations are culturally homogeneous groups of people, larger than a single tribe or community, which share a common language, institutions, religion, and historical experience.

State Definition: Groups of people which have acquired international recognition as an independent country and which have a population, a common language and a defined and distinct territory. government

Definition A body of people that sets and administers public policy, and exercises executive, political, and sovereign powerthrough customs, institutions, and laws within a state.