LectureTitle: INTRODUCTIONTOMEDICALMICROBIOLOGY(1HOUR) LearningOutcomes: (A) Knowledge Attheendofthecourse,thestudentsshouldbeableto: 1. Statethenormalfloraandinfectivemicroorganismsofthehumanbodyanddescribethehost parasiterelationship 2. Listthepathogenicmicroorganisms,theirgeneralcharacteristics,classifications,nomenclature andmethodsofidentificationofbacteria 3. Statethesources,modesoftransmissionanddescribethepathogenesisofthediseases producedbythemicroorganisms. 4. Describethemechanismsofimmunityofinfection 5. Applythemethodsofsterilizationanddisinfectiontopreventandcontrolinfections 6.

ons 6. Statethesuitableantimicrobialagentsfortreatmentandvaccinesavailableforpreventionof communicablediseases 7. Recommendthelaboratoryinvestigationsformakingamicrobiologicaldiagnosis. (B) Skills Attheendofthecourse,thestudentsshouldbeableto: 1. Usethecorrectmethodofcollection,storageandtransportofclinicalspecimensfor microbiologicalinvestigations 2. Planandinterpretlaboratoryinvestigationsforthediagnosisofinfectiousdiseasesandto correlatetheclinicalmanifestationswiththeaetiologicagents. 3. Identifythecommoninfectiousagentswiththeuseofbasiclaboratoryproceduresandtheuse ofsensitivityteststoselectsuitableantimicrobialagents. LectureOutline: 1. Objectivesofthecourse 2. ScopeofMedicalMicrobiology:Bacteriology,Virology,MycologyandImmunology 3. HistoricalFoundation 4. KochsPostulate 5. Generalcharacteristicsofmicroorganisms:Procaryotic/Eucaryotic,Virus,Bacteria,Fungus 6. Bacteria:description,nomenclature,commensal/pathogen,classification,Gramstain 7. Terminology:Definitionofnormalflora,carriage,aetiology,pathogenesis,virulence, epidemiology,laboratorydiagnosis,preventionandcontrol. MainReferences: Recommendedtextbook Referencebook

LectureTitle: BACTERIALSTRUCTURE,GROWTH,GENETICSANDCULTIVATION(1HOUR) LearningOutcomes: Attheendofthecoursethestudentsshouldbeableto: 1. Describethebacterialstructureandcompositionincomparisonwitheukaryoticcells. 2. Discussthephasesandfactorsinfluencingbacterialgrowth,thestructureandfunctioningof bacterialDNAandRNA,andcultivationofbacteria. LectureOutline: Prokaryoticandeukaryoticcellsexamplesanddifferences Structureandfunctionoftheprokaryoticcell GramstaindifferencesinGrampositiveandGramnegativecellwalls Compositionofbacterialcell Factorsinfluencingbacterialgrowth nutrition minerals physicalenvironmentaltemperature,oxygen,CO2,pH,osmoticpressure growthfactors Phasesofbacterialgrowth growthcycle determinationofbacterialgrowth 7.Bacterialgenetics:StructureandfunctionsofDNAandRNA 8.Transferofgeneticmaterial: Transduction Transformation Conjugationandrecombination 9.Plasmids 10.Cultivationofbacteriainthelaboratoryusingvariousmedia MainReferences: ColorAtlasandTextbookofDiagnosticMicrobiology.EditedbyKonemanEW,AllenSD,WMet a.l.FifthEdition.1997.PublishedbyLippincott,NewYork. PrinciplesofMicrobiology.RonaldMAtlas.SecondEdition.1997.PublishedbyWm,C.13 London 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6.

LectureTitle: STAPHYLOCOCCUSANDSTREPTOCOCCUS(1HOUR) LearningOutcomes: Attheendofthecourse,thestudentsshouldbeableto: 1. Listandclassifythevariousmedicallyimportantstaphylococci,streptococciandenterococci (previouslyinthegenusstreptococcus)andstatetheirimportanceinmedicine 2. Describethebasicimportantfeaturesoftheseorganismsandimportantbiochemicaltestsin theiridentification 3. Discussthevirulencefactorsandtheinfectionscaused 4. Describelaboratorydiagnosisoftheseorganisms 5. Listtheantimicrobialdrugtreatmentofchoiceandpreventivemethodswhereappropriate LectureOutline: A. Staphylococci: 1. Introductionandclassification 1.1 GeneralfeaturesofStaphylococci 1.2 DifferentiatingStaphylococcusandStreptococcus 2. ImportantGroupmembers 2.1 CoagulasepositiveandcoagulasenegativeStaphylococcus 2.2 MethicillinresistantStaphylococcusaureus(MRSA) 3. Gramstainmorphology 4. Culturalcharacteristics 5. Virulencefactors 6. 7. 8. 9. B. Streptococci 1. IntroductionandclassificationofStreptococci,Enterococci 1.1 Morphology,growthandculturalcharacteristics 1.2 Hemolyticpatternsandexamplesofalpha,betaandgammahemolyticstreptococci 2. Streptococcuspyogenes(GroupAbetahemolytic) 2.1 Typing,antigenicdeterminationandvirulencefactors 2.2 Diseaseandcomplications 2.3 Laboratoryinvestigations 2.4 TreatmentandPrevention Infectionscaused Laboratorydiagnosis Antibioticsusceptibility MRSA(methicillinresistantS.aureus),VISA,VRSA

 3. Streptococcusagalactiae(GroupBstreptococcus) 3.1 Virulencefactors,diseasesandlaboratoryinvestigationsandidentification. 3.2 TreatmentandPrevention 4. EnterococciandViridansStreptococci 4.1 Diseasesandlaboratoryidentification. 5. Streptococcuspneumoniae 5.1 Generalcharacteristics,identificationandtyping 5.2 Virulencefactors 5.3 Diseases 5.4 Laboratoryinvestigations 5.5 TreatmentandPrevention 6. Anaerobicstreptococci 7. NutritionallyvariantStreptococci MainReferences: NotesonMedicalMicrobiology(J.DouglasSleighandMoragTimbury) MedicalMicrobiologyandImmunologyExaminationandBoardReviewWarrenLevinsonand ErnestJawetz(latestedition) Jawetz,MelnickandAdelbergsMedicalMicrobiology(Brooks,Butel,Morse).

LectureTitle: NEISSERIAANDPARVOBACTERIA(1HOUR) LearningOutcomes: Attheendofthesession,studentsshouldbeableto: 1. DescribeimportantmembersofthefamilyParvobacteriaceaeandofimportantNeisseria species(NeisseriagonorrhoeaeandNeisseriameningitidis). 2. Discusstheirmicrobiologicalcharacteristics,laboratorydiagnosisandclinicalsignificance. LectureOutline 1. Parvobacteria Habitat,morphology,culturalcharacteristics,virulencefactors,infectionsassociated,antibiotic susceptibilityof: 1.1 Haemophilus 1.2 Bordetella 1.3 Brucella 1.4 Pasteurella 1.5 Francisella 1.6 Actinobacillus 2. Neisseria 2.1 2.2 2.3 MainReferences: NotesonMedicalMedicalMicrobiology(DouglasSleighandMoragTimbury) Jawetz,MelnickandAdelbergs,MedicalMicrobiology(Brooks,Butel,Morse). Classification Discussthediseasegonorrhoea: pathogenicity(aetiologicalagent,predilectionforcolumnarepithelium) clinicalpresentation laboratorydiagnosis treatmentandprevention Meningococcus Infectioncausedbyorganisms Laboratorydiagnosisandtreatment,prevention

LectureTitle: ENTEROBACTERIACEAEANDOXIDASEPOSITIVEGRAMNEGATIVEBACILLUS(IHOUR) LearningOutcomes: Attheendofthecourse,thestudentsshouldbeable: 1. 2. 3. 4. LectureOutline: (A) ENTEROBACTERIACEAE 1. Genus: Escherichia Salmonella Shigella Klebsiella Proteus Enterobacter Citrobacter Yersinia 2. Importantspeciesineachgenus 3. Generalcharacteristics Morphology Habitat Growthrequirements Selectivemediaforculture Lactosepositiveandnegativeorganisms Antigenicstructure Serology 4. Pathogenicityanddisease Endotoxins Exotoxins Enterotoxins Specialvirulencetraits Torecognizetheimportantbacterialspecies Todefinethegeneralcharacteristicsoftheseorganisms Todefinethediseasescausedbytheseorganisms Todefinevirulencefactorsoftheorganisms

 (B) OXIDASEPOSITIVEGRAMNEGATIVEBACILLUS

LectureOutline: Genus: Vibrio Pseudomonas Campylobacter Acinetobacter Helicobacter Flavobacterium Plesiomonas Burkholderia MainReferences: Refertorecommendedtextbooks ForeachGENUS,outlinethe: importantspeciesandbiotypes generalcharacteristics naturalhabitat growthrequirementsandculture virulenceandpathogenecity isolationandidentification antimicrobialsensitivity

LectureTitle: MYCOBACTERIA(IHOUR) LearningOutcomes: Attheendofthesession,thelearnersshouldbeableto: 1. Describethegeneralcharacteristicsofmycobacteria 2. DescribethelaboratorytestsforidentificationofM.tuberculosis,M.lepraeandatypical Mycobacteria 3. Discussspectrumofinfectionscausedbymycobacteria 4. Describediagnosisofpulmonarytuberculosis 5. Listtheantimicrobialtreatmentandpreventionmethods LectureOutline: 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. MainReferences: Refertorecommendedtextbooks Generalcharacteristicsofmycobacteria Culturalandmorphologicalfeatures Spectrumofinfectionscausedbymycobacteria InterpretationofMantouxtest Diagnosisofpulmonaryandextrapulmonarytuberculosis AtypicalMycobacteria

LectureTitle: ANAEROBES(1HR) LearningOutcomes: Attheendofthecourse,thestudentsshouldbeable: 1. Todescribetheanaerobesandtheirgrowthrequirements 2. Toclassifythemedicallyimportantanaerobes 3. Tolisttheimportantdiseasesassociatedwithanaerobes. LectureOutline: Historicalaspect Medicallyimportantanaerobes i. Grampositivenonsporingbacilli ii. Grampositivesporingbacilli iii. Gramnegativebacilli iv. Gramnegativeandpositivecocci Habitat Characteristicsofanaerobicinfection Culturecharacteristics Genus: i. Clostridium ii. Bacteroides iii. Fusobacterium iv. Peptococcus,Peptostreptococcus v. Bifidobacterium,Propionibacterium,Eubacterium Foreachgenus,outlinethe

1. 2.

3. 4. 5. 6.

a. b. c. d. e. MainReferences: Refertorecommendedtextbookslist importantspeciesandthediseasescaused culturalcharacteristicsandGramstainmorphology virulentfactors importantidentificationtesteg.StormyclotreactionandNaglerstestfor Clostridiumperfringens antibioticsensitivity

 1. 2. 3. 4.

LectureTitle: CORYNEBACTERIA,ACTINOMYCES,NOCARDIA,SPIROCHAETES,MYCOPLASMA,CHLAMYDIA ANDRICKETTSIA(1HOUR) LearningOutcomes: Attheendofthesession,thestudentsshouldbeableto: listtherelevantmedicallyimportantbacterialspecies describethebasicimportantfeaturesoftheseorganisms describethemajordiseasescausedbytheseorganisms describethediagnosisandtreatmentofdiseasescausedbytheseorganisms

LectureOutline: 1. Introductiontomedicallyimportantbacterialspecies: Corynebacteria:C.diphtheriae Actinomyces:A.israelii Listeria:L.monocytogenes Nocardia:N.asteroides Spirochaetes:Treponema/Leptospira/Borrelia Mycoplasma:Mycoplasma/Ureaplasma Chlamydiae:Chlamydiatrachomatis,Chlamydophilapsittaci,Chlamydophilapneumoniae Rickettsiae:Rickettsia/Orientia/Coxiella Foreachspeciesmentionedabove,thefollowingaspectsoftheorganismswillbedescribed: 2. Generalcharacteristics 3. Laboratoryidentification 4. Epidemiology,diseasesandtransmission 5. Treatmentandprevention 6. Antibioticsusceptibility MainReferences: Refertorecommendedtextbooks

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 LectureTitle: MYCOLOGY1&2(1HOUR) LearningOutcomes: Attheendofthecourse,thestudentsshouldbeableto: 1. Describethetaxonomyandnomenclatureofmedicallyimportantfungi 2. Describetheculturalcharacteristicsofvariousfungalspecies. 3. Describethemicroscopicmorphologyofmedicallyimportantfungalspecies LectureOutline: 1. Introduction Characteristicofcolonialmorphologyofyeasts,molds:texture,topographyandcolor Microscopiccharacteristicofmoldsandyeasts Typesofspores:asexualandsexual 2. Phylogeneticclassificationofclinicallyimportantfungi 3. Laboratoryidentificationoffungalisolates: directmicroscopyandhistopathogy Culture:colonycharacteristicsandmicroscopy Slideculture Differentialtests:carbohydrateassimilationtests,thermodimorphism,cornmeal agarforsporeproduction,germtubetest Serology 4. Characteristicsofmedicallyimportantfungi: A.Perfectfungi(withsexualforms) 1.AscomycotaSexualcellsinascuswithascopspores. 2.BasidiomycotaSexualcellsinabasidiumwithbasidiospores. 3.Zygomycotasexualreproductionbygametesandasexualreproductionwiththeproduction ofzygospores. B.Imperfectfungi(FungiImperfecti) Nosexualreproductionincludesmostofthemedicallyimportantfungi. Twomajorclasses: Blastomycetes:buddingcells Hypomycetes MainReferences: Refertorecommendedtextbooks.

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LectureTitle: STERILISATIONANDDISINFECTION(1HOUR) LearningOutcome: Attheendofthecourse,studentsshouldbeableto: 1. Definesterilisationanddisinfection 2. Statethemethodsofsterilizationanddisinfection,thefactorsaffectingtheefficacyof disinfectant,theapplicationofsterilisationanddisinfectioninthehealthcaresetting. LectureOutline: 1. Disinfectiondefinitionandobjectives,methodsofdisinfection,uses,advantagesand disadvantages. 2. Methodsofdisinfectionanditsapplication Heat(boiling,steaming,pasteurization) Irradiation Filtration Chemicalsdisinfectants/antiseptics 3. Factorsaffectingtheefficacyofdisinfectants 4. Sterilisationdefinitionandobjectives,advantageanddisadvantages 5. Methodsofsterilisationanditsapplication Dryheat(hotairoven,flaming,incineration) Moistheat(autoclave,tyndallisation) Irradiation Chemicalgaseous,liquid Filtration 6. Monitoringtheefficacyofsterilisation MainReferences: Refertorecommendedtextbooks.

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LectureTitle: VIROLOGY1&2(1HOUR) LearningOutcomes: Attheendofthesession,thestudentsshouldbeableto: 1. Describethegeneralbiologicalandphysicalpropertiesofvirusesandhowtheydifferfromother infectiousagents 2. Describethevirusstructuresanditsfunctions,virusreplication 3. DescribethevirusclassificationandthemajorpropertiesofDNA&RNAviruses 4. Applytheknowledgeofeffectofphysicalandchemicalagentsonvirusesininactivationofvirus 5. Applytheknowledgeofcultivationofvirusindiagnosis 6. Discussaboutviralpathogenesisanddiseaseprocesses 1. 2. LectureOutline: Differencesbetweenbacteriaandvirus Generalpropertiesofviruses Sizeandmethodofdetermination Physicalandchemicalstructureofviruses Viralgenomeandfunction Viralstructureandsymmetry Effectofphysicalandchemicalagents Heatandcold Radiation Etherandchloroform Phenolsandotherinactivatingcompounds pH antibioticsandantivirals Cultivationofviruses Cellcultureandcytopathiceffect Eggembryoanddetectionofgrowth Laboratoryanimals Mosquitoinoculation

3.

4.

5. Replicationofviruses RNAviruses DNAviruses Retroviruses 6. Viraldiseasesandhostresponse Routesofentry Organspecificityandcellreceptors Acuteandlatentinfections Symptomaticandasymptomaticinfections Nonspecificdefensemechanisms Specifichostresponseantibodyandcellmediatedresponses

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 7. Basisofvirusclassification Groups Family Serotypeandgenotype 8. Syndromicclassification Haemorrhagicfever Hepatitis Diarrhea Neurologicsymptoms Exanthemata Tumor Respiratory MainReferences: NotesonMedicalMicrobiology(Timbury,McCartney,ThakkerandWard) Jawetz,MelnickandAdelbergsMedicalMicrobiology(Brooks,Butel,Morse) MedicalMicrobiologyandImmunology(ExaminationandBoardreview).WarrenLevinsonand ErnestJawetz.LatestEdition.

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LectureTitle INTRODUCTIONTOIMMUNOLOGYANDINNATEIMMUNERESPONSES(1HOUR) LearningOutcomes: Attheendofthecoursestudentsshouldbeable: 1. 2. 3. 4. LearningOutcomes: 1. 2. 3. 4. SpecificImmunityactivelyacquired/passively 1. Activeimmunity 2. Passiveimmunity CardinalFeaturesoftheImmuneresponse 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. ClonalSelectiontheory Innate/Natural/NonAdaptiveImmuneResponses: 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. Complement 2pathwaysclassical&alternative Biologicalactivation MechanicalBarriers Chemical&Biochemicalinhibitors Cytokines Physiologyfactors Phagocytosis Opsonization Complement Lymphocyticcells Specificity Diversity Memory SelfRegulation Discriminationbetweenselfandnonself Historybriefbackground BasicPatternoftheimmuneresponse Typesofimmunity NaturalversusSpecific Todescribethebasicpatternoftheimmuneresponse Tostatethetypesofimmunityresponse Tostatethecardinalfeaturesoftheimmuneresponse Todescribethevariouscomponentsoftheinnateimmuneresponse

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Control Furtherreading: Mechanismsbywhichintracellulardestructionofmicroorganismsbythephagocyteoccurs Pathwaysofcomplementactivation

MainReferences: EssentialImmunologybyIvanRoitt:Chapter1 Cellular&MolecularImmunologybyAbbas,Lichtman&Pober Chapter1,Chapter15

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 LectureTitle ANATOMICANDCELLULARBASISOFTHEIMMUNERESPONSE(1HOUR) LearningOutcomes: Attheendofthecourse,thestudentsshouldbeableto: 1. Describethemainorgansandcellinvolvedinthestimulationanddevelopmentofanimmune response 2. Describethecirculatoryroutestakenbylymphocytesandwhy 3. DescribethebasisoftheMajorHistocompatibilityComplex LectureOutline: Organisedarchitectureofstructuralorgans/tissues Divideinto2groups Primarylymphoidorgans Secondarylymphoidorgans Bonemarrow&Thymus2typesoflymphoidcells LymphoidcellsT,B.NK Myeloidcellsmononuclearphagocytes,polymporphs Bonemarrow Structure,developmentandmaturationofBcells,differentiation HematopoieticStemcelltree

B cell maturation
Stagesinmaturation,characteristicsofBcells ClonalSelectionhypothesis

Thymus Structure,Tcelldevelopmentstagesofmaturation,differentiation,selection CharacteristicsofTcells,subsets Selectionprocess Lymphocytes characteristics MyeloidCells Development,maturationandprinciplefunction SecondaryLymphoidorgans Lymphnodes,Spleen,GALT,MALT Lymphnodes Basicstructureandfunction Spleen BasicStructureandFunction Otherperipherallymphoid Lymphnodulesunencapsulated,scatteredinaggregates BeneathmucosaofGIT,RT

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Peyerspatches,Tonsilsinpharynx Submucosalfolliclesappendix,upperairways,Mesentericnodes Cutaneoussites Epidermis,dermis Ectopicsites Synovium

LymphocyteCirculation Recognitionofantigenbylymphocytessubpopulation 2mechanismstomaximizetheefficiencyofthespecificarm

Whytheneedforsuchasystem
Routesofcirculation MAJORHISTOCOMPATIBILITYCOMPLEX(MHC) Regionofhighlypolymorphicgeneswhoseproductsareexpressedonavarietyofcells Principledeterminantsofgraftrejection Discovery

HLAorMHCantigens/molecules
Tissuedistribution BasicStructure

Principlefunction
Physiologicimportance Furtherreading: ThestructureoftheMHCandhowpeptidesbindtoit Howpeptidesareboundandpresentedbythedifferentclasses MainReferences: EssentialImmunologybyIvanRoitt:Chapter6 Cellular&MolecularImmunologybyAbbas,Lichtman&Pober Chapter2,5,11

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LectureTitle:SPECIFICIMMUNERESPONSESIHUMORALIMMUNITY(IHOUR) LearningOutcomes: Attheendofthecoursethestudentsshouldbeableto: 1.StatethemainfeaturesandcomponentsoftheHumoralarmoftheimmuneresponse 2.Describethedevelopment,maturationandactivationofBcells 3.Describethebasicstructure,classesandfunctionsofantibody 4.Statehowthedifferentclassesareproduced? 5.Statehowantibodydiversityisgenerated? LectureOutline: Briefintroductionintothedichotomyofthespecificimmuneresponse ImportanceoftheHumoralarmindefenceagainstinfections FeaturesoftheHumoralIR EffectsofantigenonBcell Sequenceofevents

FactorsthatdeterminenatureofHI
IMMUNOGLOBULINANTIBODY(Ab) Antiserumbasiccharacteristics Basicstructure Otherstructures Enzymaticdigestion

ClassesofAbbasicstructuralcharacteristicsandfunctions
DualFunction KineticsofAbproduction Firstexposure PRIMARYAbRESPONSE Secondexposure SECONDARYAbRESPONSE ComparisonofprimaryvssecondaryIR EffectorfunctionsofAb GenerationofAbdiversity

Functional set of VDJ segments encode both chains Howareantibodiesproduced Mechanismsofgenerationofdiversity

Heavychainisotypeclassswitching MatureIgM&IgDexpressingBcellsundergoHchainisotypeswitching,allowingprogenyto produceantibodiesofdifferentclasses Mechanismsofclassswitching RegulatedbyThcells&theircytokines MainReferences: EssentialImmunologybyIvanRoitt:Chapter3,7 Cellular&MolecularImmunologybyAbbas,Lichtman&PoberChapter3,4,5,9

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LectureTitle: SPECIFICIMMUNERESPONSESIICELLMEDIATEDIMMUNITY(1HOUR) LearningOutcomes: Attheendofthecoursestudentsshouldbeableto: 1.DescribethebasicfeaturesandcomponentsoftheCellMediatedImmuneResponse 2.DescribethedevelopmentandmaturationandgenerationofdiversityofTcells 3.DescribeTcellactivation 4.DiscussfunctionsoftheCellMediatedImmuneresponse 5.Discussthemucosalimmuneresponse LectureOutline: Definition Development&MaturationofTcells ThymiceducationidentifyandeliminatestronglyselfreactingandnonreactiveTcells 2selectionprocesses Tcellanditsaccessories Generationofdiversity Functional,chainsmakeuptheTCRformedbyrearrangementofgermlinegenesegments, eachlocusV,J,C,and/orJregion,Chromosome7&14 Mechanismsofgenerationofdiversity OnceTCRassemblednofurthergeneticalteration,noisotypeswitching,nosomatic recombination,noaffinitymaturation AntigenProcessingandPresentation Formsofantigenrecognized,accessorycells,selfMHCrestriction TypesandpropertiesofAntigenPresentingCells(APCs) Tcellactivation Seriesofcellularevents EffectorFunctionsofCMI MucosalImmuneresponses MainReferences: EssentialImmunologybyIvanRoitt:Chapter3,4,7 Cellular&MolecularImmunologybyAbbas,Lichtman&Pober Chapter6,7,8,13

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LectureTitle: ASSESSMENTOFHOSTDEFENCESYSTEMS(1HOUR) LearningOutcomes: Attheendofthecoursethestudentsshouldbeableto: 1. 2. 3. 4. LectureOutline: Interactionofantigen&antibodyformsbasisof Assessingthelevelofimmunity Diagnosingillness Verifysafetyofdonatedblood SerologymethodsusedforbothAg&Ab Basiceventbinding,rarelyvisible Secondaryreactionprecipitation,agglutination,CFT,NT Biologicalreactioninvivo Intermolecularforces Noncovalentusuallyweakincftocovalentbonds Antibodyaffinityandavidity 1. Assessmentofinnateimmunity 1. Serumcomplement Abilitytolyseantibodycoatedredcellsviaactivationofclassicalpathway Abilitytofacilitateuptakeofmicrobialparticlebya phagocyticcellopsonicability Individualcomplementcomponentslyticactivityorgelppt. Phagocyticactivity NBTtest 2. Cytokines Flowcytometry MRNAprotectionassaysdetectionofmRNAofcytokine Immunohistochemistry 3. ProductionofAntibody PolyclonalAb,MonoclonalAb,geneticallyengineeredAb,purification 2. Assessmentofhumoralarm 1. Precipitation Ouchterlony,SRID,RocketElectrophoresis, Immunoelectrophoresisetc 2. Agglutination Coombstest,CFT,HA,HI 3. Immunoassays ELISAs,RIA Describeinteractionandforcesbetweenantigenandantibody Describemethodsofassessmentoftheinnateimmuneresponse Describemethodsofassessmentofthehumoralarm Describemethodsofassessmentofthecellulararm

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 Detectionofantigen 1.Immunohistologicalreactionsontissues Fluorescence,immunoblots 2.NewermethodsPCRbased,Westernblots Assessmentofcellmediatedimmuneresponses 1. Flowcytometryenumeration,separation 2. Functionassays 3. Lymphocytetransformation 4. Lymphocytecytotoxicity 5. MemorycelldetectionELISPOTassays 6. DTHresponses RELATIVESENSITIVITIESOFTESTSMEASURINGAb MainReferences: EssentialImmunologybyIvanRoitt:Chapter5 MedicalMicrobiologybyMims,Playfair,Roitt,Wakelin&Williams, Chapter14ImmunobiologyTheimmunesysteminhealth&DiseasebyJanewayTravers, Chapter2

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 LectureTitle: ADVERSEIMMUNERESPONSES(1HOUR) LearningOutcomes: Attheendofthelecture,studentsshouldbeableto: 1. Definehypersensitivity,andlistthetypesIIV 2. DescribethemechanismsoftypesIIVhypersensitivity,withexamples 3. Describehowtoleranceisachievedintheimmunesystem,anditsimportance LectureOutline: 1. Definitionofhypersensitivity 2. TypesIIVhypersensitivity a. Mechanisms b. Example 3. Tolerance a. Mechanisms b. Breakdownoftoleranceandautoimmunity 4. Superantigens MainReferences: NotesonMedicalMicrobiologybyTimburyMC(TimburyMC,McCartneyAC,ThakkerB,Ward KN.J.DouglasSleighandMoragTimbury)2002ElseveirhealthSciences) MedicalMicrobiologyandImmunology(ExaminationandBoardreview),WarrenLevinsonand ErnestJawetz,2004,mcGrawHill Jawetz,MelnickandAdelbergsMedicalMicrobiologybyGFBrroks(Brooks,Butel,Morse). Published2007McGrawHillProfessional MedicalMicrobiologyUpdated3rdedition,Mims,Dockrell,Goering,Roitt,Wakelin,Zuckerman

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LectureTitle: PATHOGENESISOFMICROBIALINFECTIONSI(1HOUR) LearningOutcomes: Attheendofthecoursethestudentsshouldbeableto: 1.Statethebasicunderstandingofpathogenesisofmicrobialinfections 2.Statetheobligatorystepsininfection,variousroutesofentryintothehost 3.Statetheroutesofexitandtransmission 4.Statetheroutesofspreaduponentry

LectureOutline: Hostshavehighlyefficientmeansforrecognizingpathogens Effectiveinflammatory&IRrestraingrowth,spread&toeliminate Ifthesewerecompletelyeffectiveinfectionswouldberare!! Everyinfectionisaracebetweencapacityofmicrobetoenter,multiply,spread,cause diseaseandabilityofhosttocontrolandterminateinfection Microbesdevelopedvarietyofcharacteristicstoensuretheirsurvival Generallyassociationbetween2organisms Parasitic Commensal Symbiotic Maintainitselfinnature,persist,multiply,spread,causethesmallestamountofdamage,be discharged BALANCEDPATHOGENECITY PATHOGENESISstudyofmechanismsbywhichmicrobescausedisease,processinvolvesentry, localinfection,multiplication,spread,cell/tissuedamage,recoveryordeathorchronicinfection OBLIGATORYSTEPS ENTRYOFMICROORGANISMS

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 Mustattach,penetrateallhostsbodysurfaces Sitesofentry,hostdefenceatsite,modeofentry,examples EXIT&TRANSMISSION Successfulmicrobemustleaveandinfectfreshhost Exitfromviasameroutesorviainsectbitesoranimalbites Transmissioncanoccurviaanyroute Routesoftransmission SPREADOFMICROORGANISMS Featuresoflocalorsytemicspreadandexamples Mechanismsofspreadthroughoutthebody Factorsaffectingspread MainReferences: MedicalMicrobiologybyMims,Playfair,Roitt,Wakelin&Williams,Chapter710

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LectureTitle: PATHOGENESISOFMICROBIALINFECTIONSII(1HOUR) LearningOutcomes: Attheendofthecourse,thestudentsshouldbeableto: 1.Describethemechanismsofcellandtissuedamage 2.Describetheparasitesurvivalstrategiesmechanismsbywhichmicroorganismsavoidtheinnate andspecificarmoftheimmuneresponse MECHANISMSOFCELL&TISSUEDAMAGE Nocellortissuedamage,directdamage,examples MICROBIALTOXIN Exotoxins,Endotoxins Characteristics,examplesandmodeofactionofexotoxins PATHOLOGICACTIVATIONOFINNATEIR Endotoxinscharacteristics,examplesandmodeofaction,biologicaleffects Complement,Cytokines PATHOLOGICACTIVATIONOFSPECIFICIR Viahostimmuneresponses Hypersensitivity Skinrashesimmunologicallymediatedinvolvingamicrobe Viruses&cancer OTHERMECHANISMSOFDAMAGE PARASITESURVIVALSTRATEGIES Batteryofhostmechanismsnot100%effective Microbehasevolvedanswerstoevadeorinterfere AVOIDNATURALIMMUNEDEFENCES Promotecolonization,invasion&evadeinnateIRvirulencefactor,itsfunction,examples Avoidcomplementactivitymechanismandexamples Avoidphagocytosismechanismandexamples

26

AVOIDSPECIFICIMMUNERESPONSES Principlestrategieswithexamples Concealmentofantigen Tolerance Antigenicvariation Immunosuppression Persistance MainReferences: MedicalMicrobiologybyMims,Playfair,Roitt,Wakelin&Williams,Chapter1112

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LectureTitle: PRINCIPLESOFANTIMICROBIALCHEMOTHERAPY1,2,3(3HOURS) 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. Explaintheprinciplesofselectivetoxicity Describethemechanismsofactionofantimicrobials Listthemajorclassesofantimicrobialsagentsanddescribetheirmodesofaction Explainthetermssusceptibleandresistant Describethemechanismsofantimicrobialsresistancewithexamplesandexplainthegenetic basisofresistance. Describethemethodsofdeterminingtheinvitroactivityofantimicrobials Stateprinciplesofantimicrobialsuse,statewhencombinationofdrugsareused,andthe outcomesofusingdrugsincombination Classifythevariousbetalactamantimicrobials,explaintheirmechanismsofaction,describe theirspectrumofactivityandbasicpharmacokinetics,nametheirclinicalusesanddescribe theirpossiblemajoradversereactions. Forthefollowingclassesofantimicrobials,todescribetheirmechanismsofaction,state theirspectrumofactivitylisttheirclinicaluses,describetheirbasicpharmacokinetic propertiesandlistcommonimportantsideeffects: LearningOutcomes Attheendofthesession,thestudentshouldbeableto:

9.

Classes: Antibacterials glycopeptides aminoglycosides sulphonamides repetition trimethoprim cotrimoxazole tetracylines macrolides Antifungals Polyenes Azoles 5flurocytosine Echinocandins Antivirals AntiHerpesdrugs(ex:acyclovir,foscarnet) Amantadine Ribavirin Interferonalpha AntiHIVdrugs(briefintroductiononly)

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1. Historicaloverview 2. Definition a. Selectivetoxicity b. Antibiotic c. Chemotherapeuticagent d. Bactericidalandbacteriostaticagents e. Narrowspectrumandbroadspectrumagents 3. Mechanismsofactionofantimicrobials Inhibitcellwallsynthesis Inhibitcellmembranefunction Inhibitionofproteinsynthesis Inhibitionofnucleicacidsynthesis 4. Mechanismsofresistance Ex: a. Produceenzymesthatdestroythedrug b. Changepermeabilitytothedrug c. Developalteredstructuraltarget d. Developalteredmetabolicpathway 5. Originofantimicrobialresistance a. Intrinsicresistance b. Acquiredresistance c. Chromosomalresistance d. Extrachromosomalresistance 6. Methodsofdeterminingtheantimicrobialsinvitroactivity a. Discdiffusiontests b. Dilutiontests c. MIC/MBC (B)BETALACTAMSANDGLYCOPEPTIDES 1. Betalactams Molecularstructureofbetalactamantibiotics Classificationofpenicillinsandcephalosporins Mechanismsofaction Inhibitionofbacterialcellwallsynthesis,peptidoglycan,Penicillinbingingproteins (PBP) Mechanismsofresistancebetalactamase,alteredPBP,alteredOMP BriefPharmacokinetics AdverseeffectsespeciallyPenicillinandType1hypersensitivity clinicaluses lactamaseinhibitorsclavulanicacid,sulbactam,tazobactam

29

 2. Glycopeptides(Vancomycin&Teicoplanin) i. Modeofactionandmechanismofresistance ii. Pharmacokinetics(brief) iii. Clinicaluses iv. Adversereactions 3. Otherantibacterialdantiviralandantifungalagentsmodeofaction/resistance(where discussed),spectrum,clinicaluse,importantadversereactions). Antibacterial: Aminoglycosides Quinolones Sulphonamides,Trimethoprim,Cotrimoxazole Tetracyclines Macrolides Antituberculosisdrugs Polyenes Azoles 5fluorocytosine Antivirals: AntiHerpesdrug(acyclovir,foscarnet) AntiHIVdrugs Amantidine Ribavirin Interferonalfa AntiHIVdrugs(briefintroduction) MainReferences: NotesonMedicalMicrobiology(Timbury,McCartney,ThakkerandAward) Jawetz,MelnickandAdelbergsMedicalMicrobiology(Brooks,Butel,Morse) MedicalMicrobiologyandImmunology(ExaminationandBoardreview).WarrenLevinsonand ErnestJawetz.Latestedition.

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LectureTitle: INFECTIVEENDOCARDITIS(1HOUR) LearningOutcomes: Attheendofthesession,thestudentsshouldbeable:

1. Definethemeaningofinfectiveendocarditisandlistthecommonorganisms(aetiological agents)involvedinthecertaintypes(nativevalve,prostheticvalve,intravenousdrugusers) 2. Discussthepredisposingfactors 3. Describethepathogenesisofinfectiveendocarditis 4. Discussthemicrobiologicaldiagnosis 5. Discusstheprinciplesinvolvedinantimicrobialtherapyandpreventionmethods LectureOutline: 1. InfectiveEndocarditis DefinitionandImportance Factorspredisposingtoendocardialdamage Pathogenesis Causativeagentsinrelationtopatientprofiles i. Streptococci ii. Staphylococci iii. Gramnegativebacilli iv. YeastandFilamentousfungi v. Others Culturenegativeendocarditis Microbialinvestigations Principlesofantimicrobialtherapy Prevention 2. MyocarditisandPericarditis Definitionandimportance Causativeagentsinacuteandchronicinfections Microbiologicalinvestigations Antimicrobialtherapy MainReferences: NotesonMedicalMicrobiology(Timbury,McCartney,ThakkerandWard) MedicalMicrobiology(Elliott,HastingsandDesselberger,3rdedition). Mandell,DouglasandBennettsPrinciplesandPracticesofInfectiousDiseases,6thedition

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 LectureTitle: RESPIRATORYTRACTINFECTIONS13(3HOURS) LearningOutcomes: Attheendofthecourse,thestudentsshouldbeableto: 1. Discusstheroleofthenormalfloraintheupperrespiratorytractanditssignificanceinthe laboratorydiagnosisofrespiratorytractinfections. 2. Discusstheimportantinfectionsoftheupperandlowerrespiratorytractinrelationtoits: epidemiology aetiology pathogenesis laboratorydiagnosis antimicrobialtherapy complications prevention LectureOutline: 1. Defencemechanismsintherespiratorytract 2. Normalfloraandcarriageofrespiratorypathogens 3. Infectionsandpathogens Commoncold Acutepharyngitis/tonsillitissyndrome Diphtheria Vincentsangina Otitisexterna Acute/chronicotitismedia Acute/chronicsinusitis Whoopingcough Influenza Acuteepiglottitis Acutelaryngotracheobronchitis Acutebronchitis Acuteexarcerbationsofchronicbronchitis Acutebronchiolitis Pneumonia Communityacquired Hospitalacquired opportunistic aspiration primaryatypical chronic 19. Thoracicemyema 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. 17. 18.

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20. Lungabcess 21. SARS MainReferences: DCShansonMicrobiologyinclinicalpractice.Wright(latestedition)

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 LectureTitle: VIRALHEPATITISI&II(2HOURS) LearningOutcomes: Attheendofthecoursestudentsshouldbeable: Todescribethevirologyofviralhepatitis Todescribetheserologicalmarkersusedinthelaboratorydiagnosisofviralhepatitisandtheir clinicalsignificance Tointerpretthelaboratoryreports Todiscussthepreventionandcontrolofviralhepatitis LectureOutline: 1. Definition - Types of viral hepatitis 2. Virology Nomenclatureandfeaturesofhepatitisviruses Genomicstructures 3. Clinicalpresentations typicalclinicalserologicalprofilesandlaboratoryfeatures acuteandchronichepatitis clinicalsignificanceofserologicalmarkers chronichepatitisandliverdiseases 4. Epidemiology modesoftransmission changesinviralhepatitisinfections 5. Laboratorydiagnosis serologicalmarkersusedinlaboratorydiagnosis interpretationoflaboratoryreports definitionofchronichepatitiscarriers monitoringofpatientswithchronichepatitisBinfection 6. Preventionandcontrol vaccinesandExpandedProgrammeofImmunization(EPI) theroleofHBIGinpreventingperinataltransmission EmergenceofHBVmutantsandoccultHBVinfections MainReferences: Refertorecommendedtextbookslist.

1. 2. 3. 4.

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LectureTitle: GASTROINTESTINALINFECTIONS1,2&3(3HOURS) LectureOutcomes: Attheendofthecourse,studentsshouldbeableto: 1. StatetheaetiologicalagentscausingGITinfections 2. Discussthepathogenicmechanisms,pathogenesis,clinicalpresentations 3. Describethelaboratorydiagnosis,principleofmanagementandantimicrobialtherapy, complicationsandprognosis,epidemiology,preventionandvaccination. LectureOutline: GIT1 BriefIntroduction: Anatomyandphysiology Commensalflora Pathogenicmechanisms Diagnosticapproach Typhoidandentericfevers GIT2 Bacillarydysenteryandshigellosis CholeraClassical,EltorandBengal Foodpoisoning GIT3 Esch.colidiarrhoea Viraldiarrhea Antibioticassociateddiarrhoea MainReferences: Refertorecommendedlistoftextbooks.

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LectureTitle: URINARYTRACTINFECTIONS(UTI)(1HOUR) LearningOutcomes: Attheendofthecourse,thestudentsshouldbeabletodescribethepresentingsignsand symptomsandpathogenesisofupperandlowerurinarytractinfectionsandtheinterpretation ofurineculturereports. Lectureoutline: 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. Terminology EpidemiologyofUTI Normalfloraoftheanteriorurethra ConceptofSignificantBacteriuria Pathogenesisincludingpredisposingfactors Microbialaetiologyandvirulencefactors Laboratorydiagnosisspecimencollectionandtransport,microscopy,culturemethods,viable counts(semiquantitativemethods) 8. Antimicrobialtherapy

MainReferences: MicrobiologyinClinicalPractice.DCShanson.WrightPSG MedicalMicroUpdates(latestedition)

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LectureTitle: VIRALHAEMORRHAGICFEVERS(1HOUR) LearningObjectives: Attheendofthelecture,studentsshouldbeableto: 1. 2. 3. 4. LectureOutline: 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. MainReferences: NotesonMedicalMicrobiologybyTimburyMC(TimburyMC,McCartneyAC,ThakkerB,Ward KN.J.DouglasSleighandMoragTimbury)(2002ElsevierhealthSciences) MedicalMicrobiologyandImmunology(ExaminationandBoardreview).WarrenLevinsonand ErnestJawetz.2004,McGrawHill Jawetz,MelnickandAdelbergsMedicalMicrobiologybyGFBrroks(Brooks,Butel,Morse). Published2007McGrawHillProfessional MedicalMicrobiologyUpdated3rdedition.Mims,Dockrell,Goering,Roitt,Wakelin,Zuckerman MalavigeGNetal.Dengueviralinfections.PostgradMedJ2004;80:588601.(availablefreevia PubMedorhttp://pmj.bmj.com/content/full/80/948/588) describetheepidemiologyofdengueinMalaysiaandtheregion discussthedifferentclinicalmanifestations,managementandpathogenesisofthedisease describethedifferentmethodsoflaboratorydiagnosis discusscontrolandpreventionofdengue

Epidemiology ClinicalManifestation Virology Pathogenesis LaboratoryDiagnosis ControlMeasures

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Lecturetitle: HEALTHCAREASSOCIATEDINFECTION(NOSOCOMIALINFECTION(1HOUR) LearningOutcomes: Attheendofthecourse,studentsshouldbeableto: 1. Defineinfections,discussthemodesoftransmissionofinfections,statethepathogensinvolved. 2. Discussthebasicprinciplesofpreventionandinfections. LectureTitle: Definition Exogenous/endogenoussources Modesoftransmission Commonpathogens Hostfactors,microbialfactors Preventionofhospitalinfections standardprecautions transmissionbasedprecautions isolationprecautions handhygiene Surveillance InfectionControlTeam/Committee

Controlofoutbreaksofinfections MainReferences: Refertorecommendedtextbookslist.

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LectureTitle: INTRAUTERINEANDPERINATALINFECTIONS(1HOUR) LearningOutcomes: Attheendofthecourse,thestudentsshouldbeabletodescribethespectrumofbacterialand viralneonatalinfectionsacquiredviadifferentroutesoftransmissionandthepathogenesisand preventionofimportantexamples. LectureOutline: Definitionofneonatal,perinatalandintrauterineinfections Defectsinneonatalhostdefensesystem Pathogenesisandprevention Clinicalandlaboratorydiagnosis Bacterialandviralpathogens Rubella Cytomegalovirus Herpessimplexvirus ParvovirusB19 Humanpapillomavirus GroupBstreptococcus MainReferences: NotesonMedicalMicrobiology ColourAtlasinPediatricsInfectiousDiseases.CAHart,RLBroadhead.PrinciplesandPracticesof InfectiousDiseases.Mandell,Douglas,Bennett.WileyMedical

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LectureTitle: SEXUALLYTRANSMITTEDINFECTIONS(STI)(2Hours) LearningOutcomes: Attheendofthecourse,thestudentsshouldbeableto: 1. describetheusualpresentingsignsandsymptomsofcommonSTIs, 2. describethespectrumofsexuallytransmittedinfectionsandetiologicagents, 3. statethepathogenesisandlaboratorydiagnosisofgonorrhoea,chlamydiaandsyphilis. LectureOutline: Spectrumofinfectionsandetiologicagents Clinicalpresentations Laboratorydiagnosis Syphilis Gonorrhoea Chlamydia Herpesgenitalis LGV(Lymphogranulomaverererum) Othergenitalulcers Bacterialvaginosis MainReferences: ABCofSexuallyTransmittedDiseases.MichaelWadler.BMJ MicrobiologyinClinicalPractice.DCShanson.Wright,PSG

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LectureTitle: INFECTIONSOFTHECENTRALNERVOUSSYSTEM(4HOURS) LearningOutcomes: Attheendofthecourse,thestudentsshouldbeabletodescribethebacterialandviral infectionsoftheCNSandtheir aetiologicalagents clinicalpresentation pathogenesis laboratorydiagnosis antimicrobialtherapy complicationsandprognosis prophylaxisandprevention LectureOutline: Briefintroduction Themeninges CSFsecretion,exchange,normalconstituents bloodbrainbarrier Meningitis acutepyogenic acuteaseptic chronic recurrent Shuntinfections Brainabscess

Encephalitis Acutesporadic epidemic postinfectious nonacute(degenerative) Poliomyelitis Rabies Tetanus MainReferences: Refertorecommendedtextbookslist.

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LectureTitle: INFECTIONSOFTHEMUSCULOSKELETALSYSTEM(1HOUR) LearningOutcomes: Attheendofthecourse,thestudentsshouldbeabletodescribethebacteriology, pathogenesis,clinicalpresentationandinvestigationsofgasgangrene,osteomyelitisand arthritis LectureOutline: Definitionsandcommonfeaturesofpyomyositis,psoasabscess,nonclostridialmyositis Gasgangrene: definition etiologicagents pathogenesis predisposingfactors investigations prophylaxisandtreatment

Osteomyelitis: pathogenesis Etiologicagents Acuteandchronicosteomyelitis Investigations

Arthritis: pathogenesis predisposingfactors examplesofbacterial,viral,chronicgranulomatousarthritis sterile/reactive/immunologicalarthritis laboratoryinvestigationsonjointfluids

MainReferences: MicrobiologyinclinicalPractice.DCShanson.Wright,PSG

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LectureTitle: VIRALEXANTHEMATA1&2(2HOURS) LectureOutcomes: Attheendofthelecture,studentsshouldbeableto: 1. classifyviralexanthemataintopapulovesicularandmaculopapularrashes 2. describetheepidemiology,clinicalmanifestations,diagnosis,treatment,controlandprevention ofthecommonviralexanthemata LectureOutline: Formeasles,rubella,HHV6,HHV7,parvovirusB19,HSV1,HSV2,VZV,andenteroviruses,the followinginformation: 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. MainReferences: NotesonMedicalMicrobiologybyTimburyMC(TimburyMC,McCartneyAC,ThakkerB,WardKN.J. DouglasSleighandMoragTimbury)(2002ElsevierhealthSciences) MedicalMicrobiologyandImmunology(ExaminationandBoardreview).WarrenLevinsonand ErnestJawetz.2004,McGrawHill Jawetz,MelnickandAdelbergsMedicalMicrobiologybyGFBrroks(Brooks,Butel,Morse). Published2007McGrawHillProfessional MedicalMicrobiologyUpdated3rdedition.Mims,Dockrell,Goering,Roitt,Wakelin,Zuckerman Virology Epidemiology Clinicalmanifestations Modeoftransmission Laboratorydiagnosis Treatment,controlandprevention

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LectureTitle: PYREXIAOFUNKNOWNORIGIN(PUO)1,2(2HOURS) LearningOutcomes: Attheendofthecourse,thestudentsshouldbeableto: 1. DefinePUOandgiveanoverviewoftheinfectivecausesofPUO 2. Describespecificinfectionsthatpresentasundifferentiatedfevers,statemethodsfor microbiologicaldiagnosis,treatmentandprevention:Rickettsialinfection(includingOrientia tsutsugamushiinfection,Qfever,Leptospirosis,Brucellosis,andBorelliosis

LectureOutline: DefinitionofPUOandanoverviewontheInfectivecauses Specificinfectionswhichpresentasundifferentiatedfeverswithspecialemphasisoncertain Rickettsioses(Scrubtyphus,Endemictyphus,Qfever,examplesofotherspottedfever, Leptospirosis,Brucellosis,&Borelliois)

Briefdescriptionofthepathogen Epidemiology Mechanismsoftransmissiontoman Pathogenesisofdisease Clinicalpresentation Laboratorydiagnosis Antimicrobialsusedintherapy Problemsinpreventionofdisease

MainReferences: NotesonMedicalMicrobiology(J.DouglasSleighandMoragTimbury) Jawetz,MelnickandAdelbergsMedicalMicrobiology(Brooks,Butel,Morse) MedicalMicrobiologyandImmunology(ExaminationandBoardreview).WarrenLevinsonand ErnestJawetz.Latestedition. SupplementaryReferences: MandellDouglasandBennettsPrinciplesandPracticesofInfectiousDiseases

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LectureTitle: PYREXIAOFUNKNOWNORIGIN3 LectureOutcomes: Attheendofthelecture,studentsshouldbealeto: 1. Describetheepidemiology,clinicaldisease,diagnosis,treatmentandcontrolofmelioidosis, infectiousmononucleosis,andChikungunya 2. DiscusstheimportanceofmelioidosisandChikungunyainMalaysia LectureOutline: Formelioidosis,infectiousmononucleosis,andChikungunya,thefollowinginformation: Microbiologyofcausativeorganism Epidemiology Clinicalmanifestations Modeoftransmission Laboratorydiagnosis Treatment,controlandprevention MainReferences: NotesonMedicalMicrobiologybyTimburyMC(TimburyMC,McCartneyAC,ThakkerB,Ward KN.J.DouglasSleighandMoragTimbury)(2002ElsevierhealthSciences) MedicalMicrobiologyandImmunology(ExaminationandBoardreview).WarrenLevinsonand ErnestJawetz.2004.McGrawHill Jawetz.PublishedandAdelbergsMedicalMicrobiologybyGFBrroks(Brooks,Butel,Morse). Published2007McGrawHillProfesional MedicalMicrobiologyUpdated3rdedition.Mims,Dockrell,Goering,Roitt,Wakelin,Zuckerman

1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6.

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 LectureTitle: HIVINFECTION(1HOUR) LearningOutcomes: Attheendofthecourse,thestudentsshouldbeabletodescribethe: 1. VirologyandgenomicstructureofHIV 2. LaboratorydiagnosisofHIV. 3. ClinicalmanifestationsofHIVdiseases. Lectureoutline: 1. Introduction CharacteristicsofFamilyRetrovirus 2. NomenclatureandmolecularvirologyofHIV structureofvirus genomicstructureandassociatedviralproteins HIVgenotypes,CRFandURF molecularbasisofHIVmutations LifecycleofHIV:coreceptors,X4andR5virus 3. ClinicalmanifestationsofHIV classificationofHIVdisease transmissionofHIVdisease acuteHIVsyndrome,clinicallatencyandopportunisticinfectionsinsymptomatic HIVdisease 4. Pathophysiologyandpathogenesis immunmopathogeniceventsduringHIVinfections immuneresponsetoHIV 5. LaboratorydiagnosisofHIVdisease serologicalprofileofHIVinfections WHOstrategyondiagnosisofHIVdiseaseStandardHIVscreeningtestsinMalaysia LaboratorymonitoringofHIVinfection DiagnosisofpediatricHIVinfection 6. Preventionandcontrol preventionofverticaltransmission drugtherapyandemergenceofdrugresistantHIVmutants MainReferences: HIV.InHarrisonsPrinciplesofInternalMedicine.14thEdition.Page1110and1791.

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 LectureTitle: SEPTICAEMIA(1HOUR) LearningObjectives: Attheendofthesession,thestudentsshouldbeableto: Statetheinfectionsthatmayleadtosepticaemiaandtheirmicrobialaetiology Describebrieflythepathophysiologyofsepticaemiashockandfeaturesofsepsissyndrome Discussthemicrobiologicalinvestigationsinsepticaemispatients Discusstheprinciplesofantimicrobialtherapyinsepticaemicpatient LectureOutline: Definition Bacteraemia TransientBacteraemia Septicaemia

1. 2. 3. 4.

1.

2. Pathogenesisofsepticaemiainrelationto source predisposingfactors microbialaetiology 3. Correlationbetweenclinicalfeatureofsepticaemiaandthepathophysiologyof septicaemic shock. 4. Microbiologicalinvestigationsofsepticaemia 5. Principlesofantimicrobialtherapy MainReferences: NotedonMedicalMicrobiology(Timbury,McCartney,ThakkerandWard) Jawetz,MelnickandAdelbergsMedicalMicrobiology(Brooks,Butel,Morse) MedicalMicrobiologyandImmunology(ExaminationandBoardreview).WarrenLevinsonand ErnestJawetz.Latestedition. HarrisonsPrinciplesofInternalMedicine

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 LectureTitle: FUNGALINFECTIONS1&2(2HOURS) LearningOutcomes: Attheendofthecourse,thestudentsshouldbeableto: 1. Describetheclinicalpresentations,taxonomyandnomenclatureofaetiologicalagentsof superficial,cutaneous/subcutaneousmycosisandsystemicfungalinfections 2. Applyappropriatelaboratoryinvestigationsandskillsinidentifyingclinicallyimportantfungal isolates 3. Listtheofantifungaldrugsandclinicalapplications LectureOutline: Clinicalclassificationoffungalinfections Overviewoflaboratorydiagnosis:directmicroscopy,histopathologicalandculturalmethods Skinmycology:Clinicalpresentations,commonfungalpathogens,culturalandhistopathological investigationsofsuperficial,cutaneousandsubcutaneousmycoses. Infectiousdiseasemycology:Opportunisticanddimorphicsystemicmycoses.Clinical manifestations,commonaetiologicalagents,appropriatelaboratorymethodsinidentifyingthe fungalpathogens MainReferences: Refertorecommendedtextbookslists. Treatmentoffungalinfections:currentantifungaldrugsandtheclinicalapplication.

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 LectureTitle: IMMUNOLOGYOFINFECTIOUSDISEASES LectureOutcomes: Attheendofthelecture,studentsshouldbeableto: 1. 2. 3. 4. LectureOutline: 1. Innatedefencesexternal 2. Innatedefencesinternal Phagocytes Naturalkillercells Eosinophils Complement Cytokines Acutephaseproteins 3. Adaptivedefencesantibodies/Bcells Tcells 4.Immunodeficiencydefectsin: Tcells Bcells phagocytes complement MainReferences: NotesonMedicalMicrobiologybyTimburyMC(TimburyMC,McCartneyAC,ThakkerB,Ward KN.J.DouglasSleighandMoragTimbury)(2002ElsevierhealthSciences) MedicalMicrobiologyandImmunology(ExaminationandBoardreview).WarrenLevinsonand ErnestJawetz.2004,McGrawHill Jawetz,MelnickandAdelbergsMedicalMicrobiologybyGFBrroks(Brooks,Butel,Morse). Published2007McGrawHillProfessional MedicalMicrobiologyUpdated3rdedition.Mims,Dockrell,Goering,Roitt,Wakelin,Zuckerman Listofcomponentsoftheinnateandadaptiveimmuneresponses Describehowinnateandadaptiveimmuneresponsesworkagainstinfectiousagents Listthedifferenttypesofimmunodeficiency,withexamples Describetheinfectionsresultingfromdifferentimmunodeficiencydefects

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