SWITCHYARD:

A switchyard exist at a generating station to coordinate the exchange of power between the generators and the transmission lines in the area. A switchyard also exist when high voltage lines need to be converted to lower voltage for distribution to consumers. The electricity generated is step up here by the means of transformers and is transported from power station to various locations via bus connections by means of high voltage transmission lines. The generated electricity is synchronized to the grid by using synchronous generators. So the frequency, voltage, phase difference and phase sequence must be same with the grid. Any fluctuation in this grid frequency is liable to penalty.

Layout and schematic diagram of switchyard

COMPONENTS OF THE SWITCHYARD Bus-Bar. Circuit Breakers (C.B.). Current Transformers (C.T.). Potential Transformers (P.T.). Capacitive Voltage Transformers (C.V.T. ). Lightning Arrester (L.A.). Isolators. Earthing switch BUS BAR ARRANGEMENT There are different types of busbar arrangements used in Switchyard Single Bus-bar arrangement. Sectinalization of a Bus. Duplicate Bus-bar arrangement. Ring Bus arrangement. Mesh arrangement. One-and-a-half Breaker arrangement.

CIRCUIT BREAKERS A circuit breaker is an automatically-operated electrical switch designed to protect an electrical circuit from damage caused by overload or short circuit. It can operate under abnormal

condition. The medium used for are quenching are SF6, vacuum and oil. Depending upon basis of operation CBs are mainly. Air blast CBs Electro hydraulic CB Spring loaded CB

CURRENT TRANSFORMER

A current transformer is a type of instrument transformer designed to provide a current in its secondary winding proportional to the alternating current flowing in its primary.

APPLICATION OF CURRENT TRANSFORMER

They are commonly used in metering and protective relaying in the electrical power industry where they facilitate the safe measurement of large currents, often in the presence of high voltages.

 The current transformer safely isolates measurement and control circuitry from the high voltages typically present on the circuit being measured.

CAPACITIVE VOLTAGE TRANSFORMER

A capacitor voltage transformer (CVT) is a transformer used in power systems to step-down extra high voltage signals and provide low voltage signals either for measurement or to operate a protective relay. In its most basic form the device consists of three parts: two capacitors across which the voltage signal is split, an inductive element used to tune the device to the supply frequency and a transformer used to isolate and further step-down the voltage for the instrumentation or protective relay.

LIGHTNING ARRESTER
A lighting detector or surge diverter is a device that is connected between line and earth in parallel with the equipment under protection. It limits the duration and amplitude of low current. It is located at the starting and end of a power cable

ISOLATORS OR DISCONNECTORS
In electrical engineering, a disconnector or isolator switch is used to make sure that an electrical circuit can be completely de-energized for service or maintenance. Such switches are often found in electrical distribution and industrial applications where machinery must have its source of driving power removed for adjustment or repair. High-voltage isolation switches are used in electrical substations to allow isolation of apparatus such as circuit breakers and transformers, and transmission lines

Fig :isolators in electrical station

EARTHING SWITCH
Earthing Switch is necessary to earth the conducting parts before maintenance and also to provide deliberate short-current while testing. There can be three types of Earthing witches in metal-clad Switches manually operated automatic high speed Earthing Switch, protective Earthing Switch for Earthing the installation. There are several versions of Earthing Switches for following applications

1). Maintenance Earthing Switches. These are single pole or three pole units; manually operating mechanism with a provision of filling motor mechanism. 2). High Speed Earthing Switches. These are operated by spring energy.

INSULATOR : It is used for supporting line conductor and isolate Suspension type insulator Strain type insulator Pin type insulator.

WAVE TRAPPERS : They are used for communication purpose though line conductors. It is used at sending and receiving end of the wave to tray the high frequency wave. PLCC (Power line carrier communication) is used for this. PROTECTING RELAY It is a protecting and sensing device which senses the fault and sends trip command to corresponding CB. Major types of relay are: Over current relay Overvoltage relay Distance relay Range relay Breaker failure relay Differential relay

 REL 52 In khSTPP, there are 10 lines connected to 400 kv bus. The distribution is as under: Station Bihar sharif Patna Farakha Maithan No. of lines 4 2 2 2

In .132 KV bus, there are three lines Kahalgaon Sabaur Lalmatia 1 1 1

Conclusion
India has large natural resource of coal and immense water supply power resource of which only 23%have been utilized so far.The total installed generating capacity by the end of 1998-94 became 94055MW while total generation became 448000 million Kwh. The N.T.P.C. has effectively met with the growing demand of electricity .In regard to khalgaon super thermal power project , economic power generation is achieved in following ways:-i)resource utilization :-The boiler water in LPH and HPH are further heated by the steam from the HPT and LPT. This saves the burning of coal. ii)RECYCLE PROCESS:Economy is also achieved by carrying out a series of recyclic process in major circuit as stated under:
a)

cooling water circuit :the heated water from the condenser is cooled in the cooling tower and then supplied back to it . During this evaporation loss including carry over is nealy 25% of that in the circulation , to compensate this river water is used

b) water and steam flow circuit :the condensate water is heated in feed heaters (LPH 1,2,3,4 and HPH 5,6,7)using the steam tapped from the various points of HPT and IPT.
c)

air and gas circuit :the air from atmosphere is sucked by FD and ID fans into the system and is exhausted back after purifying and is reused . Coal and ash circuit :ash produced from combustion of coal is removed to ash storage equipment through ash handling system.The dry ash is utilized in cement factory , brick manufacture , land filling system etc.

d)

Thus we can see every effort has been made to make the thermal power plant ecofriendly ,efficient and more reliable.