Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Ziegler H Bio
o In our cells (eukaryotic cells), what factors tell RNA Polymerase to attach to the promoter sequence of the DNA? ELONGATION o Does RNA Polymerase need Helicase to unwind the DNA, like DNA Polymerase did? o What is being elongated during this stage of transcription? TERMINATION o How does RNA Polymerase know to stop transcribing the DNA? o When done, what happens to the RNA Polymerase and the mRNA? ONLINE ANIMATIONS THAT MAY HELP YOU: WEBSITE 1: http://www.stolaf.edu/people/giannini/flashanimat/molgenetics/transcription.swf (Ignore the virus warning.) WEBSITE 2: http://www.mhhe.com/socscience/anthropology/stein2003/stein.html Under Chapter 2, select the link entitled Protein Synthesis: Transcription. (Requires RealPlayer)
CHAPTER 9.4: RNA Processing How long can mRNA last in the cytoplasm? Where in the cell does RNA processing happen? What is the 5 cap made of? What is the 3 PolyA tail made of? What are the functions of the 5 cap (2 functions) and the 3 PolyA tail (2 functions)? Aside from putting a cap and tail on the mRNA, the mRNA also goes through splicing. Read the paragraph on p.245 about introns, exons, and splicing. Then, go to the following online tutorial and be sure you can answer the questions on the next page:
Ziegler H Bio WEBSITE: http://highered.mcgrawhill.com/sites/0072437316/student_view0/chapter15/animations.html# Select How Spliceosomes Process RNA What are introns? What are exons? What is RNA splicing? What are snRNPs? (Referred to by the bio community as Snurps) What two types of organic macromolecules are they made of? o What is a spliceosome? How does it get rid of the introns? o o o o *You should be able to answer the Check and Challenge questions on p.247.*
On the picture of a ribosome to the left, label the small subunit, large subunit, and the E, P, and A sites of the ribosome. Ignore the 30S and 50S notation. This is a chemists way of indicating size. 3
Ziegler H Bio
BEFORE TAKING ANY MORE NOTES, READ THIS: Translation is a very dynamic process with a lot of molecules moving around. I highly recommend watching one of the animations below WITHOUT taking any notes. Then, use the animations and Chapter 9.5 to take notes. YOU WILL NEED TO CONSULT THE WEBSITES FOR SOME INFO THAT IS LACKING IN YOUR BOOK, AND VICE VERSE. ONLINE TUTORIALS WEBSITE 1: http://highered.mcgrawhill.com/sites/0072437316/student_view0/chapter15/animations.html Select the link entitled Protein Synthesis. WEBSITE 2 (for another view, if needed): http://www.stolaf.edu/people/giannini/flashanimat/molgenetics/translation.swf Ignore the virus prompt. The following websites are OPTIONAL. I added them just in case the others do not work on your computer. WEBSITE 3: http://vcell.ndsu.edu/animations/translation/index.htm Select the Windows Media/The Movie option (far right) WEBSITE 4: http://www.mhhe.com/socscience/anthropology/stein2003/stein.html Under Chapter 2, select the link entitled Protein Synthesis: Translation. (This site requires RealPlayer)
Just like with transcription, translation is broken down into three stages: INITIATION, ELONGATION, and TERMINATION. Divide your notes into these three stages. INITATION o Key terms: small ribosomal subunit, large ribosomal subunit, P site, tRNA, start codon, methionine (met) o Refer to Figure 9.16 in your book and/or to the figure to the left. o What is the 3-base sequence of the start codon? o What anticodon sequence on the tRNA molecule always binds to the start codon?
Ziegler H Bio o o o o Which ribosomal subunit binds to the mRNA first (you need the website for this)? Which binds to the mRNA first: the first tRNA or the large ribosomal subunit (website needed)? In which site does the first tRNA bind: E, P, or A? Which amino acid is always the first one added to every protein?
ELONGATION o Key terms: A site, P site, E site, tRNA, peptide bond, amino acid, polypeptide o Refer to Figure 9.17 in your book and/or to the Figure below. o In what site of the ribosome does the new tRNA enter: E, P, or A? o What bond is formed to hold the two amino acids together? o Once the peptide bond links the amino acids together, the tRNA in which ribosomal site holds the growing polypeptide: E, P, or A? o As the ribosome moves down by one codon, what moves into the Esite? o What moves into the P-site? o What enters the newly empty Asite? o As the protein is being built, the elongating protein is constantly moved to the tRNA in which site of the ribosome: E, P, or A? o o o TERMINATION Key terms: stop codon, A site, release factor, free polypeptide Refer to the Figure below. What are the sequences of the three stop codons? o What site of the ribosome does the stop codon enter: E, P, or A?
Ziegler H Bio o What is a release factor? o Where in the ribosome does the release factor bind: E, P, or A site? o Once translation has terminated, what happens to all of the molecules (animation needed)? o Based on your knowledge about the stability of RNA, what ultimately happens to the mRNA?