ME 2134E Lab Report

Motor Characteristics
by

LIN SHAO DUN YEE KOK HENG

Lab Group Date

A0066078X A0066142M
2B 18th Oct 2011

LUM SOON HENG A0066070M

TABLE OF CONTENTS

O BJECTIVES

EXPERIMENT RESULT

D ISCUSSION

C ONLCUSION

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OBJECTIVES An electric motor converts electrical energy into mechanical energy. Electric motors are found in applications as diverse as industrial fans, blowers and pumps, machine tools, household appliances, power tools, and disk drives. They may be powered by D.C (direct current), i.e. a battery powered portable device or motor vehicle, or by A.C (alternating current) from a central electrical distribution grid or inverter. Study of electric motors characteristics will enable us to have a better understanding of motors performance curve as well as correctly size a motor for certain purpose. The objectives of this experiment include the following: 1) To be familiar with the wiring and basic characteristics of the following motors: D.C Series Motor D.C Shunt Motor A.C 3-Phase Squirrel Cage Induction Motor 2) To examine the relationship between Torque, Speed, Voltage, and Current for various types of motor connections in no-load and loaded configurations. 3) To be familiar with the usage of common meters such as multimeter and tachometers.

EXPERIMENT RESULT 1. D.C Series Motor: Constant-Load Test Table 1: DC Series Motor Constant-Load Test results Volts (V) 180.3 159.8 140.4 119.4 99.9 79.8 59.5 Speed (rpm) 2300 2056 1850 1578 1313 1033 725 Current (A) 0.451 0.436 0.425 0.417 0.417 0.410 0.410

Chart 1: DC Series Motor Constant- Load Test result Current and Voltage against Speed - Constant Load
200 180 160 140 Volts (V) 120 100 80 60 40 20 0 Voltage Against Speed Current Against Speed 0.50 0.49 0.48 0.46 0.45 0.44 0.43 0.42 0.41 0.40 2300 Current (A) 0.47

700

900

1100

1300

1500

1700

1900

2100

Speed (rpm)

2. D.C Series Moto Load Test Table 2: D.C Series Motor Load Test Results Volts (V) Speed (rpm) 2220 1895 1680 1520 180.1 1409 1305 1226 1160 1106 1056 Torque (N.m) 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1.0 Current (A) 0.450 0.541 0.620 0.694 0.758 0.832 0.892 0.952 1.009 1.071

Chart 2: DC Series Motor Load Test result Current and Torque against Speed - Loaded
1.2 1.0 Torque (N.m) 0.8 0.6 0.4 0.2 0.0 1000 Torque against Speed Current against Speed 1.2 1.0 Current (A) 0.8 0.6 0.4 0.2 0.0 1200 1400 1600 1800 Speed (rpm) 2000 2200

3. DC Shunt Motor No Load Test Results Table 3: DC Shunt Motor No Load Test Results Volts (V) 240.5 220.5 199.8 180.3 159.9 140.1 119.3 99.8 79.5 60.4 Speed (rpm) 1500 1445 1379 1320 1257 1194 1120 1043 944 806 Field Current 0.171 0.156 0.141 0.128 0.113 0.099 0.085 0.071 0.057 0.043 (A) Line Current 0.357 0.339 0.330 0.323 0.316 0.314 0.318 0.329 0.346 0.380 (A)

Chart 3: DC Shunt Motor No Load Test result Field Current, Voltage against Speed
250 Voltage Against Speed 0.20

200
Field Current vs. Speed Volts (V)

0.16 0.12
0.08 0.04 0.00 1500 Field Current (A)

150
100 50 0 800 900 1000 1100 1200 Speed (rpm) 1300 1400

4. DC Shunt Motor Load Test Results Table 4: DC Shunt Motor Load Test Results Volts (V) Speed (rpm) Torque (N.m) 1487 1460 1424 1400 240.5 1378 1348 1328 1312 1276 1266 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1.0 Field Current 0.175 0.173 0.172 0.172 0.171 0.170 0.169 0.168 0.167 0.167 (A) Line Current 0.382 0.462 0.530 0.608 0.687 0.744 0.831 0.887 0.987 1.060 (A)

Chart 4: DC Shunt Motor Load Test result Torque, Line Current against Speed
1.2 1.0 Torque (N.m) 0.8 0.6 0.4 Torque Against Speed 0.2 Line Current Against Speed 0.0 1250 1300 1350 1400 Speed (rpm) 1450 0.0 1500 0.2 1.2 1.0 0.8 0.6 0.4 Line Current (A)

5. AC 3-Phase Motor 400V AC Result Table 5: AC 3-Phase Motor 400V AC Result Volts (V) Torque (N.m) 0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 400 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1.0 Speed (rpm) 1465 1460 1459 1446 1437 1427 1415 1402 1381 1374 1362 Line Current 0.24 0.24 0.25 0.26 0.27 0.29 0.31 0.33 0.35 0.37 0.40 (A)

Chart 5: AC 3-Phase Motor 400V AC result Torque, Line Current against Speed
1.2 1 Torque (N.m) 0.8 0.6 0.4 "Torque Against Speed 0.40 0.35 0.30 0.25 0.20 Line Current (A)

0.2 Series2
0 1360

0.15
0.10 1380 1400 1420 Speed (rpm) 1440 1460

DISCUSSION 1. Questions from Experiments on DC Series Motor 1.1. Why must the DC series motor be always started under load and gi ve examples in your answer? The speed of a series motor with no load connected to it increases rapidly to the point where the motor may become damaged. Usually, either the bearings are damaged or the windings fly out of the slots in the armature. Some load must always be connected to a series motor before turn it on. This precaution is primarily for large motors. Small motors, such as those used in electric hand drills, have enough internal friction to load themselves. For a series motor,

Where

Back emf of armature Rotational speed of armature Voltage supplies to motor Current in armature Resistance of the armature Motor constant Flux

From above equation we can see in DC motor the speed is inversely proportion to the flux. When a DC series motor starts without load the speed will increase, as speed increases the back emf also increases which reduces the current flow through the series winding and causes flux decreases and speed will increase further. Eventually the motor will accelerate to a very high speed, which might damage the bearing and other components. When start the motor with load, it is actually reducing the starting speed hence the motor will run safely. A series motor works extremely well in applications require high torque and low speed for starting and high speed and low torque for running as in the case of starting and moving trains, household appliance like washing machine and fans. 1.2. Why is the current proportional to torque for a DC series motor ? For DC motor, torque is given by Because in DC series motor, we have . Since , we have

This equation shows Torque is proportional to the square of current. Below chart shows the relationship of current vs. torque base on experimental data. Current vs. Torque
1.2 1.0 Torque (N.m) 0.8

Fit curve
0.6

0.86

0.4

Experiment data
0.2 0.0 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 Current (A) 0.9 1.0 1.1

1.3. Try your best to briefly explain the shape of the graphs obtained in this experiment. a) For the Constant- Load graph, the voltage is linearly proportional to the motor speed. As we know , and , in this equation: are motor constant.

only changes in small range ( 0.41~0.45) , Hence this is a linear equation:

b) For the load graph, the shape of the Torque vs. Speed is a curve. This can be explained from the equation of torque :

This is a 2nd order equation; hence the graph is a parabolic. 2. Questions from Experiments on DC Shunt Motor 2.1. How the speeds is regulated in a DC shunt motor and give examples? In a DC Shunt Motor, when the terminal voltage pole increases. increases, the speed will also increase but or the flux per

speed will decrease if the resistance of the armature circuit From equation:

If increases, will increase but if increases or increases, will decrease. Thus, the three variables, namely the voltage, the coil resistance and the flux are often used to regulate the speed of the motor, however, the most commonly way to control the speed is to vary the voltage supply. Examples of a DC shunt motors are the propellers of a model aircraft, whereby the speed of the propellers still remain the speed even if the load (i.e. the wind resistance) increases. Another example is the film projector used in cinemas, whereby the wheel of the film still rotates at same speed despite changing loads (i.e. weight of the film cartridge as it turns from one wheel to the other). 2.2. From no-load to full-load explain in your own words why there is little speed variation over this range. For Shunt motor, we have:

Re-arrange, we have:

For no-load to full-load, the speed will be approximately constant. This is because is small and thus term will be even smaller. Therefore , which means the speed only changes a little over the range.

When the motor switches from a no-load to a loaded condition, the motor begin to slower down. Since a voltage is constant across the field, the field independent of variations in the armature circuit. Once the load is applied, it will result in the reduction in speed which is proportional to the back emf. To maintain the original voltage, the net voltage will increase To increase the net voltage, the armature will draw more current and the armature current will increase. That will result in the torque to increase. Increase in the torque causes the motor armature to speed up. When the armature speed increase, the back emf will increase and the armature current decrease. Finally it will eventually equalize and stop changing when the torque reaches a level that requires turning the larger load. In each case, all of this happens so rapidly that any actual change in speed is slight. There is instantaneous tendency to change rather than a large fluctuation in speed. Therefore, there is a little speed variation over the range 2.3. Try your best to briefly explain the Torque vs. Speed graph obtained in this experiment. For shunt motor, we have

Which means the Torque is a linear function of speed. From the diagram we can see that increasing the load decreases the speed linearly. It shows that while the armature current is dependent on the load, the field current is independent of the load conditions. With the load applied, motor speed decreases and draws more current to increase torque as shunt motor's torque is directly proportional to armature current. And we also need to consider the Rotational Losses of a DC motor, includes all speed dependent losses, such as bearings and brushes friction losses, windage losses, eddy current and hysteretic losses in the armature core to maintain the speed variation. These losses are independent of the load. The other losses are due to the resistance of the windings. Some depend on the load (copper losses in the armature), others on the applied voltage (copper losses in the shunt field winding). Therefore, we can say that the speed of the shunt motor stays fairly constant throughout its load range. If the variations are within an appropriate range, constant speed can be maintained from no load to rated load.

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3. Observations from Experiments on AC Three-Phase Induction Motor From the laboratory results, the observations of the AC 3-phase induction motor are: a) Induction machines are essentially constant speed machine. b) The change of the speed with respect to the change of the load. As the torque of the load increase, the speed of the motor will decrease gradually in the experiment. Hence, Torque is inversely proportional to its speed (rpm). c) The speed (rpm) of the motor decrease as the line current increase. Hence, line current (A) of the source is also inversely proportional to its speed (rpm). From the linearity of the two graphs obtained: a) Operating the AC Motors at a very high torque is not efficient if the Speed of the motor is reduced drastically. b) Having no-load at initial start proves the frequency dependency on the input voltage source. c) AC motor does not require the complexity of having a load to start the motors. The speed could be controlled by the source. Hence it is safer to start an AC motor. d) AC motors will require lesser amount of current drawn than DC motors under load. Hence it is suitable for industrial applications requiring heavy loads. e) It will be easier to maintain the speed of the AC motors under load due to a lower current drain from the source. From the graph, the current drop is less than 0.2A from loading of torque from 0.1Nm to 1.0Nm.

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CONCLUSION In conclusion, with this experiment I have better understanding about the characteristics of DC series and shunt motor and the AC three-phase motor. For the series DC motor, if the load was very large for the motor size, the speed of the armature would be very slow. If the load was light compared to the motor, the armature shaft speed would be much faster, and if no load was present on the shaft, the motor could run away. The series motor is capable of starting with a very large load attached, such as lifting applications For the shunt DC motor, since the shunt field coil is made of fine wire, it cannot produce the large current for starting like the series field. This means that the shunt motor has very low starting torque, which requires that the shaft load be rather small. DC shunt motor can be easily installed. The shunt motor is able to operate with rpm control while it is at high speed. Shunt motor is generally used in belt-driven application. The compound motor, a combination of the series motor and the shunt motor, is able to start with fairly large loads and have some rpm control at higher speeds. For AC Motor, based on the slip frequency equation , is small enough to neglect

and the AC motor behavior is much similar to the DC shunt motor. AC motors are ideal for most industrial and commercial applications. All in all, the objectives mentioned above have been met and we have also obtained experimental proof by plotting out the curves, of the relationships between speed, torque & current in DC motors and AC motor. Meanwhile, we have also understand from the graphs the effect of torque and current have on the speed of the motor due to due kinds of field connections. This has enabled us to choose more wisely for what motor is to be used for what purpose based on the characteristics of the motor. We could have repeated the experiments for a more accurate result.

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