Integrated and Multimodal Transport Chains

Lecture
”Internationale Transportketten”
”Internationale Logistik/International Logistics”

1 (60)

Heike Flämig: Elements of ITC (18.04.2007)

Summary 1. Lecture

• Reasons for international transport chains.

• First understanding of the necessarily of logistics.
• Knowledge of the system model with elements, processes and
definitions.
• Definitions of (international) transport chain and logistics.

2 (60)

Heike Flämig: Elements of ITC (18.04.2007)

1
 Students Expectations
Definitions etc:
What is logistic?, Types of Traffic & Transportation, differences between
national & international logistic, terms of „transport language“ & terms of
transport, Which traffic mode is the best way to transport my cargo?
• Current logistic trends, Reasons for rise of transport
globalisation

Relocation of the production in the homeland?
• Logistic Process Management / The function of logistics in the production
process / Circulation: Flow of goods
• Factors & variables for an efficient & optimised logistic
• What companies are the „Global Players“?
• Custom guidelines & insurance
• Environmental protection & sustainability
Case studies:
• Current examples from the logistic world
Methods:
• Methods & techniques which help companies to optimise the logistic
process
• Simulation Software
3 (60)

Heike Flämig: Elements of ITC (18.04.2007)

Lecture - Overview
No. Contents Responsible Date
1 Introduction: Flämig 04.04.2007
Student's Union (AStA) General Meeting no lecture 11.04.2007
2 Elements of integrated and multi-modal Flämig 18.04.2007
transportation chains
3 Logistics and traffic: the correlation between the Flämig 25.04.2007
mobility of goods and the traffic system
4 Global Issues in Supply Chain Management Flämig 02.05.2007
5 Maritime transport and the profitability of container Schönknecht 09.05.2007
ships
6 Global Players and networks Flämig 16.05.2007
7 7:00 Excursion: Großmarkt Hamburg Flämig/Seipold 23.05.2007
8 Design and Management of physical goods flow Flämig 23.05.2007
Pentecost vacation no lecture 30.05.2007
9 Case Study Analysis: Broaddus 06.06.2007
Southwest Airlines in Baltimore
10 Logistics and corporate social responsibility (CSR) Flämig 13.06.2007
11 Methods and data for assessment of international Wolff/ Hertel 20.06.2007
transport chains
12 Costs of transport chains Gaffron 27.06.2007
13 Lecture review Flämig/ Wolff 04.07.2007
Information about the written examination
14 Excursion: to be confirmed 12.07.2007

4 (60)

Heike Flämig: Elements of ITC (18.04.2007)

2
 Agenda

• Main parameters of supply chains

• Characteristics of each mode and its elements

– road
– rail
– air
– water (more next weeks)

• Introduction in intermodal movements

5 (60)

Heike Flämig: Elements of ITC (18.04.2007)

Main Parameters of Supply Chains

Area of Service • Stock availability • quality of delivery • information availability
• Delivery time • punctuality
Loading Unit Cargo Unit Packaging
Transportation Unit • type of good • container • shock absorption
• quantity • pallet/receptacle • fastening tape
• volume/weight • packaging • stretching-/shrinking foil
• value
Means of Transport • Rail • ship • motorcycle
• truck, lorry • cargo airplane, helicopter • bicycle
• special vehicle • foot
Distances/Location Trans-Shipment Duration
Transport Ratios • loading site (supplier) • trans-shipment frequency • loading time
• site of trans-shipment • interrupted transportation • travelling time
• site of disposal • combined transportation • waiting time
• train station • unloading time
• port • trans-shipment time
• airport
Performance • loading/exhaustion of • frequency of delivery
Characteristics capacities

6 (60)

Heike Flämig: Elements of ITC (18.04.2007)

3
 System Model – loading Unit

Goods
Goods Movables
Movables

Immovables
Immovables Infrastructure
Infrastructure

7 (60)

Heike Flämig: Elements of ITC (18.04.2007)

Co-ordination of charge carrier and loading good (form, character)

categories of goods

liquid/gaseous goods
general cargo bulk cargo

large small packed unpacked packed unpacked

geometrically geometrically
defined undefined

uniform non-uniform

pressure pressure
insensitive sensitive

load carrier with supporting load carrier with supporting,

load carrier with supporting function, and enclosing function, e.g. enclosing and locking function,
e.g. flat pallet box pallet e.g. silo and tank pallet
Source: Vahlens Großes Logistik Lexikon 1997, p. 472
8 (60)

Heike Flämig: Elements of ITC (18.04.2007)

4
 Different units – different handling

article

box

palet

container

Quelle:http://www.epal-pallets.de, www.containerhandbuch.de, http://www.schenker.com

9 (60)

Heike Flämig: Elements of ITC (18.04.2007)

Different Carriers

• According to the requirements of goods

different carriers are used

• Standardised carriers facilitate

transport-, storge- and handling-
processes

• Different standards were developed in

different countries,
mainly three different standards
Euro-Palet:
800x1200 mm
North America: 48x40 inches
Industrial-Palet:
1000x1200 mm
(ca.1220x1020mm)
Asia: 1100x1100 mm
Asia-Palet:
1100x1100 mm
Europe: 800x1200/1000x1200 mm.

Quelle:http://www.epal-pallets.de

10 (60)

Heike Flämig: Elements of ITC (18.04.2007)

5
 Load carrying devices

supporting enclosing locking

•pallet •pallet with collars •inland container

•flat •container •ISO-container
•air freight container
•swap body

Advantages:
• Standardisation of company internal and
external transportation systems
• Optimal space utilisation by standardisation,
e.g. inland container, truck bodies
• Standardisation of load pick-up handling
equipment
• ...
11 (60)

Heike Flämig: Elements of ITC (18.04.2007)

Systematisation of pallets
Price/pallet: ca. 20 - 50 Euro
Penetration of the market for general
cargo: approx. 70 % (in Germany)
design
flat pallet
single deck pallet
double deck pallet
multiple use pallet
single use pallet
window pallet
stanchion/collar pallet
box pallet
handling Example of standardisation:
two-way pallet Euro-Norm basic module:
four-way pallet • 400 x 600 mm
... Standard unit measures:
use • Europool pallet: 800 x 1.200 mm
... • Industry pallet: 1.000 x 1.200 mm
• Rolling container: 600 x 800 mm
• ...

12 (60)

Source: DIN 30781

Heike Flämig: Elements of ITC (18.04.2007)

6
 ISO container type overview

20‘ / 40‘ Dry Cargo + High Cube 20‘ / 40‘ Open Top

20‘ Reefer / 40‘ R. High Cube + CA 20‘ / 40‘ Insulated

13 (60)

Heike Flämig: Elements of ITC (18.04.2007)

ISO container type overview (cont.)

20‘ / 40‘ Flat Rack 20‘ / 40‘ Platform

20‘ Tank GenSet

14 (60)

Heike Flämig: Elements of ITC (18.04.2007)

7
 Systematisation of containers

Ground Traffic Containers

general cargo container
ordinary containers
special containers
closed, ventilated containers
open-top containers
...
special goods containers
tank containers
...
Air Traffic Containers
Standard measure in feet (1 foot = 0,3048 m)
ISO-container: 20‘ und 40‘ long
Prize: 20‘ ISO-container: ca. 5.000 Euro
40‘ ISO-container: ca. 7.500 Euro
... reference value: a TEU = a 20‘ container

Source: D 830
15 (60)

Heike Flämig: Elements of ITC (18.04.2007)

System Model - Movables

Persons
Persons Movables
Goods Movables
Goods

- trucks / cars
- trains
- ships
- airplanes
- [pipelines]

Immovables
Immovables Infrastructure
Infrastructure

16 (60)

Heike Flämig: Elements of ITC (18.04.2007)

8
 Road: A Distribution Vehicle (Lorry)

Source: Lumsden, Kenth R.; Fundamentals of Logistics, Translation of selected

chapters of the book “Logistikens Grunder” (Göteborg, August 2000), p. 31
17 (60)

Heike Flämig: Elements of ITC (18.04.2007)

Road: Long Combination allowed in Sweden (Road Train)

Source: Lumsden, Kenth R.; Fundamentals of Logistics, Translation of selected

chapters of the book “Logistikens Grunder” (Göteborg, August 2000), p. 32

18 (60)

Heike Flämig: Elements of ITC (18.04.2007)

9
 Road: Trailer Combination (articulated vehicle)

Source: Lumsden, Kenth R.; Fundamentals of Logistics, Translation of selected

chapters of the book “Logistikens Grunder” (Göteborg, August 2000), p. 33
19 (60)

Heike Flämig: Elements of ITC (18.04.2007)

Road: Permissible maximum dimensions in Europe (1)

20 (60)

Heike Flämig: Elements of ITC (18.04.2007)

10
 Road: Permissible maximum dimensions in Europe (2)

21 (60)

Heike Flämig: Elements of ITC (18.04.2007)

Road: Permissible maximum weights in Europe [in tonnes] (1)

22 (60)

Heike Flämig: Elements of ITC (18.04.2007)

11
Road: Permissible maximum weights in Europe [in tonnes] (2)

23 (60)

Heike Flämig: Elements of ITC (18.04.2007)

Quantity of palets per different means of transport

Euro- Industrial- Asia-
Palet Palet Palet

• Container 20'' (2,33x5,918 m) Palets: 11 9 10

• Container 40'' (2,33x12,015 m) Palets : 25 22 22
• Sattel-Auflieger (2,44x13,20 m) Palets : 33 26 22
Example: perfect adaption to the Euro-palet

3x11
33 palets

• Wechselaufbauten (2,435x7,25 m) Palets : 18 14 12

• LKW (2,42x12 m) Palets : 30 24 20
• LKW (2,42x16,50 m) Palets : 39 32 30
• LKW (2,42x18,75 m) Palets : 45 36 34
• Güterwgn, gedeckt (2,26x12,70 m) Palets : 30 24 22
• Offene Güterwagen (2,76x8,76 m) Palets : 21 16 14
• Flachwagen (2,77 m x 18,50 m) Palets : 46 36 32
Quelle:http://www.epal-pallets.de

24 (60)

Heike Flämig: Elements of ITC (18.04.2007)

12
 Road: Increasing Effectiveness by Connecting Vehicles

Source: Lumsden, Kenth R.; Fundamentals of

Logistics, Translation of selected chapters of
the book “Logistikens Grunder” (Göteborg,
August 2000), p. 34

25 (60)

Heike Flämig: Elements of ITC (18.04.2007)

Road: Extreme Road Combinations

Source: Lumsden, Kenth R.; Fundamentals of

Logistics, Translation of selected chapters of the
book “Logistikens Grunder” (Göteborg, August
2000), p. 34

26 (60)

Heike Flämig: Elements of ITC (18.04.2007)

13
 Road: Semi-Trailer with Small Wheels

Source: Lumsden, Kenth R.; Fundamentals of Logistics, Translation of selected

chapters of the book “Logistikens Grunder” (Göteborg, August 2000), p. 37

27 (60)

Heike Flämig: Elements of ITC (18.04.2007)

Road: The Swap-Body Principle

Source: Lumsden, Kenth R.; Fundamentals of Logistics, Translation of selected

chapters of the book “Logistikens Grunder” (Göteborg, August 2000), p. 38
28 (60)

Heike Flämig: Elements of ITC (18.04.2007)

14
 Differences in Moving Resistance between Rail and Road

Source: Lumsden, Kenth R.; Fundamentals of Logistics, Translation of selected

chapters of the book “Logistikens Grunder” (Göteborg, August 2000), p. 43
29 (60)

Heike Flämig: Elements of ITC (18.04.2007)

Rail: Loading Profile, National Standards within Europe

Source: Lumsden, Kenth R.;

Fundamentals of Logistics,
Translation of selected chapters of
the book “Logistikens Grunder”
(Göteborg, August 2000), p. 49

30 (60)

Heike Flämig: Elements of ITC (18.04.2007)

15
 Rail interfaces: Voltage- and safety-system

Quelle:http://bueker.net/trainspotting/voltage_map_europe.php

31 (60)

Heike Flämig: Elements of ITC (18.04.2007)

Rail interfaces: Direction of running/ Clearance Profile

Quelle:http://bueker.net/trainspotting/voltage_map_europe.php

32 (60)

Heike Flämig: Elements of ITC (18.04.2007)

16
 Rail interfaces: Different track gauges

Quelle:http://bueker.net/trainspotting/voltage_map_europe.php

33 (60)

Heike Flämig: Elements of ITC (18.04.2007)

Rail interfaces: Pantograph Widths

Quelle:http://bueker.net/trainspotting/voltage_map_europe.php

34 (60)

Heike Flämig: Elements of ITC (18.04.2007)

17
 Track Clearance Voltage- Pantograph Responsible
country gauge profile System Widths for safety
Rail interfaces:
Summary

Quelle:http://bueker.net/trainspotting/voltage_map_europe.php

35 (60)

Heike Flämig: Elements of ITC (18.04.2007)

Rail: CargoSprinter - Example Fiege

Source: FIEGE: The Fiege RailRunner

36 (60)

Heike Flämig: Elements of ITC (18.04.2007)

18
 The Availability of the Cargo Room in Some Cargo Planes
(Transport iDag, 93)

Source: Lumsden, Kenth R.;

Fundamentals of Logistics,
Translation of selected chapters of
the book “Logistikens Grunder”
(Göteborg, August 2000), p. 108

37 (60)

Heike Flämig: Elements of ITC (18.04.2007)

Air: Adapting of Unit Carrier to the Shape of the Plane

Source: Lumsden, Kenth R.; Fundamentals of

Logistics, Translation of selected chapters of
the book “Logistikens Grunder” (Göteborg,
August 2000), p. 107

38 (60)

Heike Flämig: Elements of ITC (18.04.2007)

19
 Air: Different Types of Air Containers

Source: Lumsden, Kenth

R.; Fundamentals of
Logistics, Translation of
selected chapters of the
book “Logistikens
Grunder” (Göteborg,
August 2000), p. 107

39 (60)

Heike Flämig: Elements of ITC (18.04.2007)

Air: Relation between Pay Load and Transport Distance for

Airfreight

Source: Lumsden, Kenth R.; Fundamentals of Logistics, Translation of selected

chapters of the book “Logistikens Grunder” (Göteborg, August 2000), p. 109

40 (60)

Heike Flämig: Elements of ITC (18.04.2007)

20
 Features of Traffic Carriers
Containers till 25 t
exchangeable load carriers
(swap bodies) of different
types, short/middle distance
Containers, up to 125 000 t and 6000 TEU*,
haulage, collection, distribution
used for long distance trunk haulage,
intercontinental, by time table,
precision measured in days
*TEU = twenty feet equivalent unit

Specialized containers, up to 110 t

used for long distance trunk haulage,
intercontinental, by time table, precision in
Containers, up to 1500 t
minutes, time sensitive goods
exchangeable load carriers, up to 35 wagons
used for long distance trunk haulage,
by time table, precision measured in minutes

41 (60)

Heike Flämig: Elements of ITC (18.04.2007)

Advantages and disadvantages of alternative modes of transport

Type of Advantages Disadvantages
transportation
Road goods • Savings of time and costs in short-distance and local • No exact schedules
transportation traffic • Dependent on weather
• Possible savings of time in long-distance traffic • Dependent on traffic disturbances
• Flexible time-table formation • Limited loading space
• Suitability for specific types of goods • Exclusion of certain dangerous goods
• Adaptability to delivery time windows
Rail goods • Higher single loading weight than of trucks • Private rail net/track connections or
transportation • Exact time tables employment of so called street roller required
• In principle free of disturbances • Additional costs for the hiring of special
• Dangerous goods admissible vehicles
Inland waterway • High single loading weights • Restricted network of routes
goods • Large loading space • Without harbour high costs due to broken traffic
transportation • Supply of special ships, small shipment costs • Dependency on water level, ice and fog

Sea goods • High single loading weights • Restriction on North and East Sea harbours auf
transportation • Large loading space • Dependency on storms, ice and fog
• Supply of special ships • In line traffic dependency on fixed routes
Air freight • High transport speed • High transportation costs
transportation • No need for packaging enduring sea transportation
Combined transport • Use of the specific advantages of those means of • Time delay due to handling procedure
transportation that are engaged in a transport chain • Tied to time tables
• Waiting times at handling terminals
Pipe line • Cheapest alternative for the continuous supply of • High investments therefore only profitable at
transportation gaseous, liquid and solid (as slurry) materials long-term contracting of the sale or the
• High reliability purchase
• Non-polluting
Source: Schulte, C.: Logistik. Wege zur Optimierung des Material- und
Informationsflusses. Verlag Franz Vahlen, München 1991. p. 64-65
42 (60)

Heike Flämig: Elements of ITC (18.04.2007)

21
 Systems Model - Infrastructure
Persons
Persons Vehicles
Goods Vehicles
Goods

-streets
-railways and stations
-water-ways and harbours
-air corridors and airports
-pipe lines
-information facilities

Facilities
Facilities Infrastructure
Infrastructure

43 (60)
Source: Sjöstedt, Lars/Flämig, Heike
(unpublished)
Heike Flämig: Elements of ITC (18.04.2007)

Trans-European Networks

The Trans-European Transport Networks

"TEN-T“

Trans-European Energy Networks

"TEN-E"

Telecommunications
“eTEN”

44 (60)

Heike Flämig: Elements of ITC (18.04.2007)

22
 TEN-T Objectives

• Goals
– Ensure freedom of movement within a
single European Market for goods,
persons and services.
– Enable economic growth and the
creation of employment.

• Political framework (no funding and

implementation program)
– Identification of projects of common
interest.
– Definition of objectives and project
priorities.

45 (60)

Heike Flämig: Elements of ITC (18.04.2007)

TEN: Road Corridors

46 (60)
http://europa.eu.int/comm/ten/transport/maps/
doc/schema/road/2004_DGTREN_GUIDELIN
Heike Flämig: Elements of ITC (18.04.2007) ES2004_ROADS_EUROPE.pdf

23
TEN: Rail Corridors

47 (60)
Source:http://europa.eu.int/comm/ten/transport/maps/doc/schem
a/rails/2004_DGTREN_GUIDELINES2004_RAILS_EUROPE.pdf
Heike Flämig: Elements of ITC (18.04.2007)

TEN: Airport

48 (60)
Source:http://europa.eu.int/comm/ten/transport/maps/doc/schema/airp
orts/2004_guidelines_airports_europe_en.pdf
Heike Flämig: Elements of ITC (18.04.2007)

24
TEN: Priority axes and projects

49 (60)
Source: http://europa.eu.int/comm/ten/transport/maps/doc/axes/pp00.pdf

Heike Flämig: Elements of ITC (18.04.2007)

Share of investments by mode (Member States)

50 (60)

Heike Flämig: Elements of ITC (18.04.2007)

25
 TEN: Priority corridors in Central and Eastern Europe

51 (60)

Heike Flämig: Elements of ITC (18.04.2007)

European network of Motorways of the Sea

• Goal: moving cargo from road to sea

• Example: Northern Maritime Corridors II
pursing the vision of the NMC as a means of efficient, safe and
sustainable transportation corridor, connecting coastal areas and
enhancing regional development in the North Sea Region and the
Northern Periphery Area.

Video
52 (60)

Heike Flämig: Elements of ITC (18.04.2007)

26
 Comparison of the value-adding role of the different means of
transportation

Source: Jünemann, R.: Materialfluß und Logistik, Berlin u.a. Springer-Verlag 1989. p. 337
53 (60)

Heike Flämig: Elements of ITC (18.04.2007)

Logistics Nodes as connecting elements

real
demand
Transport chains

afford

Logistics
nodes
create to meet
connections

Infrastructures Logistics strategies

real abstract
offer demand
54 (60)

Heike Flämig: Elements of ITC (18.04.2007)

27
 Challenge: Optimisation of Interfaces
from the harbour over the Hinterland ...

CTA CTA

Billwerder Wustermark
Fotos: http://www.duss-terminal.de/TISWeb.Dll?LieferInfoSeite(THEMA| |NAVIGATION?INDEX|
|HTML_INDEX), 24.05.05, www.hlla.de, 26.05.05 55 (60)

Heike Flämig: Elements of ITC (18.04.2007)

... to the last mile

Sources: http://online.wdr.de/online/panorama/packstation/index.phtml, 30.02.02;

http://www.fraunhofer.de/german/press/md/md2001/md05-2001_fo6g.jpg

56 (60)

Heike Flämig: Elements of ITC (18.04.2007)

28
Definitions of multimodal, intermodal and combined transport
multimodal transport: carriage of goods by at least two different modes of
transport
intermodal transport: the movement of goods in one and the same loading
unit or vehicle which uses successively several modes of transport without
handling of the goods themselves in changing modes.
combined transport: intermodal transport where the major part of the
European journey is by rail and any initial and/or final legs carried out by
road are as short as possible.

• Intermodalism implies the use of at least two different modes of transport in

an integrated manner in a door-to-door transport chain.
• Door-to-door are those activities that occur between the point at which
cargo is consolidated (into containers) and the point at which they are de-
consolidated.
• >>> A consensual definition of intermodal transport does not exist!
57 (60)

Heike Flämig: Elements of ITC (18.04.2007) Source: OECD 2002, pp. 8, 47, 77

Selected forms of Trailer on flatcar (TOFC)

intermodal
transportation

Trailer and tractor on flatcar

Roadtrailer

Container on flatcar (COFC)

58 (60)
Source:
David L. Anderson 1994, p. 363.
Heike Flämig: Elements of ITC (18.04.2007) Taken from Lambert at al. 1998, p. 236

29
 Water: RoRo - Ship

59 (60)
Source: Lumsden, Kenth R.; Fundamentals of Logistics, Translation of selected
chapters of the book “Logistikens Grunder” (Göteborg, August 2000), p. 85
Heike Flämig: Elements of ITC (18.04.2007)

Summary

• Knowledge about the main Characteristics of each mode and its

elements
– road
– rail
– air
– water (a little)

• First knowledge about connections and interfaces within and

between different transport modes

60 (60)

Heike Flämig: Elements of ITC (18.04.2007)

30