*

2011/10/25

Development of the Concrete Code in Hong Kong

Ir Prof Paul Pang Buildings Department October 2011

Content
1. Background of the structural use of concrete 2. Special features of the Code 2004 3. Ductility 4. 3rd edition or Code 2012 5. Acceptable details 6. Workmanship

2011/10/25

1. Background of the Structural Use of concrete

Structural Use of Concrete

Reinforced Concrete Regulations of the London County Council 1915 London County Council By-laws 1938 London County Council, London Building (Constructional) By-laws 1952 Hong Kong Building (Construction) Regulations 1956 Hong Kong Building (Construction) Regulations 1964

2011/10/25

Structural Use of Concrete

Structural Use of Concrete

2011/10/25

Structural Use of Concrete

Structural Use of Concrete 1987 working stress method Structural Use of Concrete 1987 limit state method (following BS8110:1985 with partial load factors 1.5/1.7) PNAP 187 issued in 1995 stipulated that RSE could follow BS 8110:1985 with partial load factors 1.4/1.6 but subject to additional coring for strength tests

Structural Use of Concrete

Circular Letter to AP/RSE dated 13 December 2004 for the publication of the Code of Practice for the Structural Use of Concrete 2004 (the Code) 2nd edition of the Code published in December 2008

2011/10/25

Background of the Code 2004

Code of Practice for the Structural Use of Concrete 1st edition : December 2004 Technical Committee : January 2008 2nd edition : August 2008 3rd edition or Code 2012 : Drafting stage

2. Special features of the Code

2011/10/25

Features
a. b. c. d. e. New stress-strain curve and design formulae Use of high strength concrete Beam-column joint design Serviceability in response to wind loads Ductility detailing

a. New stress-strain curve and simplified stress block

k=0.9 for fcu 45 N/mm2 k=0.8 for 45< fcu 70 N/mm2, or k=0.72 for 70< fcu 100 N/mm2

2011/10/25

Corresponding new design formulae

Design formulae are provided for K<=K and K>K respectively, where K and K are defined as follows:

K = M/ b d 2 fcu
For fcu <= 45 N/mm2 K = 0.156 for moment redistribution <= 10%; or K = 0.402 (b - 0.4) - 0.18 (b - 0.4)2 for moment redistribution > 10% For 45 < fcu <= 70 N/mm2 K = 0.120 for moment redistribution <= 10%; or K = 0.375 (b - 0.5) - 0.143 (b - 0.5)2 for moment redistribution > 10% For 70 < fcu <= 100 N/mm2 (for which moment redistribution is not allowed) K = 0.094

b. Use of high strength concrete

2011/10/25

c. Beam-column joint design

BS8110 and Code of Practice 1987 made an over-simplified assumption that beam-column joints would not fail Researches and load tests on structural frames indicated that shear stresses can be built up within beam-column joints and lead to failure It is only since the 1970s that the attention of structural engineers has been drawn to the critical role of beam-column joints in reinforced concrete frames. Park & Paulay, 1993 refers Clause 6.8.1.2 requires that forces resulting from gravity loads and wind forces acting on a beam-column joint shall be properly designed for

d. Serviceability in Response to Wind Loads

Excessive response to wind loads (7.3.2) Static or dynamic analysis Static analysis : H/500 Dynamic analysis : Limits of peak acceleration 0.15 m/s2 for residential buildings 0.25 m/s2 for office or hotel buildings

2011/10/25

e. Ductility detailing
No such provision under BS8110 and the Concrete Code 1987. Ductility will complement the strength of a structure and enhance the overall performance Enhances the probability of survival of a structure under extreme loads

3. Ductility

2011/10/25

Design objectives
3 Main objectives: Strength Serviceability Ductility

Why ductility?
Improve performance of the structures Structures have a much better chance of survival when subject to loads exceeding their strength capacities, e.g. overloading, accidental impact, earthquake, terrorist attack, etc Hong Kong is densely populated with people live and work in multi-storey buildings. Collapse or disproportionate failure of structures will have dire consequences, must be prevented Cost vs benefit

2011/10/25

Ductility - definition
Paulay and Priestley:

The term ductility defines the ability of a structure and selected structural components to deform beyond elastic limit without excessive strength or stiffness degradation.

Ductile behaviour

Load

Ductile behaviour large deformation without excessive strength degradation Brittle behaviour

Deflection

2011/10/25

Ductility design objectives

Structure shall not fail in a brittle fashion without warning Capable of sustaining large deformations at nearmaximum load carrying capacity Gives ample warning of failure Prevents total collapse and prevents casualties

Material properties

stress

strain

stress

strain

Reinforcing steel

Concrete

2011/10/25

Analogy
The strength of a chain is the strength of its weakest link

Brittle links

Ductile link

Brittle links

n Brittle links (a)

Ductile link (b)

Ductile chain (c)

(Diagram from Paulay and Priestley)

Capacity design
1. Select a suitable configuration for plastic mechanism 2. Select suitable locations for plastic hinges 3. Design with suitable strength differentials

2011/10/25

Step 1 : Select suitable configuration for plastic mechanism

appropriately detailed locations (plastic hinges)

plastic deformation at undesirable locations

Preferred

Avoid

Step 2 : Select suitable locations for plastic hinges

Plastic hinges : locations for plastic deformations energy dissipation energy is dissipated during the process when plastic hinges are formed, reversed, and so on should be formed in the beams, or in the connections of the beams to columns, but not in the columns

2011/10/25

Step 3 : Design with suitable strength differentials

Design plastic hinges and other regions with suitable strength differentials Other regions remain elastic under all feasible actions corresponding to over-strength in the plastic hinges It is immaterial whether the other regions are ductile or brittle

Code requirements
Weak beams Strong columns and beam-column joints

2011/10/25

Stress behaviour
Uniaxial stress behaviour Biaxial stress behaviour Triaxial stress behaviour

fcc = fc + 4.1fl
where

fcc = axial compressive strength of confined specimen fc = axial compressive strength of unconfined specimen f l = lateral confining pressure

Concrete confinement
By transverse reinforcement which provides passive confinement maintains concrete core integrity and prevents longitudinal bar buckling significantly increases strength and ductility

2011/10/25

Confinement reinforcement

(a) Circular hoops or spiral

(b) Rectangular hoops with cross ties

(c) Overlapping rectangular hoops

Unconfined concrete

(d) Confinement by (e) Confinement by transverse bars longitudinal bars

(Diagram from Paulay and Priestley)

Stress-strain curves for confined and unconfined concrete

Confined concrete fcc fc Unconfined concrete

Compressive stress, fc

Compressive strain, c

(Diagram from Paulay and Priestley)

2011/10/25

Code requirements
Stringent requirements for links e.g. 135 deg anchorage e.g. restraint of every column main bars within critical zone

4. 3rd edition or Code 2012

2011/10/25

Clause 2. Basis of design

Add new clauses on structural layout for ductility design Centre of mass vs centre of rigidity Simple, regular plans preferred. Avoid articulated plans such as T and L shapes. Symmetry in plan preferred. Avoid significant torsional response. Integrated foundation system. Avoid partly on rock and partly on soil Regularity (in geometry and storey stiffness) in elevation Preferred and undesirable vertical configuration

Clause 3.1.5 Elastic deformation

Review by Poly U and HKU in collaboration with a number of local concrete suppliers Results agree with current recommendations in the Code

2011/10/25

Clause 3.1.8 Drying shrinkage

Revamp as per local research Old: cs = csKLKcKeKj New:
where (sh)u is the ultimate shrinkage

kh, s(fcm), PV and RH account for effects of effective

thickness, concrete grade, paste volume (or aggregate content) and RH respectively

Cs allows for the significantly larger shrinkage of local

concrete

Reference : AKH KWAN et al (2010) Shrinkage of Hong Kong granite aggregate concrete. Magazine of Concrete Research

Clause 3.2 Reinforcing steel

CS2 :
Current : Grade 460 New (not yet published) : Grade 500B & 500C
Grade 500B 500C Rm/Re 1.08 1.15 1.35 Agt % 5.0 7.5 strain Agt stress

Re

Rm

Reinforcing steel

2 options for update of Concrete Code :

Option 1 : Grade 500B + 500C Option 2 : Grade 500C only

2011/10/25

Clause 4.3 Requirements for fire resistance

Revamp 4.3.1 Normal strength concrete 4.3.2 High strength concrete
Means to mitigate spalling under fire, e.g. guidance given in EC2 clause 6.2

Clause 6.2 of BS EN 1992-1-2:2004

2011/10/25

Clause 5.5 Transfer structure

Guidance re ductility design consideration Possible control :
Change in stiffness Storey drift Design with suitable strength differential

Clause 6.8 Beam-column joints

AKH KWAN Concrete Code Handbook WONG SHF and KUANG JS (2009) on the design of rc beam-column joints to Hong Kong Concrete Code 2004. The HKIE Transactions Add guidance on design shear force Add guidance on detailing

2011/10/25

Guidance on design shear forces

hc

C = T = As1 fy C = T = As2 fy Vjh = T+C-Vc Vjv = (hb/hc)Vjh Instead of : C = T = 1.25 As1 fy C = T = 1.25 As2 fy
hb

Potential failure plan C Vb T Beam

Nc Vc

Mc

Vjv Vjh Vb

C Vc Mc Nc Column Beam

Guidance on detailing
Vertical joint shear reinforcement may be provided by straight bars or inverted U-bars with adequate anchorages surplus capacity of column longitudinal reinforcement may be used to resist all or part of vertical shear force in the joint Horizontal joint shear reinforcement may be provided by links formed from U-bars with adequate tension lap lengths

2011/10/25

Clause 9.7 Foundations

Add 9.7.4 Large diameter bored piles

Clause 9.7.4 Large diameter bored piles

Longitudinal reinforcement
min 6 bars, diameter 16 mm shall be of high yield steel bars and not less than: (a) 0.5% Ac for Ac 0.5 m2; (b) 2500 mm2 for 0.5 m2 < Ac 1 m2; (c) 0.25% Ac for Ac > 1.0 m2; where Ac is the gross cross-sectional area of pile.

Transverse reinforcement
shall comply with the requirements for columns as stipulated in clauses 9.9.2.2 and 9.9.2.3.

2011/10/25

Clause 9.9 Detailing for ductility

Review existing requirements Add ductility detailing for walls Options for reinforcement fixing Add ductility couplers

Clause 9.9.2.1(d) Column longitudinal reinforcement

Centre of splice (lap or coupler) may be located within middle (instead of ) of storey height If Mc 1.2Mb, clause 9.9.2.1 (d) may be dispensed with, where Mc = sum of moment capacities under appropriate axial load of column sections above and below joint; Mb = sum of either clockwise or anti-clockwise moment capacities of beams on both sides of joint, whichever is the greater

2011/10/25

Clause 9.9.2.2 Column transverse reinforcement within critical region

1st paragraph Delete reference to limited ductile high strength reinforced concrete 9.9.2.2(b) Indicate that an absolute minimum link spacing of 100 mm is also acceptable

Ductility couplers
Advantage : Can be placed in any location provided that : the couplers in columns are staggered in 2 layers at min 300 mm apart, with the lower layer at min 300 mm above structural floor level

2011/10/25

Ductility couplers
Requirements : The couplers are tested to AC 133 to establish compliance with Type 2 mechanical splices specified in ACI 318 The splice assembly shall fail in bar-break mode The splice assembly shall have permanent elongation not exceeding 0.1 mm after loading to 0.6fy in accordance with clause 3.2.8.2 of the Code

Ductility couplers
Test to AC 133 Acceptance Criteria for Mechanical Connector Systems for Steel Reinforcing Bars :

2011/10/25

Ductility couplers
Result of test to AC 133 :

Clause 10 General specification, construction and workmanship

Add requirements for ductility couplers

2011/10/25

Clause 11 Quality assurance and quality control

Review existing requirement that: All structural concrete should be obtained from suppliers certified under QSPSC (Quality Scheme for Production and Supply of Concrete) or equivalent unless works are in remote areas or volume of concrete <50m3 Consider if the requirement could be relaxed for normal strength concrete or concrete lower than a specified strength

Clause 12 Prestressed concrete

Review 12.1 Basis of design Ductility requirements

2011/10/25

Clause 13 Load tests of structures or parts of structures

Load tests to satisfy strength requirement only Ductility requirement still need to be complied with

Annex A Acceptable standards

Update to align with EC, ACI and GB codes and standards

2011/10/25

5. Acceptable details

Theory vs practicality

(From Moehle)

2011/10/25

Bar lapping for column

Couplers for column

Ordinary couplers

Ductility couplers

2011/10/25

Transverse reinforcement for rectangular column

Transverse reinforcement for circular column

2011/10/25

Horizontal joint shear reinforcement

Horizontal joint shear reinforcement

2011/10/25

Vertical joint shear reinforcement

can be provided by vertical bars or inverted U-bars with adequate anchorages into column above or below the joint.

Shear links in beam

Using close stirrups

Using open stirrups with a top locking link

2011/10/25

Torsional links in beam

Torsional links in beam

2011/10/25

6. Workmanship

2 main objectives

Strong beam-column joints Stringent requirements for links

2011/10/25

Efforts required
Construction team
Proper fixing of reinforcement In particular : All links must be securely fixed to main bars

RSE
Stringent site control and supervision

BD
Increases audit checking Takes action if defectively bent or loosely fixed reinforcement is found

End