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n_otgo@yahoo.com
otgonsaikhan@icb.edu.mn
otgonsaikhan@icb.edu.m
www.icb.edu.mn
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2009
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ISBN-978-99929-4-430-7
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2.1
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50
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64
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100
110
113
136

4.

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4.1
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163
167

4.3
4.4

171
178

5.

195

5.1
5.2
5.4
5.5
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5.7
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195
200
203
209
213
218
234

,




-

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6.
6.1
6.2
6.3
6.4

,
,

7.
7.1
7.2
7.3
7.4
7.5
7.6

242

242
247
256
266
276

276
281
285
303
309
314

8.

321

8.1
8.2
8.3
8.4

321
324
331
334

10

9.

347

9.1
9.2
9.3

347
353

9.4
9.5
9.6

,
/SEAN/
-
/APEC/
/NEA/

356
361
365
368

10.

375

10.1
10.2
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375
381
387
391
396

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11.
11.1 ,
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407
407
416
420
426

12.

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436
446
449

13.

452

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452
457
460
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14.

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466
470
475

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15.

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15.1
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485
489
495
499

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16.

509

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509
513
523
526
530

17.

537

17.1
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537
540
542

,
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547
553
555

12

WTO

World Trade rganization

GATT

General Agreement on
Tariffs and Trade
Trade-Related Aspects
of Intellectual Property rights

TRIPS

TRIMS

Agreement on TradeRelated Investment

Measures

GATS

General Agreement on
Trade in Services

WIPO

World Intellectual
property organization
Most favoured nation

MFN

NT
National treatment
HS Code Harmonized System
Codes

MNCCI

Mongolian National
Chamber of Commerce
and Industry

GSP

Generalized system of
preferences
International monetary
fund

IMF

13

14

- ,

WB
ADB
SDR
EU
NEA
ASEAN
APEC

World bank
Asian development
bank
Special drawing rights
European union
Northeast asia
Association of Southeast Asian Nations
Asia-Pasific Economic
Cooperation

ASEM

Asia-Europe meeting

CAREC

Central Asia Regional

Economic Cooperation

EAEC
SCO

NAFTA

Eurasian Economic
Community
Shanghai Cooperation
Organization
North American Free
Trade area

CARICOM
EFTA

Caribbean Community
and Common Market
European Free Trade
Association

OPEC

Organization of
Petrolium Exporting
Countries
United nations

UN
UNCTAD

OECD

Organization for
Economic Cooperation
and Development

FDI

Foreign direct investment

FIFTA

Foreign investment
and foreign trade
agency

GDNT

MASM

MRPAM Mineral Resources and

Petroleum Authority
of Mongolia

CGAM

VAT
TNC
GDP
CIS

General Department of
National Taxation of
Mongolia
Mongolian Agency for
Standardization and
Metrology
Customs General
Administration of
Mongolia
value-added tax
Transnational corporation
Gross Domestic Product
Commonwealth of
Independent States

United Nations Conference on Trade and

Development

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18

58

Impact of foreign trade on income distribution, 1919

Interregional and International Trade, 1933

, 1917
, 1923
. 1924
. 1925 . 1930


1933 Interregional and International
Trade .
1977
.

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factor-proportions theory

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60

Domestic production and foreign trade: The American capital position re-examined,
1953
-

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Staffan Burenstam Linder (1961), An essay on trade and transformation

61

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Krugman, P. (1980), Scale

Scale Economies, Product Differentiation, and Patterns of Trade
Trad
2008 .

63

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64

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32

The flying geese

1962 A historical pattern of economic growth in developing countries
.
Kojima K (1978). Giant multinational corporations: Merits and defects.
Ozawa T (1995). The flying geese paradigm of FDI, economic development and shifts
in competitiveness.
Kasahara S. (2004): The Flying Geese Paradigm: A Critical study of Its Application to
East Asian Regional Development.

67

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175

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180

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.
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.
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181

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//

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73

184

http://www.adb.org/Documents/Translations/Mongolian/News/nr2005160-mn.pdf
www.worldbank
www
worldbank.or
org 2008 9 13

. :
, - /International Bank for Reconstruction and Development (IBRD)/,
- /International Development Association (IDA)/,
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1960 .


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1930-

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1946 39
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1970 , 1980

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191

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(
) 4
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.



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1993-1996
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2006 .
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/53.086/, Toyota/34.050/, Intel/31.261/, McDonald's/31.049/, Disney/29.251 /, Google/25.590/ 75.
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http://www.interbrand.com/best_global_brands.asp , Google 2007 20-

http://www.interbrand.com/best_global_brands.aspx,
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201

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206

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207

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210

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211

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100

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221

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82 .
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277

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281

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IX

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1950-1960-
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346

347

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, .
:
1.
/free trade area or agreement-FTA/
2. /customs union/
3. /common market/
4. /economic union/
5. /political union/
, 109
9.1

. :





/ /

.
.
.

109

348

, ,

Charles W.L.Hill. International business. 2005. 269

349

.
- -
.
,
.
.
,
.

,

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NAFTA/, /EFTA/
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.

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350

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9.1

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351

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352

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1967 8 8- 5
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. 500 , 4,5
110

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353

. , -737 ,
- 720 .

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29 ,
122 . 1994 7 -
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10
. /PTA- Preferential
Trading Arrangement/.
354

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YISION 2020 . ,
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2002
0-5% . /2010-2015-2018 /
.
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1993
43,26
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.

.
+3 - ,

.


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, , , -

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355

.

2003
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.

.


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1998 7
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111
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356

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Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation - APEC

357

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//
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/, , , , ,
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/, , ,
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/, /
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1995 ,

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2004 11 20-20- -
12 One community, our
future . ,
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.

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.

, 2010 -
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.

358

,
2 .
1. ,
/Trade and investment liberalization/
2. /Trade facilitation/

1995 -
.

.
359

-

.
-
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,

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.
86 ,
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.
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360

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361

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Europa.eu 2008.10.25

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North American Agreement on Labor Cooperation-NAALC
www.fas.usda.gov/itp/policy/nafta/nafta.asp 2008.10.24
www.fas.usda.gov/itp/policy/nafta/nafta.as

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., 1999
17. . . .,1998
18. .. .
., 1999
19. Donald A. Ball, Wendell H. McCulloch Jr, Paul L.Frantz & ets.
International business. Mc Graw Hill.,2004 /9 /
20. Charles W.L. Hill. International business. Mc Graw Hill.,2005 /4
/
21. Philip R. Cateora, John L. Graham. International marketing. Mc
Graw Hill., 2005 /12 /
22. Prentice Hall. International business, Mc Graw Hill., 2006
23. Dr. Fred Maidment. International business. 1998

552

553

24. Merrit R. Blaceslee. The language of trade. 1998

25. Suk H. Kim. International business finance.1983

.
26.
27.
28.
29.
30.
31.
32.
33.
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46.

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http/www.unctad.org
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http/www.apec.org
http/www.nea.org
http/www.strategicalliance.com
http/www.wikipedia.org

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, 83, 90, 139, 170, 179,
194, 246, 306, 314, 329,
334, 356, 358, 417, 486
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85, 90, 98, 103, 111, 117,
124, 129, 132, 136, 139,

140,165, 166, 168, 170,

174, 179, 184, 189, 191,
201, 202, 226, 246, 252,
269, 275, 283, 290, 306,
313-317, 319, 323, 329,
334,337, 339, 340-345,
346, 350, 356, 358, 361,
363, 368, 374, 376, 387,
392, 407, 413, 422, 426,
428, 430, 436, 445, 452458, 463, 467, 488, 500,

555


509, 533, 536, 539, 545
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118, 130, 170-173, 222,
277, 365, 426, 452, 486,
491, 03, 518, 538, 544, 555
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, 373,
380, 391, 400
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417, 459
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117, 123, 126, 146, 373,
426, 453
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459, 501
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118, 123, 130, 132, 136,
175, 179, 226, 237,275,
365, 367, 407, 426, 454,
458, 462, 488
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312, 356, 375, 384, 392,
422, 453
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131, 365, 537
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407, 422
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321, 334, 338, 342, 346,
350, 365, 369, 453, 530
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, 353, 361

556

.
, 82, 114, 313, 352, 356,
358, 373, 441, 493
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485
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130, 141, 146, 366, 407,
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426, 452, 459
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387, 407, 417, 428, 458
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179, 230, 283, 284, 314,
323, 330, 334, 343, 348,
356, 358, 361, 368, 370,
407, 426, 430, 431, 462
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, 89, 112, 246, 369, 459
, 83, 370
, 83, 353
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91, 111, 119, 123, 126,
136, 426, 453
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358, 396, 493, 529
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356, 368, 453
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131, 164, 167, 170, 183,
184, 187, 191, 192, 230,
250, 255, 258, 260-263,
275, 284-287, 301, 306,
314-321, 332, 334, 342,
356, 359-371, 376, 380,
407, 410, 421, 428-432,
436, 443, 446-450, 482,
504-507, 522, 533, 535,
539, 548

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392-393, 407, 422
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343-345, 376
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112, 250, 315, 334, 350351, 366, 371-372, 426,
430-431, 500-501
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122, 139-142, 337, 352,
356-358, 378, 384, 392398, 422
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129, 148, 247, 284, 313,
317, 344, 350, 356, 361,
375, 383, 391-399, 453,
533, 538
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387, 392
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, 369
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407, 422

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.
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366, 407
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91, 102, 130-132, 145-149,
168, 226, 230, 277, 314,
365, 376, 407, 417, 426,
440, 539, 544
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103, 107, 112, 120, 124,
130, 132, 135, 141, 179,
269, 272, 284, 312, 317,
344, 350, 355, 361, 370,
380-399, 414, 427, 454,
482, 488, 493, 500
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459
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130, 136, 140, 366, 368,
422, 543
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139, 173, 314, 323, 331,
334, 344, 366
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344, 356, 358
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112, 120-122, 179, 284,
371, 417, 427, 468, 482,
486-488, 492, 500, 502
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67, 72-75, 85, 88, 91, 98, 117,
118-120, 123, 128, 130-139,
142, 145-150, 170, 173, 179181, 191, 263, 272, 283, 314,
317, 323, 325, 328, 330, 334,
342, 350, 355-363, 366, 375,
392, 407, 420, 426, 430, 445,
452, 458, 476, 488, 491, 505507, 528, 538

557

3. :

, 224, 225
, 33, 222, 514
,
287, 325, 343, 344
, 76,108,182, 244,
246, 252, 294, 362, 462,
494
, 203-209, 219-223, 237
, 118, 124, 125
, 164-166
, 127, 466-482
, 126
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, 176
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, 21, 113, 172, 178, 189,
511, 519, 535
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383, 468, 485-507
, 514
, 265
, 282, 300
, 214, 235, 288,
309, 495, 500, 501, 526, 529
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112, 188, 215, 307, 315,
358, 360, 363, 368, 381, 431

, 335
, 40, 427
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150,172, 378, 396, 408, 412,
, 24, 36, 38, 48, 70, 84, 88,
92, 106, 140, 146, 148,
168, 172, 176, 178, 182,
194-236

558

, 34, 188,

/
/, 248, 300, 302,
552
, 300, 332
, 37, 96, 259,
311, 317, 340, 445, 456,
458, 532
, 96, 188, 204, 212,
227, 231, 282, 291, 306,
324, 333, 497, 505, 534
, 157-159
,
489-493, 496-498, 507
, 141
, 95, 138, 148
, 26, 145, 376,
396, 504
,
140, 144
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87, 123, 148, 179, 182,
189, 192-196, 209-212,
218-222, 226, 229-233,
236, 388, 393, 434, 468
, 30, 32, 35, 173, 262, 531
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74, 108-111, 117, 127-129,
132, 134, 138, 142-144,
180, 183, 306, 367, 384,
398, 400, 421, 486, 488,
501, 504, 516, 533
, 382, 384, 387, 391
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, 120
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, 411,
439-444

, 64
, 117

, 20, 24, 26, 34, 83, 86, 96,

106, 114, 163-178, 189,
197-199, 214, 228, 235,
247, 265, 270, 289, 293,
340, 351, 365, 378, 398,
399, 401, 407, 411, 434,
458, 487, 501
, 171, 446, 487, 513-515,
521, 528, 532
, 211-213, 227-229

, 49, 86, 95, 198,

243, 247-257, 263, 286,
294, 300, 322, 338, 350,
352, 355, 372, 387, 391,
397, 400, 447, 457
, 257, 266, 278,
282, 298, 300
, 248, 252, 280,
285, 309, 349-352, 372
, 247, 251, 256, 300, 364,
367, 316, 318
, 163,
165, 171-172
, 271

, 40, 64, 67-68,
273, 379, 399, 407-434, 454

, 113-114
, 59-61
, 20, 31, 172, 311, 317,
350, 463, 543
, 67
, 204,
211, 265, 269, 301, 329,
332-333, 339
, 290
, 501
, 464

.
, 29, 38, 42, 67, 133,
137, 139, 144, 147, 151,
155-156, 191, 268, 398,
500-501
, 20, 23-25, 143, 150,
163, 170-171, 276, 349,
452, 498
, 433
, 32-39, 87-88, 97-99,
115, 119, 122, 127, 131,
141, 146, 166, 173-178,
188, 195-208, 210, 214,
217-235, 243, 247, 255,
262-265, 274, 289, 300,
304-305, 309-310, 317,
334, 365, 366, 369, 377,
378, 393, 409, 411, 429430, 436, 438-450, 459,
468-470, 475-478, 486-487,
495-497, 502, 506, 518,
528-534, 541

DAF , 262
, 19, 21, 36, 107, 185,
187, 198, 204, 212, 223,
229, 231-232, 258, 260,
262, 264, 272, 289, 299,
306, 382, 401, 419, 428429, 450, 534-535
, 75,
200, 450
, 182, 274, 319, 335,
338, 363, 504
, 242, 292, 347, 454, 528
, 245, 249, 251, 267, 277278, 281, 294-296
, 177, 272
, 27, 383, 477
, 531, 526-527
, 526-527
, 473-474, 507, 522
, 537

559


, 45
, 521-522, 531

, 272
, 529
, 490, 496, 502
, 311-312
, 432, 438-439,
446-449
, 94
, 25, 31, 62,
100, 189, 248, 283, 312313, 357

, 170, 172-173, 176, 191,

222, 237, 366-367
, 171-172,
, 171-172,
, 171-172

, , 148

, 26, 84, 90, 92, 115,

274, 545
, 19, 26-27, 29 32, 38, 5060, 63-67, 102, 105, 109,
112, 127, 145, 150, 154156, 174-175, 187, 198,
208, 222, 225, 228, 233,
253, 258-264, 268, 299,
348, 352, 377, 386, 392,
398, 412, 414-415, 434,
440, 442, 444, 467, 469,
472, 485, 492, 494, 495,
497-501, 515, 523, 528
, 48, 122, 124, 176, 200,
250, 276, 279-281, 299, 301,

560

.
321, 336, 350, 354, 357,
366, 440, 446, 463, 478
, 84-86,
389-391,
,
75, 267, 273, 285, 521
,
145, 307
, 37, 39, 96-97,
311-313, 317, 340, 491,
522, 529-533,
, 255
, 19, 37, 46, 214
, 25, 311, 475
, 32
, 20, 32-33, 172, 195, 198,
222, 226, 234, 258, 463,
502, 505, 514, 523, 531
, 187, 209, 216, 228,
420, 422-434, 544
, 35, 41, 93, 105, 107, 141,
146, 177-192, 196-236
, 165, 190-191

, 257-262,
294, 332
, 30-32, 48-50, 60-61, 6567, 75, 86, 95, 101, 106,
138, 145
, 245-246,
296, 417, 461, 472
, 268, 270,
282, 302-304
, 79-80
, 36-37, 306-307, 389
, 203, 209-213, 236
, 198-199
, 377, 395, 414, 418, 430
, 347, 351
, 143-144, 306, 446,
455, 468, 486, 492, 504,

509, 510-512, 517-535
, 102, 105, 146, 166,
423, 458
, 81, 88-89, 92-93, 122-126
, 54, 115, 117118, 126

, 49, 59-61, 65, 100, 138,

145, 150, 156, 179, 347,
350, 355, 361, 402, 455460, 469, 472, 525
, 123-124,
, 48-49, 75, 86, 88, 95, 189,
190, 267-270, 337-338,
351, 395, 401, 413
, 97, 201
, 79-80
, 32-33,
259-260
, 439-430
, 223, 230, 248, 274, 310,
311, 317, 336, 375, 429, 537
, 84
, 146, 457
, 32, 213
, 455-456
, 20, 22, 410,440-441
, 93, 124
, 170-171, 177
, 122,

, 119
, 92-93, 99, 185, 187, 278,
282-283, 313, 354, 359,
419, 429, 450, 478, 529
, 38, 64-66, 108-113,
127, 153, 156, 233, 289,
398, 411, 438-439, 445,
464, 468, 472, 485-490,
506, 510, 512-515, 521525, 535
, 294-298
, 125
, 38, 40, 134, 143,
157, 179, 225, 380,
388-390, 411, 439, 444445, 461, 472, 474-475,
478-479, 495, 498, 501,
512-516
, 47-48
, 151-152
, 63, 68-69, 75, 81-84,
95, 101, 151-152, 246, 251,
269-272, 304, 412, 417418, 531
, 90-94, 118, 124-125
, 265-266, 301
, 24,
38-39, 201, 347, 383-384,
485-488, 491, 494, 500507, 517

, 84
, 36, 188, 200, 218, 228234, 441
, 36-38, 98, 408,
438, 444, 456, 476
, 458-460, 464
, 29, 376, 381-387, 396400, 463, 515

, 49
, 134
, 20, 26, 113, 116-117
,
102-107
, 146, 252,
348-351, 369, 373,
, 90-93, 99

561


, 287, 296
, 208
, 294
-, 39, 69, 71, 97, 99, 377,
379, 409, 413, 415, 443,
445, 459, 461, 463, 469,
479, 495,
, 287, 297, 299
, 34
, 97, 99, 195, 235, 495,
503, 507, 511, 517, 527529, 535
, 254, 257, 259
, 62,
103, 151, 169, 183
, 377, 393,
419, 421, 429, 447
, 105

, 230, 263, 386,
, 539-540
, 212, 225, 227, 265, 528
, 203, 213-214,

, 408-409
, 151-152, 413, 417
, 42, 149
, 510-517, 527, 533, 535
, 246, 254255, 263-264, 284, 315, 394
, 177-178, 521
, 95, 393-394,
400-401, 457-458
, 123-124
, 35
, 377, 381, 402, 487, 492
,
128-129
, 30, 39, 68, 96, 100,
138, 145, 154, 201, 258,
276-278, 282, 284, 309312, 314, 317-318, 340,

562

.
359, 368, 408, 419, 468,
472, 493, 501, 522, 529,
530-532

, 125
, 117
, 28-29, 70, 137, 150155, 158, 252, 313, 352,
416, 472, 477, 531,
, 139, 408, 421

, 61
, 251
, 37, 39, 96, 99, 145, 156,
201, 255, 311-312, 317,
340, 412, 445, 456, 458,
479, 532, 533
, 464
, 71
& , 126
, 55, 88,
244, 247, 252,

231, 285
, 218, 230,
402, 411, 445
, 21, 41, 87, 123,
148, 179, 182, 189, 192,
195-196, 209-212, 218-234,
388, 393, 434, 468
, 195, 206, 220, 234-237
, 35
, 176
, 456
, 477
, 26, 84, 113-136, 138, 147,
150, 409, 472, 480, 486,
495, 501, 534, 537
, 169-178
, 75, 164, 173, 249, 272,
292, 307, 379, 513,
, 42, 69, 74-75, 105, 127,
137, 140, 150, 151, 153,
155-156, 179, 456, 460,
463, 464, 468, 485493, 495
, 234
, /R&D/, 38,
63, 138, 467, 501

, 126
, 30-31
, 19, 37, 214, 490
, 31, 333, 339, 387, 397
-, 92
, 37, 45, 118, 435, 454,
458-460

CIF , 264
, 271
,
268, 282, 295-297, 386,
, 178,

, 122
, 23, 86, 88, 95, 106, 218,
242, 247-257, 261, 280,
297, 317-318, 342, 372,
415, 466
,
106, 242, 246-247, 266-267,
271, 273, 280, 286, 297,
321, 323, 342, 348, 368
, 269
, 249-250, 253254, 308
, 48, 75, 86, 156, 251,
267-268, 281-282, 287-289,
295-297, 386, 392, 395396, 419, 462, 498

.
, 21, 43, 48-49, 54, 75,
86, 94-95, 141, 187, 198,
230-231, 234, 243-265,
268-269, 273, 284, 294,
296, 300, 315, 322, 325327, 334-344, 350, 372,
376-377, 381, 386-387,
391-402, 412-414, 418-419,
428-433, 439, 447-450,
456-460, 489, 500-504,
518, 530-533
, 485, 490
, 30, 35, 446, 519, 521,
525, 534
, 88-89, 371
, 180-186, 315
, 267,
272, 278, 281, 291-292
, 181,
244
,
448-449
, 80-81

, 102
, 51
, 26, 167, 171,
189, 191, 195-219, 235236, 333, 373, 457, 502,
510-513, 517-518, 522,
524-525, 528, 535
, 34, 106, 163,
185, 192-193, 245, 279,
286-287, 309, 412, 460-461
, 216-217, 526
47-48, 75,
92-93, 99, 101, 106, 135,
138, 141, 145, 150, 163,
178, 193, 242-274, 433
, 87
, 251-252, 382
, 95, 455-456, 458
, 50-57
, 250-251

563


, 36
, 363-364
, 36, 218, 230, 232, 258,
392, 394-395, 398, 400402, 411, 442, 445, 447
, 21, 29, 36, 51, 71, 83,
85, 107, 109-112, 158,
182-183, 199, 210, 258,
261-262, 288-289, 307,
324, 326-333, 339, 344347, 363-378, 385-400,
428, 441, 463, 475, 494,
513, 523-527

, 34, 199, 201

, 36-37, 127,
445, 476
, 293
, 84, 87, 90-92, 94,
120-122, 126, 128, 132,
212, 230, 440, 536
, 86, 118, 147, 178,
377, 414, 416-419, 522
, 542
, 200, 203,

, 58, 75
, 278, 303-309
, 104
, 280

, 279, 301, 304,
310, 314, 322-323, 326,
335, 344, 430
, 87
,
30, 42, 65-69, 130, 201,
409, 414, 421, 452, 453464, 498

564

.
, 142, 158, 468

, 201, 219, 222-226, 229

, 169, 173-176
, 201, 219, 226-229
, 37-39, 466, 476-477
, 173-175
-, 122

- , 338, 343
, 378,
439-440
, 24, 486
, 103-106, 110, 138,
172, 177, 236
,
249, 297-298
, 30, 39, 41,
401, 414, 436-450, 469, 476
, 327
, 26, 34, 96, 102, 138, 146,
149, 163-179, 197-199,
228, 271-272, 378-379,
434, 458, 514
, 322
, 54-58,
60, 243, 310, 411
, 174-175
, 23
,
301, 321-344
, 420
, 168, 308, 316,
, 49, 133, 184, 306, 410,
416, 476, 515
, 102
, 292, 302,
318, 359, 370-371

, 33, 73, 85,
243-244, 276, 281, 283,
284-285, 315, 321, 350, 397
, 96-98
, 86, 455
, 543
, 40, 96-97, 306,
391-392, 437-439, 445,
447-448, 445,
, 89
, 311-313
, 542-543
, 71, 128, 132, 179,
358-359, 366, 449, 463464, 485, 494, 498, 501,
505, 513, 525
, 257-262, 266, 299
, 90, 94, 126, 128,
134-136, 280, 283, 291,
300, 310, 352
, 27, 268, 414, 456,
466, 491

, 110-112
, 543
, 505-507, 533

, 215, 237
, 375-402
, 243, 280, 372
,
350-352
, 433-434

.
336-337, 342-345, 351,
359, 422, 445, 473, 478,
499, 500-501, 537,
, 287, 295
, 293
, 457-461
, 33, 36, 180, 186, 222,
228, 258, 262

, 382
, 120-123
, 87, 95,
245-246, 268, 295, 304,
532-533
, 329
, 81, 90-93, 96, 256, 299,
318, 533

, 62-63,
156, 469, 477
, 20-21
, 270-271

, 86, 267, 271
, , 30,
35, 38, 371,509-535
, 86, 270
, 21, 31-33, 86, 89, 131,
150, 165, 174, 178, 187,
196-203, 208-234, 383,
422-425, 442-444, 464-472,
481, 485, 495-497, 501,
529
, 213, 217-218, 502
, 67, 464,
, 234, 454-463

, 27, 42, 97, 137, 174,

185, 186, 193, 229, 301,
310, 327-329, 331-333,

, 279, 322

565

4., :
//, 179-184, 362, 370
-
//, 349-360, 455
, 311

//, 375
,
//, 429-431, 446, 447
, 226
//, 165, 184-188, 370, 420
//, 248, 312
APTECH
, 38-39
//, 311, 317
//, 30, 106, 200, 242, 250, 257,
267-273, 276-319, 321, 345, 349, 350-352, 359,
371, 386, 395, 413, 415, 430, 455, 530, 549
//, 209, 221
, 222
//, 282
//, 248, 266
Moodys , 422, 425
//, 246, 340, 373
//, 40, 42, 249, 250, 323, 336, 362,
370, 375, 378, 420, 427, 452, 530
- ,
(ESCAP), 378
- , //, 250, 322, 323,
383, 420, 421, 426, 427, 452, 453, 488
//, 40, 41, 149, 165- 167, 189-192,
407, 417
, 230
//, 185-188
//, 204, 209, 312
//, 185, 209, 221
, 223

566

Standard & Poors , 422, 425

//, 23, 270, 276, 286,
305, 309, 314, 322, 351, 358,
,
, 311
//, 447
, 38, 221
, //, 185

//185, 430

//, 187

, 429
//, 221
//, 371
, /OECD/
40, 312, 462

567