Computer Networks #2 Class XI Compiled by Raja Muhammad Danish Short Answers Cha pter #2 According to Federal Board Islamabad

1. What is Information Networks? Information networks are the computer networks that communicate with public tele communication networks. Information networks, two important technologies: comput ing and telecommunications work together. 2. Define the Network. Network (or computer network) is a way to connect computers together so that th ey can communicate with each other and share information. 3. What is Local Area Network? Local Area Network (LAN) is a network system in which computers are interconnec ted in a limited geographical area, such as network of computers in college comp uter laboratory or network of computers in office building etc) 4. What is Network-Interface Card? network interface card (NIC) is used to connect a computer to other computers i n the local area network. It is a circuit board that is installed inside the com puter's internal expansion slots. 5. What is Bridge? A bridge is an electronic device that connects two similar networks and control s the data flow between them. A bridge recognizes the messages on a network and passes on those addressed to nodes in other network. 6. What is Gateway? A gateway is also an electronic device or system (collection of hardware and sof tware resources) that connects two networks and translates information from one to the other. It enables a computer or node to communicate with a computer on an other different network. 7. What is Router? Router is a communication device that connects two or more networks is called ro uter and transmits data to the correct destination on the network. It uses the r outing protocols. 8. What is Network Protocol? All machine-base communications must follow certain set of rules for exchange o f data between nodes connected to a network. The rules to send and receive data are called protocols. 9. What is Ethernet? Ethernet is the most commonly used protocol in LAN. It uses a high-speed network cable and bus topology, so it is relatively simple and cheaper. 10. What is CSMA/CD? Before transmitting the data, a node must find out if the cable is in use. If so , the node must wait. When the cable is free, the node must begin transmitting i mmediately. This process is also known as CSMA/CD (Carrier Sense Multiple Access with Collision Detection). 11. Define the term token used in networking. A token is a special electronic signal. It consists of a series of bits, which f unctions like a ticket. The computer with the token can transmit data over the n etwork. Only one token exists per network. 12. What is Token ring? A computer network in which each node is connected to two adjacent nodes or neig hbors form a closed ring or loop is called ring network topology. The token ring protocol is used in this type of network. The token ring is closely associated with IBM, which works on the concept of a ring network and a token. 13. What is Token passing? The method of controlling access to the shared network cable is called token pas

sing. 14. What is ARCnet? ARCnet stands for Attached Resource Computer network. It uses either twisted pa ir wire or coaxial cable, and the star topology with hub attached to the network . 15. What is Wide Area Network (WAN)? A Wide Area Network is a network system that covers a large (or wide) geographic al area such as different cities of country or different countries of the world) 16. What is Metropolitan Area Network? A metropolitan area network (MAN) is a communication network system that covers a geographical area of a single city. Usually, MAN connects more than one LANs in a city or town and covers a smaller geographical area than a WAN. Mobile phon es (cellular) systems are often MANs. 17. What is Network Standards? The standards are the precise documents containing technical and physical specif ications about the network being designed) Normally those standards are taken in to consideration and are worldwide acceptable. 18. What is De Facto Standard? De facto means "by tradition" or "by facts". These standards were developed with out any formal plan and came to existence because of historical developments. Th ese standards are most commonly used by the organizations worldwide. 19. What is De Jure Standard? De Jure means "according to law or regulation". These standards have been prope rly approved by the networks governing body. 20. Write names of some networks governing bodies. The names of most popular networks governing bodies are: American National Stan dard Institute (ANSI) The Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEE E) The International Standard Organization (ISO) The International Telecommunica tions Union-Telecommunication Standards Sector (ITU-T, formally CCITT) The Elect ronic Industries Association (EIA) 21. What is client/server network model? In client/server network (or arrangement), the clients are all computers or node s on the network and server is a central computer that controls the network. In addition to control the network, the server also provides a centralized storage area for programs and data) It has hard disks that hold the shared data file or database. 22. What is Peer-to-Peer Network model? In peer-to-peer arrangement, all nodes (or computers) on the network have equal status. No one has control over others. Each computer stores files on its own st orage devices and has its own peripheral devices. The users can share each other 's data and devices (or resources) as and when needed) 23. What is Hybrid Network model? The hybrid network has combined features of both client/server and peer-to-peer networks (or arrangements). It has a server and the users can share the data and software. Similarly, each node can store its own files, programs, and has its o wn peripheral devices. 24. Define the term network Topology . In networking, the term topology is the way of connecting nodes (or devices) o n a network. In other words, a topology represents the shape of network. 25. What is Bus Topology? In bus network, all nodes (or devices) are connected to a common communication medium or central single cable. This single cable is called bus. The devices or nodes are attached with the central cable (or bus) through interface connector. 26. What is Ring Topology? In a ring network, each node is connected to two adjacent nodes or neighbors fo r communication purpose and forms a closed ring or loop. In this way the last no de connects to the first node to complete the ring. In this network, all message s travel through a ring in one direction (clockwise or anti-clockwise) from node to node.

27. What is Star Topology? In a star network, each node or device is directly connected to a central conne ction point known as 'Hub'. The central connection may be an actual Hub or a swi tch. Typically, the nodes or devices are connected to the Hub with unshielded tw isted pair (UTP) Ethernet. 28. What is tree topology? In tree network, the nodes are connected to each other in such a way that forms a tree like structure. Typically to form a tree network, multiple star topologi es are combined together onto a bus. In this simplest form, only Hub devices con nect directly to the tree bus. Each Hub functions as the root of a tree of devic es. 29. What is Mesh Topology? In mesh network, each node is directly connected to all node on the network. Th is type of network involves the concept of routes. In this type of network, each node may send message to destination through multiple paths. 30. What is Workgroup? In a computer network, people can work together as a group even when they are th ousands of miles away from each other. This concept of working together is calle d workgroups. 31. What is collaborative computing? A group of people (teams of certain projects) can share work together by means of linked computers. The phenomenon of sharing information by various members of workgroup is called Workgroup Computing. The workgroup computing is also known as collaborative computing. 32. What is Groupware? 31. What is collaborative computing?. 33. What is OSI Model? OSI stands for Open System Interconnection. OSI model is also known as OSI Refe rence Model. It is used for networking. It was created by the International Stan dard Organization (ISO) to provide a logical framework for how data allocation p rocesses should take place across networks. 34. Define Application Layer of OSI mode This layer of OSI model provides network services to user applications. It is re sponsible for exchanging information between programs running on the machine, su ch as e-mail programs, and other services running on a network such as a print s erver or another computer's application. 35. Define Presentation Layer of OSI model. This layer of OSI model performs data transformations to provide a common inter face for user applications. It means that data is translated between the formats the network requires and the format the computers of the end-users expect. 36. Define Session Layer of OSI model. This layer of OSI model establishes, maintains and manages connections between devices, so that they can talk to each other. These connections are called sessi ons. 37. Define Transport Layer of OSI model This layer of OSI model is responsible for breaking the data into segments, esta blishing an end-to-end logical connection between machines, and providing for er ror handling. 38. Define Network Layer of OSI model. The Network layer of OSI model is responsible for establishing, maintaining, and terminating connections of networks. It means that the function of the network layer is to manage communication between computers/terminals. 39. Define Data link Layer of OSI model. This layer of OSI model is responsible for the reliability of the physical link established at physical layer. This layer provides for the error free transfer o f data from one computer to another. 40. Define Physical Layer of OSI model. This layer of OSI model specifies how data is processed into bits and physicall y transferred over medium, such as cables. It's responsible for activating and m

aintaining the physical link between systemsransport Layer of OSI model