1

EXPERIMENT
AGGREGATES


THE EXPERIMENTS TO BE DONE AND THE AIMS AND OBJECTIVES OF THEM
O Sampling
4 To understand the method oI sampling
4 To understand when we can use those sampling methods
4 To understand alternate methods oI sampling
O Sieve analysis on representative samples oI Iine and coarse aggregates
4 To understand that there are diIIerent standards regarding sieve analysis
4 To be Iamiliar with the apparatus
4 To check whether the sample we used are qualiIied according to the standards
O To determine oI dry loose bulk density oI Iine and coarse aggregates
4 To understand how the density is inIluenced by the way oI packing
O Determination oI relative density and water absorption oI coarse aggregates
4 To determine the loose bulk density oI coarse aggregates (in dry condition)
4 To determine the loose bulk density oI coarse aggregates (in dry condition)
4 To determine the compacted bulk density oI coarse aggregates
4 To determine the compacted bulk density oI Iine aggregates
4 To determine the voids ratio
4 To understand how the density changes with water absorption

















INTRODUCTION
"Aggregate" is a collective term Ior sand, gravel and crushed stone mineral materials in their natural
or processed state. Roads and highways constitute the largest single use oI aggregate at 40 percent
oI the total.
Aggregates can either be natural or manuIactured. Natural aggregates are generally extracted Irom
larger rock Iormations through an open excavation (quarry). Usually the rock is blasted or dug
Irom the quarry walls then reduced in size using a series oI screens and crushers. Some quarries are
also capable oI washing the Iinished aggregate.
An aggregate constitute approximately three quarters oI the volume oI concrete and is composed oI
well-graded gravel or crushed stone. With the presence oI dust, the bond between the cementing gel
and the aggregate gets weekend. ThereIore, Ior a strong and durable concrete, aggregate used
should be strong, hard, and Iree Irom harmIul eIIects. Initially, aggregates were considered as an
inert material dispersed throughout the concrete in Iact, aggregates are not truly inert; in physical,
thermal, and sometimes also chemical properties inIluences the durability and structural
perIormance oI concrete. Aggregate being cheaper than cement, it is economical to put into the mix
as much as possible. But economy is not the only reason Ior using aggregate; it has high technical
advance in concrete, it imparts
O Higher volume stability
O Better durability; than the cement paste alone.
Some oI the important properties oI aggregate which aIIect the properties oI both Iresh and
hardened concrete are,
O Particle size distribution
O Shape and surIace texture oI particles
O Physical properties
4 SpeciIic gravity
4 Water absorption
4 Porosity etc.
O Mechanical properties
4 Strength
4 Toughness
4 Hardness etc.
O Chemical properties
O Thermal properties
Various tests are carried out on natural aggregates to check conIormity with BS 88 (198) and to
Iind out the suitability oI aggregates Irom a quarry Ioe the use in concrete. Tests on aggregate are
also necessary to obtain aggregate properties Ior design process. The results obtained would provide
a useIul guide to their concrete making properties but trial concrete mixes are oIten necessary to
check these. The methods oI testing aggregates are described in BS 88.
4

In this experiment, the tests carried out are
O Making samples to do the experiments.
O Sieve analysis on representative samples oI Iine and coarse aggregates
O Determination oI dry loose bulk density oI Iine and coarse aggregates
O Determination oI relative density and water absorption oI coarse aggregates



SAMPLING
Tests oI various properties oI aggregates are perIormed on small samples oI the materials. As we
are interested in bulk oI the aggregates, we must ensure that the sample is typical oI the average
properties oI the aggregates. Such a sample is said to be a representative.
The main sample Ior testing must be made oI a minimum number oI 10 portions drawn Irom
diIIerent parts oI the whole and the weight oI the sample must not be less than given in the
Iollowing table.

Type oI material

Normal size

Minimum mass
Main sample




aggregates
8 mm and larger

Smaller than 8 mm and larger than mm

mm or smaller

0 kg

kg

1 kg
Minimum mass oI main sample

The main sample may be too large and so that the sample must be reduced beIore testing. ThereIore
the size oI the sample must be reduced beIore starting the experiment. The sizes oI the test samples
should vary according to the Iollowing table.

Nominal size (mm)

6

0

40


8

0

14

10

6





0.
Minimum mass oI
sample
(kg)

0



1

0

0

01

0.

0.

0.

0.

0.1
Minimum mass oI test sample

Methods oI sampling
Usually two methods are used Ior sampling the aggregates. They are
O RiIIling
O "uartering
O Miniature Stockpile


6

1. RiIIling
Apparatus
O A riIIler (simple divider)
O containers





A RiIIler A container
Procedure
A riIIler is a box with number oI parallel vertical divisions alternate ones discharging to the leIt and
to the right. The sample is discharged into the riIIler over its Iull width and the halves are collected
into the boxes at the bottom oI the chutes on either side. One halI is discharged and riIIling oI the
other halI is repeated until the sample is reduced to the desired size.


II the aggregates are not put on the apparatus in order to distribute on it properly, then the sampling
will not happen correctly. Consider the Iollowing two pictures.






The aggregates spread uniIormly the aggregates not spread uniIormly
To avoid happening this, we can Iollow a special method. This is very easy, and do not require any
expensive equipments. The only things we require are two strong timber pieces. It is shown below,
with descriptive pictures.


1. Put two pieces oI wood on the top
oI the riIIler so that the aggregates
are not passed through the openings
just aIter we put them to the
. Now the aggregates remain on the
top. So make them to spread
uniIormly on the apparatus.
. Now, remove the timber plates
slowly. Then the aggregates will divide.
4. The divided two samples.
8

. "uartering
Apparatus
O Shovel






O Sometimes, a quartering canvas is used to put the aggregates on it. Sometimes it is used to
divide the sample too. It will be discussed later.
Procedure
Place the original sample on a hard, clean, level surIace.
Then the main sample is thoroughly mixed and the material heaped into a cone and then turned over
to Iorm a new cone. This procedure is carried out three times, the materials always being deposited
at the apex. Then a uniIorm thickness and diameter is obtained by pressing down the apex with the
shovel so that each quarter section oI the resulting pile will contain the material originally in it. The
pile diameter should be approximately Iour to eight times the thickness.
The Iall oI particles is evenly distributed round the circumIerence. The Iinal cone is careIully
Ilattened divided into quarters with the shovel or trowel and a pair oI diagonally opposite quarters is
discarded including all Iine material. Brush the cleared spaces clean. The remainder Irom the
sample Ior testing and iI still too large, the sample can be reduced by Iurther quartering by mixing
and quartering the remaining material in the same Iashion as the original sample. This process can
be continued until the desired quantity is obtained.

9

The steps oI quartering

An alternative method oI quartering when the surIace is uneven
Procedure
When the Iloor surIace is uneven, the Iield sample may be placed on a canvas blanket and mixed
with a shovel, or by alternatively liIting each corner oI the blanket and pulling it over the sample
toward the diagonally opposite corner causing the material to be rolled. Flatten and divide the pile
as described above or iI the surIace beneath the blanket is too uneven, insert a stick or pipe dividing
the pile into two equal parts. Remove the stick leaving a Iold in the canvas between the sample
halves. Slide the stick under the canvas blanket again at a right angle to the Iirst division and
dissecting the two halves oI the sample through their centers. LiIt the stick evenly Irom both ends
dividing the sample into equal quarters. Remove two diagonal parts including the Iine material and
clean the area. Successively mix and quarter the remaining material until the desired sample size is
obtained. Note: The quartering method is Iairly time intensive and thus is generally used in
situations where an adequate mechanical splitter is unavailable. Diligence and care is required to
ensure that the samples obtained by quartering remain representative oI the entire Iield sample.
10

. Miniature Stockpile
Apparatus
O Straight edged scoop


O Shovel or trowel (Ior mixing the aggregate)





O Small sampling scoop, or spoon.





1
4
11

Procedure
This method is Ior damp, Iine aggregate only.
Place the Iield sample on a hard, clean, level surIace where there will be no loss oI material or
contamination. Mix the sample by turning the entire sample over three times with a shovel. With the
last turning, shovel the entire sample into a conical pile by depositing each shovelIul on top oI the
proceeding one. II desired, the conical pile may be Ilattened to a uniIorm thickness and diameter by
pressing on the apex oI the conical pile with the shovel.
Obtain a sample Ior each test to be perIormed by selecting at least Iive increments oI material at
random locations Irom the miniature stockpile using a small scoop, or spoon.

Summarization oI the methods oI sampling

Mechanical splitter


quartering

Miniature stockpile

Fine aggregates
Air dry

Fine aggregates
Free moisture on the particle
surIace


Fine aggregates
Free moisture on the particle
surIace

Coarse aggregates

Coarse aggregates

Not appropriate Ior Coarse
aggregates


Combined aggregates

Combined aggregates with Iree
moisture on the particle surIace


Not appropriate Ior Combined
aggregates


1

SIEVE ANALYSIS
This is a simple operation oI dividing a sample oI aggregates into Iractions each consisting oI
particles between speciIic limits. These being the openings oI standard test sieves.
The test sieves used Ior concrete aggregates have square openings. Sieve sizes are by the nominal
aperture size in millimeters or microns. All sieves are mounted in Irame which can nest. It is thus
possible to place the sieves one above the other in order oI size with the largest sieve at the top and
the material retained on each sieve aIter shaking represents the Iraction oI aggregates courser than
the sieves in below but Iiner than the sieves on above.

Apparatus
O Set oI sieves






O Electronic scale to measure the large weights (platIorm scale)










O Electronic scale to measure the small weights



1

Theory
Sieve sizes (BS 81)
mm . mm 0 mm 10 mm mm .6 mm
1.18 mm 600 m 00 m 10 m m

Procedure
O BeIore the sieve analysis is perIormed, the sample is air dried in order to avoid Iine particles
being classiIied as large particles and to prevent clogging oI the Iiner sieves.
O Measure the weight oI the sample.
O Using representative samples, carry out sieve analysis Ior coarse and Iine aggregates
separately.
O On completion oI sieving, the material on each sieve is weighed.
O Cumulative weight passing through each sieve is calculated as a percentage oI the total
sample weight.
Observations
Coarse aggregates
Mass oI the test sample oI coarse aggregates .1 kg
Sieve
size
(mm)
Amount retained on the
sieve (kg)
8 0
0 0.18
14 1.6
10 0.81
0.06
0.01

Fine aggregates
Mass oI the test sample oI Iine aggregates 0. kg
Sieve
size
(mm)
Amount retained on the
sieve (g)
.6 .4
1.18 .
0.6 .
0. 4.1
0.1 6.1
0.0 .9
14

Results
For coarse aggregates
Total weight oI the sample used .1 kg
Sieve size (mm) Amount retained
on the sieve (kg)
Amount passed
through the sieve
(kg)
Percentage
passing


8

0.0000

.16

99.1619

0

0.18

.608

8.8

14

1.6

1.01

.46

10

0.810

0.0

06.99

0

0.06

0.01

00.619



0.01


For Iine aggregates
Total weight oI the sample used 00 g
Sieve size (mm) Amount retained
on the sieve (g)
Amount passed
through the sieve
(g)
Percentage
passing


.60

.4

19.1

96.0

1.180

.

16.4

68.0

0.600

.

084.1

4.0

0.00

4.1

00.0

1.00

0.10

6.1

00.9

01.9

0.0

0.9






1


Graphs oI percentage passing vs. sieve size






Coarse aggregates


Sieve size
(mm)

Percentage passing



8


99.1619

0


8.8

14


.46

10


06.99

0


00.619

Fine aggregates


Sieve size
(mm)

Percentage passing



.60


96.0

1.180


68.0

0.600


4.0

0.00


1.00

0.10


01.9
16

Table 1 BS 88: 198

BS 410
test sieve
(mm)


by weight passing BS sieves


Nominal size oI graded aggregates


Nominal size oI single size aggregates

40 mm to
0 mm

0 mm to
mm

14 mm to
mm

40 mm

0 mm

14 mm

10 mm

0.0

100

100

100

100

100

100

100

.

90 - 100

100

100

8 - 100

100

100

100

0.0

- 0

90 - 100

100

0 -

8 - 100

100

100

14.0

-

-

90 100

-

-

8 - 100

100

10.0

10 - 40

6 - 60

0 8

0 -

0 -

0 - 0

8 100

0.0

0 -

0 - 10

0 10

-

0 -

0 - 10

0

.6

-

-

-

-

-

-

0 -

Table BS 88 198


BS 410 test sieve
(mm)



Overall limits

Additional limits


Coarse


medium

Iine

10.000

100

-

-

-

.000

89 100

-

-

-

.60

60 100

60 100

6 - 100

80 100

1.180

0 100

9 - 90

4 - 100

0 100

0.600

1 100

1 - 4

- 80

100

0.00

0

- 40

- 48

0

0.01

0 - 1

-

-

-
1

RELATIVE DENSITY AND WATER ABSORPTION
Aggregates normally contain pores (voids), and thereIore the term relative density or speciIic
gravity must be careIully deIined. Although some pores are impermeable, water can penetrate into
the aggregates through permeable pores which are open onto the surIace oI the particles. When all
the permeable pores are Iilled with water, the aggregate is said to be saturated and surIace dry. II
aggregates in this condition are allowed to dry in air, part oI the water will evaporate resulting air
dry aggregates. Prolonged drying in an oven will remove the moisture completely and the aggregate
is said to be oven dry. (Bone dry)

Bone - dry
or
Oven dry



Air dry



Saturated And
SurIace dry
(SSD)


Moist




Total water content
Absorbed moisture
(Absorption)
Free moisture
(Moisture content)
18

Apparatus
O Measuring vessel


O Scale to measure small weights


O Sample oI aggregates (about 00 g)
O A piece oI cotton Cloth
O Electric oven




Theory
Let,
A mass oI saturated and surIace dry sample in air
B mass oI vessel containing sample Iilled with water
C mass oI vessel Iilled with water only
D mass oI oven dried sample in air

Relative density on saturated and surIace dried basis
A
(A-(B-C))

Apparent relative density
D
(D-(B-C))

Relative density oI an oven dried basis
D
(A-(B-C))

Water absorption (as a percentage oI dry mass)
(A-D)-100
D

19

Procedure
O Get an empty vessel, Iill with water, and cover it with a piece oI glass. And measure the
weight oI the vessel water.
O Get a sample oI aggregates and put them to the water, in the vessel. Cover the vessel with a
piece oI glass in order to stop evaporation.
O Put the vessel Ior some time (about a day) Ior proper absorption oI water and then measure
the weight oI the vessel water aggregates.
O Rub the cloth in the aggregates and make them surIace dried. Then the aggregates are called
surIace dried aggregates.
O Measure the weight oI the sample now
O Put the aggregates in an oven; wait at least one day until it gets dried.
O Measure the weights oI those oven- dried aggregates.

Observations
A mass oI saturated and surIace dry sample in air 49. g
B mass oI vessel containing sample Iilled with water 94.6 g
C mass oI vessel Iilled with water only 4. g
D mass oI oven dried sample in air 46.9 g

Calculations
Relative density on saturated and surIace dried basis

(-(22-2))
.0

Apparent relative density

(-(22-2))
.61

Relative density oI an oven dried basis

(-(22-2))
.400

Water absorption (as a percentage oI dry mass)
(-)-100

0.44
0

BULK DENSITY OF AGGREGATES
Bulk density oI aggregates can be deIined as the weight oI aggregates that would Iill a container oI
unit volume. Bulk density depends on how densely the aggregates is packed and thereIore two
degrees oI compaction; loose and compacted are used.

Apparatus
O Containers
O Scale to measure large weights




O Compacting rod

Theory
Voids ratio 1
BuIk dcnsIty
rcIatIvc dcnsIty on saturatcd and surIacc dry basIs- dcnsIty oI watcr

Procedure
Step 1 to determine the compacted bulk density.
1) Get a container.
) Measure the weight oI the container
) Take a sample oI coarse aggregates and put them into the container.
4) Compact well.
) Measure the weight oI the container with aggregates.
6) Follow the 1- steps again Ior Iine aggregates.
Step to determine the loose bulk density.
1) Get a container.
) Measure the weight oI the container
) Take a sample oI coarse aggregates and put them into the container.
4) Measure the weight oI the container with aggregates.
) Follow the 1-4 steps again Ior Iine aggregates.

1

Observations
O Loose weight oI coarse aggregates 19.1 kg
O Compacted weight oI coarse aggregates 0.8 kg
O Loose weight oI Iine aggregates 1.0 kg
O Compacted weight oI Iine aggregates .1 kg
O Weight oI the container . kg
O Weight oI the container when Iilled with water 0.4 kg
Calculations
Volume oI the container
wcIght oI thc contaIncr fIIIcd wIth watcr-wcIght oI thc contaIncr
dcnsIty oI watcr


20-2
1000

0.01
3


Density oI aggregates
wcIght oI thc contaIncr fIIIcd wIth aggrcgatc-wcIght oI thc contaIncr
voIumc oI thc contaIncr


Fine aggregates
Density when Loose
210-2
00132

1049.44
3
/
Density when compacted
221-2
00132

118.89
3
/
Coarse aggregates
Density when Loose
11-2
00132

901.1
3
/
Voids ratio when loose -
0112
230-1000

0.6



Density when compacted
20-2
00132

100.0
3
/
Voids ratio when compacted -
1030303
230-1000

0.68
The voids ratio oI Iine aggregates cannot be determined because we know only the relative density
on saturated water dry basis oI the coarse aggregates.

DISCUSSION
1. What is aggregate?
Aggregate is the crushed stone (limestone, basalt, etc.) which is added to the cement slurry to reinIorce the
mixture and give it strength when solidiIied.
. What is a well graded aggregate?
Well graded aggregate is deIined as aggregate having a particle-size distribution which will produce
maximum density, i.e., minimum void space.
II the particles are big, then there may be bigger void spaces. II we had small particles too, then the small
particles will Iill the void spaces. Then the density oI the aggregate will increase. In concrete mix, aggregates
will go to each and every void space and then the required amount oI cement will be low. It is useIul in
strength wise and economic wise.
. The importance oI aggregate grading in concrete mix design.
An aggregate's particle size distribution, or gradation, is one oI its most inIluential characteristics.
Gradation inIluences almost every important property including
O StiIIness
O Stability
O Durability
O Permeability
O Workability
O Iatigue resistance
O Irictional resistance
O Resistance to moisture damage.
Because oI this, gradation is a primary concern in mix design.



4. The use oI graded, single sized and gap graded aggregates in concrete
Typical Gradations
O Dense or well-graded - ReIers to a gradation that is near maximum density.
O Single sized / uniIormly graded - ReIers to a gradation that contains most oI the particles in
a very narrow size range. In essence, all the particles are the same size. II we draw a curve
using the percentage passing vs. sieve size, then the curve is steep and only occupies the
narrow size range speciIied. This type oI aggregate is produced to single-size gradings, by
passing it between two speciIied sieves.
O Gap graded - ReIers to a gradation that contains only a small percentage oI aggregate
particles in the mid-size range. II we draw a curve using the percentage passing vs. sieve
size, then the curve is Ilat in the mid-size range. These mixes can be prone to segregation
during placement.
O Open graded - ReIers to a gradation that contains only a small percentage oI aggregate
particles in the small range. II we draw a curve using the percentage passing vs. sieve size,
the curve is Ilat and near-zero in the small-size range.
It has been generally accepted that iI the aggregate volumes are so chosen that the packing density
oI the combined aggregates is maximum then the amount oI cementitious paste volume required Ior
a given amount oI workability (i.e. slump) is reduced to a minimum. The reason is cementitious
paste should completely Iill the voids between the aggregate particles and at the same time there
must be a certain amount oI excess leIt over to provide the lubrication needed Ior a given
workability. So, iI the void content in the aggregate skeleton is reduced (i.e. packing density is
increased) then the total cementitious paste required Ior a given workability is decreased. It is also
well accepted that minimizing the volume oI cementitious paste in a concrete mixture is desirable to
attain lower shrinkage, reduced heat oI hydration, improved durability, and lower costs.
Usually, in concrete, the voids between the large particles are occupied by the cement. But iI we use
well graded aggregates, the voids will be occupied by the smaller particles. But iI we use single
sized aggregates, then there are no smaller particles to Iill the void spaces. Then all the voids will be
occupied by cement and then the cost will increase while the strength is decreased. Then iI we
consider about gap graded aggregates, this results in more air voids because there are not enough
small particles to Iill in the voids between the larger particles. ThereIore, in concrete mix, the
amount oI cement paste needed will considerably large. II we consider about open graded, it is
similar to the gap graded. But there will be small voids only in the open graded aggregate.
When we consider about the strength wise, the strength increases gradually when we think about
single sized, gap graded, open graded and well graded aggregate.


4

. The practical importance oI moisture content oI aggregate. (Both absorbed moisture and Iree -
moisture)
Water content or moisture content is the quantity oI water contained in a material, such as soil
(called soil moisture), rock, ceramics, or wood on a volumetric or gravimetric basis. The property is
used in a wide range oI scientiIic technical areas, and is expressed as a ratio, which can range Irom
0 (completely dry) to the value oI the materials` porosity at saturation.
O II the moisture content oI aggregate is higher than saturated surIace dry (SSD), then the
amount oI (Iree) mixing water in the mixture must be reduced, or
O II the natural moisture content oI the aggregate is lower than SSD, then the amount oI
mixing water must be increased.
O The slump Ilow value tends to prominently decrease with an increase in natural moisture
content oI Iine aggregate.
O II the Iree moisture content is higher, then the quantity oI water is higher than the required
value, to do the concrete mix. Then the workability will increase and the strength will
decrease.

6. The importance oI bulk density and voids ratio and how these properties are inIluenced by the
grading oI aggregates.
Well graded aggregates consist oI diIIerent sizes oI particles. The smaller particles go into the voids
between larger particles, so that the particles are packed well. ThereIore the bulk densities oI the
well graded aggregates are higher. There is less volume oI voids because most oI the voids are
occupied by the smaller particles. Then the voids ratio is smaller.
But when we consider about gap graded particles, there are less amount oI medium sized
particles. ThereIore the bulk density oI the gap grading particles is smaller than the bulk density
oI well graded particles. ThereIore the voids ratio oI gap graded aggregates is bigger than the
voids ratio oI well graded aggregates.
Then, Ior the single sized particles, there are so many voids. ThereIore the bulk density oI the single
sized aggregates is the smallest. When we consider about the voids ratio, single sized aggregates
have the biggest voids ratio.




. The important mechanical properties which can be used to access the quality oI aggregates and
methods oI testing.
O Silt content oI Iine aggregates aggregate with dirt, silt or clay results in weak concrete
because dirt weakens the bond between the aggregates and the cement paste. It is thereIore
essential that the aggregate should be Iree Irom silt and clay. Fine aggregates on being
rubbed between the hands, leave stains on the palm; it means something wrong with it and
one should proceed to perIorm silt test. Silt content should not be more than -6 . (IS:
86 - 196)
O Buckling oI Iine aggregates buckling is obtained in accordance with IS: 86 196 (part
iii). A container oI known volume is Iilled with loosely packed moist sand, which is
consolidates by shaking. The container is now Iilled with water suIIicient to submerge the
sand. Stir the sand to expel air bubbles.
O Strength oI aggregate the compressive strength oI concrete cannot exceed that oI bulk
aggregates it contains. Also it is not an easy task to state what the strength oI individual
particles is. ThereIore the required inIormation has to be obtained Irom indirect tests, such
as, crushing value oI bulk aggregate and impact value oI bulk aggregate. These tests are
done as per IS : 86 196 (part iv).
O Crushing value the aggregate crushing value gives a relative measure oI the resistance oI
an aggregate in bulk to crushing under a gradually applied compressive load. IS 86 196
(part iv) describes the standards oI doing this. The cylindrical cell with the test sample and
plunger in position is placed on a compression testing machine Ior the application oI load.
The load applied is released aIter 10 minutes and the whole material is removed Irom the
cylinder, and is sieved through .6 mm IS sieve. The Iraction passing through the sieve is
weighted and is expressed as a percentage by weight oI the original material taken, thus
representing the crushing value.
O Impact value toughness is the property oI a material to resist impact. For aggregates, it can
be deIined as the resistance to Iailure by impact. The aggregate impact tester is made
according to IS: 86 (part iv).
O Abrasion resistance in addition to crushing value and toughness, hardness or resistance to
wear is an important property Ior aggregate to be used Ior road construction and in Iloors
subjected to heavy traIIic. Indian standard (IS: 86 196, part iv) speciIication covers
two types oI tests. These tests are Deval abrasion test and Los Angeles abrasion test. Los
Angeles abrasion test gives realistic picture oI the wear oI aggregates in Iact; it is pointed
out that whenever possible Los Angeles test should given preIerence.


6

8. Other important aggregate physical properties are:
Toughness and abrasion resistance - Aggregates should be hard and tough enough to resist crushing,
degradation and disintegration Irom activities such as manuIacturing, stockpiling, production,
placing and compaction
Durability and soundness - Aggregates must be resistant to breakdown and disintegration Irom
weathering (wetting/drying) or else they may break apart and cause premature pavement distress.
Particle shape and surIace texture - Particle shape and surIace texture are important Ior proper
compaction, load resistance and workability. Generally, cubic angular-shaped particles with a
rough surIace texture are best.
SpeciIic - Aggregate speciIic gravity is useIul in making weight-volume conversions and in
calculating the void content.
Cleanliness and deleterious materials - Aggregates must be relatively clean. Vegetation, soIt
particles, clay lumps excess dust and vegetable matter may aIIect perIormance by quick degrading,
which causes a loss oI structural support and/or prevents binder-aggregate bonding.





REFERENCES
O http://www.google.lk/url?sat&sourceweb&cd&ved0CCc"FjAC&urlhttpAF
Fwww.in.govFindotFIilesFTaashtoB.pdI&ei6tLTMrM8IOJTIzZYD
&usgAF"jCNEnhFkVMGJcpm1Vhxs14CKDOlKWA

O http://www.google.lk/url?sat&sourceweb&cd1&ved0CBo"FjAA&urlhttpAF
Fen.wikipedia.orgFwikiFSieveanalysis&ei6tLTMrM8IOJTIzZYD&usgA
F"jCNFbsoqpDHSLYCn4kjAxRuaHc0Ytr"


O http://www.google.lk/url?sat&sourceweb&cd&ved0CBw"FjAB&urlhttpAF
Fwww.scdot.orgFdoingFpdIsFTestProceduresFAggregatesFSCT.pdI&
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O http://www.google.lk/url?sat&sourceweb&cd1&ved0CB""FjAA&urlhttpAF
Fwww.asphaltwa.comFwapawebFmodulesF0materialsF0aggregate.ht
m&eiF9VOTICpC8ysOInU-
NsC&usgAF"jCNFXWgac6WMVGbwOoRDGzE4UPhZ"