1. What were the causes and event surround Bacons Rebellion Frustrated Freemen and Bacons Rebellion.

By the late 17th century (1600s), the Chesapeake had grown a generation of angry young men. These men were young, white, landless, jobless, womanless and frustrated. (Former indentured servants) Essentially, their goal was to get land and get married. Nathaniel Bacon typified these men in what came to be called Bacons Rebellion. In 1676, Bacon led about 1,000 men in a revolt. Many of these men had settled on the frontier where Indian attacks were frequent. Their ambition was to get Gov. William Berkeley to crack down on the Indians rather than continue his Indian-friendly fur trading. The poor men wanted land from the Indians. After some riotous success, Bacon suddenly died of disease. With the leader gone, Berkeley struck back and crushed the rebellion. Bacons legacy was to leave a lingering fear of revolt and lawlessness in the minds of the upper class. 2. What crops and economic activity dominated early colonial America? (New England, Chesapeake, MidAtlantic) New England Fishing and Trade Chesapeake indigo and rice were also grown, the demand for tobacco and the ease with which it grew turned tobacco into the largest cash crop for the Chesapeake and Southern Colonies. Mid-Atlantic Trade in the Middle Colonies included exported agricultural products and natural resources, imported European manufactured goods, but never developed triangular trade routes. 3. What was life like for colonial Women? What aspects dominated their lives? Families immigrated to New England (unlike single people in the Chesapeake). This made for stability. Women married in their early twenties, then gave birth about every 2 years until menopause. An average woman would give birth to 10 children and expect to raise 8 of them; the other 2 would die at birth or infancy. Women wielded little power outside of the home. In the South, women often had it a bit better because (a) the malefemale ratio favored the ladies, and (b) men often died young and the woman could inherit the money. The men dominated New England women. A widow did not inherit her husbands land or money (this might undercut the stability of family, so she was expected to remarry). Women could not participate in the church as leaders or voters in the congregation (the Bible instructs that men run the church, not both genders). Life in New Englands Bible Commonwealth was stern. The top priority was to protect the institutions of marriage and the family. This was illustrated in Nathaniel Hawthornes The Scarlet Letter where the heroine is forced to wear a bright red A on her bosom to announce her sin of adultery. 4. What were the causes, actions, and results of the French and Indian War? The French and Indian War started because the British settlers were going farther into Indian lands in the Ohio Valley, and the French were also active in the region, mostly as trappers. The Indians fought on both sides, but they were mainly allies of the French. Wars between the British and French. The war was for the control of the rich Ohio Valley and basically was a part of the larger Seven Years' War in Europe. Basically, because of European competition, both France and England wanted to extend their "world empires" into the Ohio River Valley. And each recruited Indian tribes (the original inhabitants) to fight on their side. Guerilla tactics were introduced to the colonists. 5. What was the main purpose of the Continental Congress of 1774? The congress did not desire independence, but did (a) draw up a list of grievances (which were ignored by London) and (b) wrote a Declaration of Rights. Plans were made to convene again in 1775 if the situation didn't change. The First Continental Congress met in Philadelphia from September to October of 1774. 12 of the 13 colonies were present (Georgia absent). 6. What were the effects of the American Revolution? (a) The Treaty of Paris of 1783: Britain formally recognized U.S. independence and granted generous boundaries, stretching majestically to the Mississippi River to the west, the Great Lakes on the north, and to Spanish Florida on the South. The Yankees also retained a share in the priceless fisheries of Newfoundland.

Americans couldnt persecute Loyalists, though, and Congress could only recommend legislature that would return or pay for confiscated Loyalist land. (b) A New Nation Legitimized: Britain ceded so much land because it was trying to entice America from its French alliance. Also, during the time, the American-friendly Whigs were in control of the Parliament, which was not to be the case in later years. France approved the treaty, though with cautious eyes. In truth, America came out the big winner, and seldom, if ever, have any people been so favored. 7. What were the authors purposes for writing the Federalist Papers? James Madison and Alexander Hamilton wrote most of the Federalist Papers, but John Jay wrote papers 2-5 (Foreign Affairs) and 64 (on the Senate). 8. What was the Great Compromise at the Constitutional Convention? What were the results? Virginia Plan = Big State Plan, to create a strong national Gov. and elect state representatives based upon population. New Jersey Plan = Small State Plan, to decentralize the Gov. and elect representatives based on state vote alone. The Great Compromise combined these two plans creating our current legislature with two houses, one based on population and elected by the people and the other house allowing two senators per state being appointed by state legislatures. 9. What was Thomas Jeffersons political philosophy? Anti-federalist, Jeffersonian Democrat He felt that whatever is not permitted in the Constitution is prohibited. A bank was not in the Constitution. The bank should be left to the states because that's what Amendment 10 said (any power not listed in the Constitution is reserved to the states). This point-of-view is called a strict interpretation of the Constitution that said something must specifically be written into the Constitution in black-and-white for it to be legal. Additionally, Kentucky and Virginia resolutions to the Alien and Sedition Acts. 10. What were the events surrounding the Nullification Crisis of 1832/33 Congress eased tensions with the Tariff of 1832 that removed the worst parts of the Tariff of 1828 (AKA Tariff of Abominations). Still, the principle of nullification was under question. South Carolina again led the nullification charge "Nullies" sought the 2/3 majority needed in the SC legislature to nullify the tariff. They got the votes and SC officially voted to nullify the federal tariff. SC even threatened secession if Washington tried to impose the tariff over the nullification vote. Andrew Jackson was not a president with whom to bluff or pick a fight. Jackson was the old fighter, dueler, and warrior. Privately, Jackson threatened to go to SC and start hanging the leaders. With any other president this would just be tough-talk; Jackson, however, just might actually do it. Publicly, he got the military ready. Civil war hung as a real possibility. Henry Clay proposed a compromise, which settled the situation. Clay's personal motives were to prevent his foe Andrew Jackson from scoring a victory. Clay's compromise said that the tariff rate would be reduced by about 10% over 8 years. Despite debate, the compromise passed and violence was thwarted. Congress also passed the Force Bill (AKA "Bloody Bill" in the Carolinas) authorizing the president to use force if necessary to collect the tariff. Like a true compromise, the "winner" of the nullification crisis was unclear. South Carolina and the states did not join behind the nullification cause like SC expected. But, South Carolina won in that, all by itself, it succeeded in driving the tariff down. The federal government won in the sense that it got SC to abide by the tariff (I.e. SC repealed its nullification law) 11.What were the terms of the Treaty of Guadalupe-Hidalgo? Under the terms of the treaty negotiated by Trist, Mexico ceded to the United States Upper California and New Mexico. This was known as the Mexican Cession and included present-day Arizona and New Mexico and parts of Utah, Nevada, and Colorado Mexico relinquished all claims to Texas and recognized the Rio Grande as the southern boundary with the United States The United States paid Mexico $15,000,000 "in consideration of the extension acquired by the boundaries of the United States" and agreed to pay American citizens debts

owed to them by the Mexican government Other provisions included protection of property and civil rights of Mexican nationals living within the new boundaries of the United States the promise of the United States to police its boundaries and compulsory arbitration of future disputes between the two countries 12. What were the events surrounding the removal of the Cherokee from Georgia? The Cherokee nation went to the supreme court saying that the U.S. had no right to move them because they were a dependent nation not foreign, but Andrew Jackson did not want them there so he moved them as a retaliation to the courts ruling, no one stopped or even tried to stop him. And many Indians died along the way to the reservations and the path they traveled is now called the trail of tears. 13. What did Jackson do? He got rid of the national bank, removed the Indians, and was the only president to get rid of the national debt, tried to replace bank notes with hard money too. 14. Where was the conflict between Britain and France located in the colonies? New England and Ohio Valley the conflict eventually turned into the seven years war. 15. What was/were the importance and results of the French and Indian War? The French lost several forts, and Paris gave England all of North America east of the Mississippi including what is now Canada and Florida. The results of the war effectively ended French political and cultural influence in North America. England gained massive amounts of land and vastly strengthened its hold on the continent. The war, however, also had subtler results. It badly eroded the relationship between England and Native Americans; and, though the war seemed to strengthen England's hold on the colonies, the effects of the French and Indian War played a major role in the worsening relationship between England and its colonies that eventually led into the Revolutionary War. 16. Which battle transformed the revolution into and international conflict? The Battle of Saratoga 17. What were the major ideas associated with the free soil party? Their main purpose was opposing the expansion of slavery into the territories, arguing that the free men on free soil comprised a morally and economically superior system to slavery. The free soirees were against the expansion of slavery but not the idea of it, their goal was to gain the land to the west and keep the land free of slaves. 18. What were the components of the Compromise of 1850? 1) California enters as a free state 2) Divided the Mexican cession in 2: New Mexico and Utah 3) Ended slave trade in Washington DC 4) Fugitive slave act was passed 5) Settle border dispute of Texas and New Mexico 19. What were the results of the Kansas-Nebraska Act? The Nebraska Territory was to be divided into two units - Kansas and Nebraska, The question of slavery, which had seemingly been answered, was to be decided by "popular sovereignty"-allowing the territorial legislatures to decide, The reopening of the slavery question in the territories with almost immediate tragic results in "Bleeding Kansas, The president's hope for reelection dashed, The complete realignment of the major political parties, The Democrats lost influence in the North and were to become the regional proslavery party of the South, The Whig Party, which had opposed the Kansas-Nebraska Act, died in the South and was weakened in the North ,A new Republican Party emerged as an immediate political force, drawing in antiNebraska Whigs and Democrats. 20. What were the attributes of the know-nothing party?

Begun as a secret society in New York in 1849, the Know Nothings or American Party as they appeared on national ballots in 1856, could be traced to the virulent nativist movement of the 1830s and 1840s. Fiercely anti-immigration, Know Nothings aimed their wrath at Irish and German migrants, many of whom were Roman Catholic. The Know Nothings would achieve some political success during the mid-term elections of 1854. In the 1856 general election led by former President Millard Fillmore, the party split over the KansasNebraska Act but sill gained 871,731 popular votes and 8 electoral votes.

21. Before the attack on Fort Sumter, South Carolina, Mississippi, Florida, Alabama, Georgia, Louisiana, and Texas all seceded. But after the attack, Virginia, North Carolina, Tennessee, and Arkansas seceded. 22. Immigrants from Europe poured into the North, adding to the number of soldiers. Page 439. Also, Petroleum gushers ushered in the 59ers (See #40). 23. After secession, 2 forts in South were Norths. The more important of the two was Ft. Sumter that was located in Charleston Harbor. It had fewer than 100 men and if no supplies were going to come, then the commander would have to surrender without firing a shot. Lincoln said to South Carolinians that there would be expedition sent to provision and not reinforce the garrison at Ft. Sumter. But Southerners saw this as a threat and Carolinians opened fire on April 12, 1861. After 34 hours, no one died but the garrison surrendered. Page 435. 24. Lincoln declared publicly that he was not fighting to free the blacks but to save the Union. Page 437. 25. Britains textile manufactures obtained most (75%) of their cotton from South. Page 441. 26. Douglas, who supported popular sovereignty fought for fair play and democratic principles and went against the Lecompton Constitution to have a likelier chance to win the presidency. 27. American system, 1824, allowed strong banking system, protective tariffs, and roads and canals. Transportation would flow foodstuffs and raw materials from South and West to North and East. Manufactured goods also flowed from the return direction. Page 241. 28. Germans. Page 298. 29. Irish and Germans. Page 291. 30. New England emerged as an industrial center because its narrow belt of stony soil discouraged farming, dense population provided labor and accessible markets, shipping brought in capital, snug seaports made easy the import of raw materials and export of finished products. Finally, rapid rivers especially Merrimack in MA provided abundant water power to turn cogs of machines. Page 303. 31. The West. Page 316. 32. Cotton gin, sewing machine, Slater plants, interchangeable parts, and the telegraph. Chapter 14. 33. 34. Jackson vetoed the re-charter bill for the bank that was presented by Clay because Jackson thought the bank was unconstitutional. Jackson ignored the McCulloch vs. Maryland case that said the bank was constitutional and he acted as if the executive branch > judicial branch. People were scared and believed that Jackson was correct. Page 269 270.

35. 36. The Emancipation Proclamation had many reactions. First, it changed nature of the war because it removed chance of a negotiated settlement between the North and South. Some abolitionists were happy but some were mad that Lincoln didnt go far enough. Butternut regions of old Northwest and Border states thought that Lincoln went too far. European aristocrats sympathized with Southern protests. But Britain believed that this proclamation would lead to end of slavery. This boosted Norths moral and hurt the Souths. Page 460. 37. 38. Uncle Toms Cabin influenced Britain and France and they thought war was just over the issue of the unity of the country and not slavery. Europe was on Souths side of sympathy. Page 441. 39. 40. Union financed war with their wealth because their factories led to an economic boom. Flourishing more than ever, new factories with new protective tariffs made a millionaire class for the first time. Petroleum gushers in 1859 ushered in 59ers to Pennsylvania. Pioneers continued westward. Page 448 449. 41.

Mayflower Compact: a document drawn up by the leaders aboard the Mayflower. Not a constitution, but it set an invaluable precedent for later written constitutions. It was a simple agreement to form a crude government and to submit to the will of the majority under the regulations agreed upon. Signed by 41 adult males. Separatists: most famous congregation of pilgrims > departed for Holland in 1608 to escape British church. In Holland, they were worried about the Dutchification of their children and wanted to be left alone as purifies Protestants. Negotiating with the Virginia Co., they got rights to settle under their jurisdiction but ended up in New England in 1620. English Settlers and their Relations with the Indians: since the beginning, relations with the Indians had been tense. At first, allies were made and trade between the two people tentatively. English diseases wiped out 2/3 of the Indian population, and eventually, wars and battles were being fought over territory, crops, and cattle. Jamestown: first English settlements following several earlier failed attempts including the Lost Colony of Roanoke. Chartered by the Virginia Company, the early years of settlement proved nightmare-ish. The Virginia colony was saved from utter collapse by Captain John Smith who said He who does not work shall not eat. Georgia and James Oglethorpe: English crown intended Georgia to serve chiefly as a buffer state, protecting the Carolinas against the Spaniards in Florida and the French in Louisiana. Mainly founded by James Oglethorpe a high-minded philanthropist who wanted to make the sate a haven for wretched souls in debtors prison. Types of Colonies: Religious Massachusetts, Rhode Island, Connecticut, Maryland, and Pennsylvania. Economic Jamestown, Virginia, North and South Carolina. Social Georgia. New York, New Jersey, Delaware, New Hampshire.

Pennsylvania and William Penn: William Penn founded Pennsylvania in 1861 for the Quakers, a people of deep conviction who abhorred strife and warfare and refused military service. By far, the most advertised of all the colonies, attracting a rich mix of ethnic groups. Roger Williams: personable and popular Salem minister, Williams was an extreme Separatist who hounded his fellow clergymen to make a clean break with the corrupt Church of England. For speaking his new and dangerous ideas, Williams fled to the Rhode Island area in 1635 and set up the first Baptist church in America. He established complete freedom of religion, even for Jews and Catholics. Anne Hutchinson: exceptionally intelligent, strong-willed, and talkative woman who claimed that holy life was no sure sign of salvation and that the truly saved need not bother to obey the law of either God or man. This was high heresy against the Puritans. Brought to trial and banned from the Bay Colony. Left for Rhode Island, but settled in New York where she was killed when attacked by Indians. 51- Maryland Toleration Act of 1649: guaranteed toleration to all Christians in Maryland. It decreed the death penalty for those, like Jews and atheists, who denied the divinity of Jesus. The law thus sanctioned less toleration than had previously existed in the settlement, but it did extend a temporary cloak of protection to the uneasy Catholic minority. Maryland probably sheltered more Roman Catholics than any other Englishspeaking colony in the new world. Virginia and Tobacco: John Rolfe (husband of Pocahontas) became the father of the tobacco industry and economic savoir of Virginia. Tobacco played a vital role in putting the colony on firm economic foundations; however, it was ruinous to the soil when greedily planted and the lust for land and workers first planted the seeds of slavery in North America. John Peter Zenger: legal case involving Zengers newspaper press assailing the corrupt royal governor of New York. Defended by distinguished Philadelphian lawyer, Andrew Hamilton, Zenger won a banner achievement for freedom of the press and for the health of the democracy. It pointed the way to the kind of open public discussion required by the diverse society that colonial New York already was and that all America was to become. It helped establish the doctrine that true statements about political officials could not be labeled as libel. Bacons Rebellion: single frontiersmen frustrated by their lost hopes of acquiring land and finding single women to marry, murderously attacked the Indians who had been raiding frontier settlements. Resenting Virginias governor (William Berkely) for his friendly policies toward the Indians, and his lack of protection, the rebels (led by Nathaniel Bacon) took matters into their own hands. Once Bacon died of disease, Berkely crushed the uprising with brutal cruelty. Salem Village: In 1691, a hysterical witch-hunt ensued the claim that an older woman had bewitched a group of adolescent girls in Salem, Massachusetts. Most of the accused witches came from families associated with Salems burgeoning market economy- the accusers came largely from subsistence farmers in Salems hinterland. Witchcraft hysteria eventually ended in 1693. Enlightenment: had 4 main parts: A. a belief in the existence of natural laws--"law like order of the natural world" B. a belief in the natural rights of individuals--including the right to be self-governed--that exist in the world just like the laws of nature such as gravity C. a belief in power of human reason--reason exalted over emotion and divine revelation D. possibility of progressive improvement of human society--thru education and development of reason. At the heart of the Enlightenment in America was Benjamin Franklin, who managed to make significant contributions to the worlds of science, technology, politics, literature, and even music. The French and Indian War: The French and Indian War is the common American name for the war between Great Britain and France in North America from 1754 to 1763. In 1756, the war erupted into the worldwide conflict known as the Seven Years' War and thus came to be regarded as the North American Theater of that

war. The war was fought primarily along the frontiers separating New France from the British colonies from Virginia to Nova Scotia, and began with a dispute over the confluence of the Allegheny and Monongahela rivers, the site of present-day Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania. The dispute erupted into violence in the Battle of Jumonville Glen in May 1754, during which Virginia militiamen under the command of George Washington ambushed a French patrol. The British won. Thomas Paines Common Sense: One of the most influential pamphlets ever written. It called not simply for independence, but for the creation of a new kind of political society, a republic, where power flowed from the people themselves, not from a corrupt and despotic monarchy. Paines passionate protest was as eloquent as it was radical. Northwest Ordinance: The acreage of the Old Northwest should be sold and the proceeds would be used to pay off the national debt. The vast area was to be divided into townships six miles square, each of which in turn was to be split into thirty-six one-mile squares. The sixteenth square of each township was to be set aside to be sold for the benefit of the public schools. Proclamation of 1763: Issued by the London government, it prohibited settlement in the area beyond the Appalachians. It was designed to work out the Indian problem fairly, rather than oppress the colonists but they were angered and continued to move westward. Stamp Act: Grenville imposed the stamp act to raise taxes to support the new military force. It mandated the use of stamped paper or the affixing of stamps, certifying payment of tax. The Americans were angry about the tax so, the Stamp Act Congress of 1765 brought delegates together in NYC to draw up a statement of their rights and grievances, and request the king and Parliament to repeal the legislation. The stamp act was repealed in 1766. Declaratory Act: Parliament passed the Declaratory Act, reaffirming its right to bind the colonies in all cases whatsoever. Parliament-Virtual Representation p.127 George Greenvilles theory that Americans were represented in Parliament. Claimed that every member in Parliament represented all British Subjects, even those Americans in Boston or Charleston who had never voted for a member or Parliament Virtual taxation involves officials being elected by the people to represent them, whereas direct taxation means that people can represent themselves directly in the government. Americans scoffed at the notion of virtual representation. o They did not want direct representation in Parliament o No taxation without representation Continental Congress p. 134 First Continental Congress o The most memorable response to the Intolerable Acts, in 1774. o Met in Philadelphia to consider ways of redressing colonial grievances. o 12/13 (No Georgia), sent 55 men among them Samuel Adams, John Adams, George Washington, and Patrick Henry. o Deliberated for 7 weeks from September 5 to October 26, 1774. o Not a legislative but a Consultative body-a convention rather than a congress. John Adams played a key role. o After discussion the Congress drew up several dignified papers Declaration of Rights and the creation of The Association.

o The Association- Called for a complete boycott of British goods: non-importation, nonexportation, and non-consumption. o NOT CALLING FOR INDEPENDENCE YET!! o Sought merely to repeal the offensive legislation and return to the happy days before parliamentary taxation. Second Continental Congress o Met in Philadelphia the next month, on May 10, 1775, and this time the full slate of thirteen colonies was represented. o Still no well-defined sentiment for independence-just a desire to keep fighting in the hope that the king and parliament would consent to a redress of grievances. o Raised money and adopted measures to create an army and navy o Selection of George Washington as commander of the army

The Intolerable Acts p. 133 Parliaments response to the Boston Tea Party In 1774 Parliament passed a series of acts designed to chastise Boston in particular, Massachusetts in general. o Branded in America as the massacre of American Liberty. The most drastic of all was the Boston Port Act o Closed the tea-stained harbor until damages were paid and order could be ensued Other Intolerable Acts took the chartered rights of colonial Massachusetts away. Intolerable Acts accompanied by the Quebec Act in 1774 o Good law in bad company o Guaranteed the French their religion-Catholic religion o Permitted to retain many of their old customs and institutions, which did not include a representative assembly or trial by jury in civil cases. o Old boundaries of the province of Quebec were now extended southward all the way to the Ohio River o All other Intolerable Acts laws slapped directly at Mass. The Tea Act of 1773 p.132 From the Townshend Acts- three pence toll on tea-the tax the colonists found most offensive Powerful British East India Company, overburdened with 17 million pounds of unsold tea, was facing bankruptcy. If it collapsed London gov. would loose heavily on tax revenue. Therefore the ministry decided to award the company a complete monopoly of the American tea business the giant corporation would now be able to sell the coveted leaves more cheaply than ever o American tea drinkers cried foul o Saw this as an event to trick Americans- Principle more important that price. Battle of Saratoga p.155 Burgoyne was forced to surrender his entire command at Saratoga on Oct. 17, 1777, to American general Horatio Gates. Ranks high among the decisive battles of both American and world history. Victory revived the faltering colonial cause it made possible the urgently needed foreign aid from France, which in turn helped ensure American independence. American vs. British- for American independence Boston Tea Party p.133 Bostonians disguised as Indians, boarded the docked tea ships on December 16, 1773. Smashed open 342 chests and dumped the contents into Boston harbor

Radicals- exulted in the peoples zeal for liberty Conservatives-complained that the destruction of private property violated the fundamental norms of civil society. Boston Tea Party was an American response to the Tea Tax Intolerable Acts passed as British response to Boston Tea Party

The Stamp Act of 1765 p.126 The most odious measure of all to raise revenues to support the new military force Imposed by Grenville Mandated the use of stamped paper or the affixing of stamps, certifying payment of tax. Stamps required on bills of sale for about fifty trade items as well as on certain types of commercial and legal documents, including playing cards, pamphlets, newspapers, diplomas, bills of lading, and marriage licenses. Pretty much a TAX ON EVERYTHING! Governments are instituted among men, deriving their just powers from the consent of the governed. From the Declaration of Independence by Thomas Jefferson Causes American Revolution French and Indian War Sugar and Stamp Acts along with other acts restricting colonists o Navigation Laws o Intolerable Acts o Quartering Acts o Townshend Acts Taxation without representation Proclamation of 1763- prohibited settlement in the area beyond the Appalachians Common Sense- Thomas Paine Olive Branch Petition as a result of Battle at Bunker Hill. Professed American loyalty to the crown and begged the king to prevent further hostilities. o King George III slammed the door on all hope of reconciliation o In August 1775 he formally proclaimed the colonies in rebellion Lexington and Concord-first shots of the American Revolution France-American Revolutionary War p.155 Battle of Saratoga made it possible for France to aid American independence France thirsting for revenge against Britain was eager to inflame the quarrel that had broken out in America New World colonies were by far Britains most valuable overseas possessions France could regain its former position and prestige, the loss of which in the recent Seven Years War ranked deeply. And after the Declaration of Independence France was further persuaded that Americans had a chance at winning independence. Colonial Advantages During Revolution p.136 Outstanding leadership- George Washington as commander Benjamin Franklin was a master among diplomats

Foreign aid France Marquis de Lafayette-major French general in colonial army, also called the French gamecock. Americans fighting defensively and agriculture colonies mainly self-sustaining Moral Advantage- belief in a joint cause George Washington- Commander of the continental Army and first president of the United States Benedict Arnold p.157- Staggered American morale later in 1780 when he turned traitor. A leader of undoubted dash and brilliance, he was ambitious, greedy, unscrupulous, and suffering from a well-grounded but petulant feeling that his valuable services were not fully appreciated. He plotted with British to sell out the key stronghold of West Point, which commanded the Hudson River, for 6,300 Euros, and an officers commission But his plan and devious schemes with the British were detected just in time so he fled to the British. Six Nations of the Iroquois p.158 Two nations of the Iroquois Confederacy- the Oneidas and the Tuscaroras- sided with the Americans The Senecas, Mohawks, Cayugas, and Onondagas joined the British o They were urged by Mohawk chief Joseph Brant- a convert by to Anglicanism who believed, not without reason, that a victorious Britain would restrain American expansion into the West o Treaty of Fort Stanwix- 1784, the pro-British Iroquois forced to sign, the first treaty between the US and an Indian nation. Under these terms the Indians ceded most of their land. The Legislative Branch The section of the government that makes laws In federal government it consists of: Congress, the Library of Congress, the Congressional Budget Office, and General Accounting Office, and the Government Printing Office On the state level, the state legislatures make up the legislative branch. The Judicial Branch Section of the government that interprets the laws and administers justice. In the federal government, the judicial branch consists of: the Supreme Court, the Circuit Courts of Appeal, District Courts, and several special courts. The Executive Branch Section of the government that enforces the laws Consists of the president and those to whom the presidents powers are delegated Constitution vs. Articles of Confederation p.181 The Constitution o Made a strong national government representing all Americans o Bicameral legislature had an executive branch, had a judicial branch. o Congress could tax everyone, based on population larger states adv. o Only national govt could coin money o A firm union of people, 2 votes in senate for each state; representation by population in House o Simply majority vote in Congress, subject to presidential veto o Laws executed by powerful president o Congress regulate both foreign and interstate commerce o Amendments less difficult o Ample power to enforce laws by coercion of individuals and to some extent of states. o National govt regulated almost all trade except for slave trade. o Power was mostly held by the national govt. o Made during summer in Philadelphia, ratified Sept. 17, 1787

Articles of Confederation o Proposed in 1777 and ratified in 1781 o Was a loose alliance of independent states o Had a 1-house legislature o No executive or judicial branches o Only states can tax o States were allowed to coin money o No regulations of trading, especially between states o Power was held mostly by the states o Loose confederation of states, 1 vote in congress for each state o Laws administered by committees of Congress o No congressional power over commerce, or to levy taxes o Limited federal courts o Unanimity of states for amendment

The Constitution- The Native Americans Power to regulate Commerce with foreign Nations, and among the several States, and with the Indian Tribes; Do not grant full sovereignty equivalent to foreign nations, hence the term "domestic dependent nations". Federalist Papers Alexander Hamilton was a major leader of the Federalists Papers made in support of ratification of the Constitution The Federalist Papers, written by John Jay, James Madison, and Alexander Hamilton, and finally yielded after realizing that it couldnt prosper apart from the union, swayed New York. Republican Motherhood p.169-A sentiment that revered women as homemakers and mothers, the cultivators of good republican values in young citizens Shays Rebellion p.176 Flared up in western Massachusetts in 1786 Impoverished backcountry farmers, many of them Revolutionary War veterans, were losing their farms through mortgage foreclosures and tax delinquencies Led by Captain Daniel Shays, a veteran of the Revolution These desperate debtors demanded cheap paper money, lighter taxes, and a suspension of property takeovers Massachusetts authorities responded with drastic action raised a small army, collapsed movement, captured and condemned Daniel Shays to deathRebellion died down after Shays death. The Northwest Ordinance of 1787: a uniform national land policy; created the Northwest Territories and gave the land to the government, the land could then be purchased by individuals; when a territory had 60,000 people, it might be admitted by Congress as a state, with all the privileges of the 13 other states. It also forbade slavery in the Old North West, including the land in present-day Wisconsin, Illinois, Indiana, Michigan, and Ohio. 85. Republic Vision of America- The Republicans wanted States Rights, and a weak central government. 86. The Alien and Sedition Acts- Residence requirements for aliens became 14 years instead of 5 years. In addition, there was the law that the president was empowered to deport dangerous foreigners in time of peace and to deport or imprison them in time of hostilities. The Sedition Acts- this law provided that anyone who

impeded polices of government or falsely defamed its officials, including the president, would be liable to a heavy fine and imprisonment. P.205-206 87. The Treaties of the 1780s with Native Americans The Treaty with Cherokee 1785- the U.S. will protect the Cherokees as long as the Indians will respect the Americans. The Americans wont capture the Indians. 88. The XYZ Affair Adams wanted to reach an agreement with France because Adams didnt want war. Instead of meeting Talleyrand, Adams envoys found go-betweens. The French spokesmen demanded a loan of 32 million florins, plus $250,000 for the privilege of talking with Talleyrand. P.203 89. Alexander Hamiltons tax, tariff, and debt manipulation schemes- Hamilton wanted Tariff revenues to pay interest on the debt and run the government. In 1791, he convinced Congress to pass a tax on a few handfuls of domestic items including whiskey. Hamilton wanted a national debt; it would strengthen the national credit because it would create public confidence in the small Treasury department. 90. Chief Justice John Marshall cousin of Thomas Jefferson. Adams appointed Marshall in the dying days of Adams term (Marshall was a midnight judge). Marshall was a Federalist, but he served about 34 years with Jefferson and other Presidents. He shaped the American legal tradition more profoundly than any other single figure.p.218 91. Marbury vs. Madison the case was about who had the final authority to determine the meaning of the Constitution. John Marshall came up with the Judicial review the idea the Supreme Court alone had the last word on the question of constitutionality.p.218 92. McCulloch v. Maryland The suit involved an attempt by the state of Maryland to destroy a branch of the BUS by imposing a tax on its notes. John Marshall declared the bank constitutional by invoking the Hamiltonian doctrine of implied powers. He strengthened the federal authority and slapped at States infringements when he denied the right of Maryland to tax the bank. P.247. 93. The Hartford Convention It demanded, financial assistance from Washington to compensate for lost trade and proposed constitutional amendments requiring a two-thirds vote in Congress before an embargo could be imposed, new states admitted, or war declared. They wanted to abolish the 3/5 clause of the Constitution, limit presidents to a single term, and to prohibit the election of two successive presidents from the same state. The Hartford resolutions were the death dirge of the Federalist Party, for America just won the War of 1812, and the envoys wartime complaints seemed silly. P.239 94. War of 1812 If America could not fight to protect itself, its experiment in republicanism would be discredited in the eyes of a scoffing. The regular army of America was ill trained, and widely scattered. Oliver Hazard Perry was an American naval officer, captured a British fleet. Perrys victory infused new life into the drooping American cause. The British burned Washington, but at Fort McHenry, the British could not capture the city. This is where Francis Scott Key wrote The Star-Spangled Banner. At New Orleans, Andrew Jackson took commanded of the army, and defeated the British. Jackson did not end the war, the Treaty of Ghent two weeks prior did. P.233-237 95. Treaty of Ghent Signed Christmas Eve, 1814. It was basically an armistice. Both sides simply agreed to stop fighting and to restore conquered territory. The American grievances were not mentioned. They were the Indian menace, search and seizure, Orders in Council, impressments, and confiscations. P.237-238.

96. The congressional election of 1810 After the repeal of the Embargo Act, the Democratic-Republicans began to be the majority, and they took several of the Federalists seats. 97. Manifest Destiny Americans wanted Mexican California, Texas, and other land. They felt that God destined them to search for more land. The victory of the Mexican War led to the desire for more land. P.370. 98. California Statehood California had too many problems because of the rush of people coming to the territory to dig gold. The territory made its own Constitution, which excluded slavery, and the territory applied to Congress for admission into the Union. The Southerners were against California becoming a state because it would become a free state, which would unbalance the amount of slave/free states there are in the Union. 99. Mexican government American colonists The Mexican government did not want to give up their land. After Texas was annexed, Polk wanted California. Polk sent John Slidell to Mexico City to offer $25 million in exchange for California. The Mexican government refused, so the U.S. would fight for it instead. After the Mexican army crossed the Rio Grande (which Mexico said that the Nueces R. was their border), the Americans had to fight them (for the Americans thought that their border was the Rio Grande). Mexico lost. 100. Texas annexation Texas was its own country, but wanted to become a state of the U.S. The north was against the fact that Texas was a slave state. Since Texas was becoming friendly with Britain, France, Belgium, and Holland, the U.S. wanted to annex Texas. In 1845, Texas was annexed into the United States. 101. Wilmot Proviso David Wilmot suggested this. It recommended that the Mexican Cession lands should not have slavery. Since the Senate had several Southerners, the Wilmot Proviso would not pass. 102. Corrupt Bargain In 1824, John Q. Adams, Henry Clay, William H. Crawford, and Andrew Jackson competed with each other to become the next president of U.S. There was a deadlock, so the House of Representatives must chose among the top three candidates. Clay was eliminated, but since he was Speaker of the House, he could influence others to vote for the one that he would choose. Clay hated Jackson, so he chose Adams. Adams was elected president, and Adams chose Clay as the secretary of state. The Jacksonians protested against this corrupt bargain. P.258 103. Indian removal Andrew Jackson The Democrats wanted to move further west, so Jackson was determined send the Indians West of the Mississippi River. The Cherokees appealed the move to the Supreme Court, and the Court upheld the rights of the Indians. Jacksons policy led to the forced uprooting of more than 100,000 Indians. In 1830 Congress passed the Indian Removal Act, providing for the transplanting of all Indian tribes then resident east of the Mississippi.p.266-267

104. John C. Calhouns Theory of nullification Calhoun wanted South Carolina to decide whether it will pay the tariff, for the tariff was favored towards the Northern factories. The state would need a two-thirds vote in order to nullify the law. 105. Bank of the United States (BUS) Alexander Hamilton wanted the national bank so that the Bank would print paper money that would provide a stable national currency. It would be a place where the Treasury could deposit money. Andrew Jackson later destroyed the bank by vetoing the bill, claiming that the Bank was unconstitutional, and removing federal deposits from the vaults and not letting anyone deposit funds in the bank. 127. Border States martial law: The Border States included Missouri, Maryland, Kentucky, Delaware, and West Virginia. These were the only slave states that had not seceded from the Union. They had control of the Ohio River, which was vital to both the Union and Confederacy. Lincoln declared martial law, and sent in troops to Maryland because they threatened to cut off Washington from the North. 128. a. North Advantages: They had of the nations wealth, and railroads. They also controlled the seas, allowing them to exchange grain and supplies easily with Europe. They had a much larger population also, therefore a larger military. b. North Disadvantages: It had to invade confederate territory, conquer it, and drag it back into the Union, whereas the South only needed a draw to stand firm. c. South Advantages: Fought on their own land, and did not have to win to keep the confederacy. They only needed to fight a draw. They had the most talented officers, and first-rate commanders. They were naturally fighters, due to their lifestyle around horses and weaponry. d. South Disadvantages: Greatest weakness was the Economy. Scarce factories created difficulty obtaining shoes, uniforms, and blankets. Hunger was caused by breakdowns of the South transportation systems, especially when the N. destroyed their railroads. 129. Fort Sumter: When President Lincoln was elected, there were only two significant forts in the South that flew the Union's flag. Fort Sumter, in the Charleston harbor, needed supplies in order to support its men. Therefore, Lincoln adopted a middle-of-the-road solution. He told the South that the North was sending provisions to the fort, not supplies for reinforcement. Taking the move by Lincoln as an act of aggression, the South Carolinians fired upon Fort Sumter on April 12, 1861. Virginia, Arkansas, and Tennessee all seceded after the attack on Fort Sumter. The 11 seceded states were known as the "submissionists." Lincoln now had a reason for an armed response, and he called upon the Union states to supply militiamen. 130. John Browns raid on Harpers Ferry: Abolitionist, John Brown, had a plan to secretly invade the South, call upon the slaves to rise, give them weapons, and then establish a black free state. He attempted this in October 1859, but his followers didnt show up. He had seized the federal arsenal at Harpers Ferry, but was caught and sentenced to be hanged. 131. Union blockade: 132. Merrimack and Monitor: the confederates created The Merrimack in 1862, as a threat against the Union Blockade because it could crush through the wooden ships, with its metal armor. The Union created the Monitor, and the two ships fought to a standstill in March 1862. 133. Uncle Toms Cabin: Harriet Breecher Stowe wrote Uncle Toms Cabin to show the North the horrors of slavery. The North had confirmed their hatred toward slavery, while the South claimed it showed a view of slavery that was too harsh and unrealistic. 134. Bull Run: To capture Charleston, Lincoln wanted to attack a smaller confederate force at Bull Run. The confederates won, surprising the Union forces. It inflated the Confederates confidence, and also showed the Union how disorganized they were.

135. Lincolns running mate was Andrew Jackson, in the election of 1864. 136. General William T. Sherman, a Union general, invaded Georgia and captured Atlanta. His purpose was to destroy supplies designed for the confederate army and to weaken morale for the men at the front by waging war in their homeland. He then captured Savannah, and moved through South Carolina burning Columbia. 137. Antietam: September 17, 1862. Robert E. Lee met McClellans forces at the Battle of Antietam in Maryland. McClellans forces discovered Lees battle plans, and managed to halt Lees forces. It was not a real victory, but Union stopped the Confederate march northward. This provided Lincoln with the chance to give the Emancipation Proclamation. 138. General McClellan: was given command of the Union army at the Potomac, and started the Peninsula campaign. He captured Yorktown, and attacked Stonewall Jackson at Richmond. McClellan was usually afraid the Confederate forces out numbered him. 139. Emancipation Proclamation issued on September 23, 1862. It called for the freeing of all slaves, but did not enforce it. Lincoln was afraid that enforcing it in the Border States would cause them to secede. It changed the nature of the war because it removed any kind of negotiation of slavery. 140. President James Buchanan secession: James Buchanan was a democratic president, and succeeded President Pierce. He had a strong southern influence and approved the Lecompton Constitution. Buchanan divided the national party, by angering the North, and dividing the Union. As the Southern States wanted to secede, President Buchanan did not hold the seceders in the Union by force because southern advisors surrounded him and he could find no authority in the Constitution to stop them with force. One important reason was that the tiny army of 15,000 men of the Union was needed to control the Indians of the West. 141. Confederate Government Jefferson Davis: The confederate states chose Jefferson Davis as their president, without an election. Davis often had arguments with his congress, and they did not all have a common goal. 142. Abraham Lincoln: Republican President became leader of the Union. Assassinated in Fords Theater by John Wilkes Booth.