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AP U.S.

History

Colonial Project

Corwin Davis 3rd Period


1.

The Spanish government had created a huge and prosperous empire in the Americas before the English had a settlement. All law and policy for the empire came from Spain. Their relations with the Indians were rough. The Spanish didnt view the Natives as equals. They tried to force Catholicism on the Pueblos and tried to obliterate Indian practices. There were some

intercultural experiences, but in the end, the Spanish only accepted a few of the Indian ways. The Spanish created a caste system based off the encomienda system. In this system, a minority of settlers and their children controlled the lives and labor of millions of Indian workers. This, however, turned into a slave system. The Indian people resisted Spanish conquest, however, were no match for the Spanish. Thousands of lives were lost in battle; however, the main cause of the reduction in population was epidemic disease (influenza, plague, smallpox, measles, typhus). As a result of the decrease in population, most male colonists married or cohabited with Indian or African women, resulting in growth of large mixed-ancestry groups (frontier of inclusion). The French explored the North American coast from Cape Fear to the Penobscot River. Thus, the French discovered the Indian people of the northern woodlands. France, as an absolute monarchy, governed its colonies without constitutional rights or representative organization. In the early 17th century, the French devised a strategy to monopolize the northern fur trade. The French definitely had contact with the Indians. By using Indian farming techniques, the habitants were able to produce survival crops, and eventually developed a reserved export economy. Also, some Frenchmen married Indian women and raised mixed-ancestry families. Like the Spanish, the French established an American society of inclusion. The French did not have the manpower to bully or enslave native peoples, but instead attempted to build an empire through alliances with independent Indian nations. The English first settled permanently at Jamestown in 1607. In Jamestown, the Algonquian people, headed by Powhatan, confronted the English. The Powhatans supplied the colonists with food, but soon abandoned that policy. Warfare proceeded until one of Powhatans daughters (Pocahontas) was held confined. Then Powhatan called for peace. Disagreements between the Algonquians and the English occurred from 1622-1632 and again in 1644. The last Indian resistance by the Powhatan Confederacy was in 1644. The main interest for the English was to gain land. The English tried many ways to get the Indians to give them their land. The English and their Narragansett allies defeated the Pequots in a horrific war. The Plymouth colonists also had altercations with the Pokanokets. Other such altercations occurred (Bacons Rebellion). As far as government, the royal colonies were owned by the King. Self-governing colonies, such as Connecticut, set up its own government independent of the crown.

2. Chart:

= Chesapeake Colony = Southern Colony

= Middle Colony = New England Colony

Colonies
Virginia (1607)

Reasoning for Founding


Founded for trading purposes and profit. Founded for religious freedoms for Puritans. Founded as a getaway for those constricted by religious and economic rules. Founded as a refuge for English Catholics, subject to discrimination at home. Founded for religious and economic freedom. Founded for religious freedom (Roger Williams). Founded for trade and profits. Founded for trade and profits. Founded for trade and profits.

Type of Charter at Beginning


James I chartered the colony in 1606 Royal Charter granted to a group of wealthy Puritans (Joint-Stock Company) Started as a proprietary colony: John Wheelwright The First Proprietary colony: George Calvert, Lord Baltimore (1632) Royal Charter: Thomas Hooker Charter granted in 1644 from the English Parliament (Roger Williams) Proprietary Colony: same governor as Pennsylvania. (William Penn) Proprietary Colony: Eight nobles as proprietors. Propriety Colony: Eight nobles as proprietors

When it Became a Royal Colony


1624 1691

Massachusetts (1628)

New Hampshire (1623)

1679

Maryland (1634)

Connecticut (c. 1635)

----------------

Rhode Island (1636)

----------------

Delaware (1638)

----------------

North Carolina (1670)

---------------1729 1729

South Carolina (1663)

New Jersey (1664)

Founded for trade and profits. Founded for trade and profits. Founded for religious freedom for Quakers; trade and profits. Founded as a debtor colony; buffer for Spanish colonies.

New York (1613)

Pennsylvania (1681)

Proprietary charter: Lord John Berkeley and Sir George Carteret. Proprietary charter: Duke of York (James II) Proprietary charter: William Penn Proprietary Colony: James Oglethorpe

1702

1685

Georgia (1733)

---------------1752

3. Chesapeake The Chesapeake colonies were Virginia and Maryland. The main goal of Virginia was profit, mainly the riches in the form of gold and other materials. Other goal was to find a passage to the Indians. Delaware was also founded in search of trading purposes and profits. Maryland was founded as a refuge for Catholics. It, too, was also founded for profitable reasons (tobacco plantations). Some English founded the Chesapeake for land (land = wealth). The back-country settlers had the role of moving and expanding outwards. Their rebellion may have been an annoyance to the colonial government. Bacons Rebellion was violent conflict in Virginia, beginning with settler attacks on Indians but concluding in a rebellion led by Nathaniel Bacon against Virginia government. It occurred due to Nathaniel Bacon wanting all Indians removed from the colony. The governor attempted to repress these illegal armed expeditions; however, this infuriated Bacon and his followers causing them to revolt against the Virginia government. When Bacon died, the rebellion collapsed. This rebellion had an impact on African slavery. Because of the rebellion, planters feared former servants would stay disorderly so they turned to African slavery. 4. New England Colonies. The New England colonies were Massachusetts, New Hampshire, Connecticut, and Rhode Island. Massachusetts was

founded for religious freedom for the Puritans (Great Migration). New Hampshire was founded as a getaway for those restricted by religious and economic rules. Connecticut was founded for religious and economic freedom. Rhode Island was founded for religious freedom. Religion played the biggest role in the founding of the New England colonies. Many wanted religious freedom they didnt have in their previous destinations, so decided to come to the New England colonies to have religious freedom and tolerance. They also wanted to keep their family unit together. Some came to make money, but it wasnt the majority. In regards to the Native Americans, the English thought they had the right to take what they thought of as unused lands. The English used an assortment of devices to force native leaders into handing over all rights to particular properties. The Indian group, the Pequots, controlled the trade of wampum. Because of this, Narragansett and English troops attacked the main township of the Pequots, burning the houses and slaughtering most of them. The Chesapeakes relationship with the Native Americans was also a little rocky. (There were many confrontations between the Algonquians and the English (1622-1632 and 1644). The defeat of the Algonquians in 1644 was the last Indian resistance by the Powhatan confederacy). The relations with the Indians werent much different when speaking of the Chesapeake and New England colonies. 5. Middle Colonies. The Middle Colonies were New Jersey, New York, and Pennsylvania. New Jersey, New York, and Pennsylvania were founded mainly for trading purposes and profits. Except Pennsylvania, this was founded for religious freedom for Quakers. Mainly the middle colonies were founded for religious freedom and money. Some of the middle colonies prospered from trade with the Indians. If the Indians hadnt helped the New Jersey colonists, they might not have survived. The Indians hunted food for them, giving them some of their crops, and helping them build shelters (however, the Indians were eventually kicked out of New Jersey). William Penn and the Indians made a treaty which was kept long after the people involved died. Pennsylvania represented an ideal colony for its peace with the Indians. This relation with the Indians was much more peaceful than that of the Chesapeake and the New England colonies. The government of the Middle Colonies was in the hands of the people. In New York, the township originally possessed

nearly all powers of local government. Mainly, the majority of the middle colonies were governed using some type of representative

government. They also had some sort of supervisor to manage the affairs of the township. 6. Southern Colonies. The Southern colonies were North Carolina, South Carolina, and Georgia. North and South Carolina were founded for profit and trading purposes. Georgia was founded as a buffer for Spanish colonies. The founding of the Southern Colonies, for the most part, was out to make money that was available in the new American market. North Carolinians were very cruel to the Native Americans. They selfishly took the Indians land without hesitation. This resulted in two fierce battles between the colonists and Native Americans. The colonists relations with the Natives were actually quite turbulent. One significant relation was the romantic relationship with a colonist and Pocahontas. Many violent attacks were often placed on the colonists. The colonists in the southern colonies had a form of selfgovernment. There was a general assembly (wealthy plantation owners) that made up the laws; however, the English King and their governor had the final say. The local government was carried on by a lawenforcing sheriff and other officials. 7. Great Awakening. The Great Awakening was a North American religious revival in the middle of the eighteenth century. The Great Awakening caused some tension in different communities; however, it formed a sense of unity and accord rising above denominational and political boundaries. The Great Awakening was therefore a noteworthy inter-colonial movement, which added to a sense of American nationality before the American Revolution. One way of adding unity was the various people that came from various destinations to hear the powerful speakers during this time. This was a strong sense of unity and equality among all, making it a cross colonial movement. Also, religion played a major part in political campaigns. The Great Awakening changed religion, thus changing some political ideas. It also changed the way people viewed authority.

Popes Rebellion
Popes Rebellion (Pueblo Revolt) was a revolt of many pueblos in opposition to Spanish colonization of the Americas. In Sante Fe (New Mexico) the Pueblos disagreed with the Spanish concerning religious practices. In 1680, Pope led a revolt on the Spanish. There were many deaths as a result of the rebellion. During which time, the Indians raided the missions, damaging the holy furnishings and killing multiple people. The Indians then set up their own religious establishment that lasted until 1692. However, in 1692, the Spanish army succeeded in re-conquering New Mexico. The Spanish then loosened religious restrictions. This was important in shaping the history of the colonies because it founded Indian liberty for 12 years. After the Spanish returned, they still were able to get fewer restrictions on their religious practices. Popes Rebellion was the single most effective instance of Indian resistance to colonization (Faragher).

1st and 2nd Anglo-Powhatan Wars


Both the Anglo-Powhatan Wars were between the Powhatan and the English colonists. The English and Powhatan had a friendly relationship, prior to the winter of 1606-1610. During which time, Powhatan thought the English had come not for trade, but to invade my people and possess my country (Powhatan). Because of this, more than 400 colonists starved. This resulted in war between the two. In 1613, Powhatans daughter, Pocahontas, was captured. Following this, Powhatan surrendered. (Pocahontas married a colonist). In 1644, another war began. A last effort of the Powhatan Confederacy was ensued. Hundreds of colonists were killed during this time. A peace treaty followed after the collapse of the Powhatan Confederacy in October 1646. Peace followed in the upcoming years between the English and Powhatan.

The Pequot War


The Pequot War occurred in 1637. The Pequot war was a conflict between English settlers and Pequot Indians over control of land and trade in eastern Connecticut. The Pequots were powerful Indians who controlled the trade of wampum. The English wanted the wampum. After certain events, the Pequots began hostilities (small raids). Eventually, the conflict arose and their was a mass slaughter of Pequot men, women, and children. The English burned the forts. It took one hour to murder hundreds of people. This was a gruesome and horrific war. The war was ended with approximately 1500 Pequots killed or sold into slavery. The Treaty of Hartford ended this war.

King Phillips War


A leader of the Wampanoags named Metacom (King Phillip) combined many tribes in southern New England against the English colonists. Eventually, the colonial forces managed to triumph, killing King Phillip and practically ending Native American struggles in New England.

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