1 Alvin Sherman

APA Basics

Agenda:

Title page Document format Quoting and citing resources Grammar rules
Reference Desk refdesk@nova.edu (800) 541-6682 ext. 4613
APA Basics Agenda

Reference list

Format for Title Page

FSEHS Style Guidelines

Format for FSEHS written assignments:
http://www.schoolofed.nova.edu/oaa/pdf/fsehs_standard_format.pdf

Top third of page

Title

Format for FSEHS dissertations

http://www.schoolofed.nova.edu/arc/pdf/guidead.pdf

Middle third of page

Name Course number and CRN Name of course

Publication Manual of the American Psychological Association (5th ed.) Checklist for APA Form and Style
http://www.schoolofed.nova.edu/arc/pdf/checklistapafs.pdf

Bottom third of page

Name of institution Date
Format for Title Page

Title:

What Students Need to Know About APA

Title Page for Dissertation (Style Guide)

Title:

Students Name Course code and CRN: Title of course:

by Laura Lucio Ramirez CUR 526 24022 Educational Research for Practitioners

Students Name

Info on Applied Dissertation Institution Month day, year Nova Southeastern University May 1, 2006

Institution Year
Title Page for Dissertation (Style Guide)

Example

Document Format Pagination Margins, fonts, line spacing Format of title and headings Numbers Parenthetical text citations
Document Format Document Format (2)

NOTE: No running headers 1 inch margins Exception: 1 inch left margin for dissertation.

Double spaced
2 2
APA Formatting for NSU Class Assignments Use double-spacing throughout the paper including the title page, abstract, body of the document, reference list, appendixes, tables, and figure captions. APA does permit single spacing within references but double spacing between references. (See p. 326 of the Publication Manual.) Issues to Consider Major headings require specific formatting: (a) The first word of the heading is capitalized as well as all major words; (b) articles, short prepositions, and coordinating conjunctions are not capitalized; and (c) the heading is not italicized. Other issues also need to be considered. Students and teachers

12 pt font Times New Roman or Courier Indented Left justified No bolding No underlining No bullets
Document Format (3)

APA Formatting for NSU Class Assignments

Use double-spacing throughout the paper including the title page, abstract, body of the document, reference list, appendixes, tables, and figure captions. APA does permit single spacing within references but double spacing between references. (See p. 326 of the Publication Manual.) Issues to Consider Major headings require specific formatting: (a) The first word of the heading is capitalized as well as all major words; (b) articles, short prepositions, and coordinating conjunctions are not capitalized; and (c) the heading is not italicized. Other issues also need to be considered. Students and teachers

Document Format (4)

Quotes and Parenthetical Citations

Headings (APA, p. 113)

Use Level 1 Headings for the Title

Copyright Paraphrased quotes

Level 3 Flush Left, Italicized, Upper and Lower Case Side Heading

Direct quotes Parenthetical citations

Quotes and Parenthetical Citations

Cite the following:

beliefs, ideas, and theories from any source any information obtained that is not common knowledge direct quotes of the words used verbatim summarized or paraphrased ideas
opinions,
Note: Re-submitting the identical paper for assignments in two different classes is considered plagiarism. If you want to refer to specific ideas presented in a previous paper you wrote, cite it!
Cite the following:

When citing a specific part of a resource or using a direct quote, provide the page number:
All of them were victims of cyberterrorism (Stonebraker, 2004, p. 237). Vest (2006) reported that "empirical research verified compliance" (p. 48). In another case, Scanlon, Gallego, Duran, and Reyes (2005) found that the results should be based on assumptions that individuals are capable of self-directed and self-initiated learning (pp. 40-41). See APA, pp. 213-214
When citing a specific part of a resource or using a direct quote, provide the page number

No page number is used in the parenthetical citation if paraphrasing:

Freud's writing on the topic of dreams (as cited in Steinbrecker, Jones, & Acevedo, 1997) emphasized.... in a definition (Merriam-Webster's Collegiate Dictionary, 2001). A couple of experiments (Eifrig, 1976; Skinner, 1956) found.... The Web site did not support the data (Wienhorst, n.d.).

1. The theory (Smith, Brown, and Jones, 2002) or 2. The theory (Smith, Brown, & Jones, 2002)

1. Two research studies (Quinlan, 2002; Barnes, 2005) or 2. Two research studies (Quinlan, 2002, & Barnes, 2005) 1.

See APA manual, pp. 207-213

No page number is used in the parenthetical citation if paraphrasing

MacDougall (2004, p. 34) stated that the Information Literacy Model needed to be implemented. or 2. MacDougall (2004) stated that the Information Literacy Model needed to be implemented (p. 34). or 3. MacDougall (2004) stated that the Information Literacy Module need to be implemented. (34)

Examples

Direct quote for less than 40 words:

Instructors may or may not want to require an abstract for class assignments. The abstract is a one-paragraph summary or overview of the paper and should summarize the essential content of the paper (Tunon, 2006, p. 34).

Paraphrase < 50% and include cite

Signed into law in January 2002 by President George W. Bush, the No Child Let Behind (NCLB) Act signaled the nations most sweeping education reform of federal education policy in decades. NCLB laid the groundwork for education reforms and the presidents attempt to strengthen Americas 50% rule education system (Smith, 2004, p. 212). Should be block quote When President Bush signed the No Child Let Behind (NCLB) Act into law, When President Bush signed the No Child Let Behind (NCLB) Act No citation into law, it it was the countrys most comprehensive education reform of federal was the countrys most comprehensive education reform of federal education policy in years. NCLB is the foundation foundation for education reforms and education policy in years. NCLB is the for education reforms and the presidents attempt to strengthen the the system of education inU.S. U.S. the presidents attempt to strengthen system of education in the the

Block quote (more than 40 words):

Note where the periods go!

Students at Nova Southeastern University have faced challenges in learning how to use APA formatting. When discussing the challenges, Strunk (1922) stated: Use quotes around an article title or book chapter, but italicize the title of a book, journal, brochure, or report when used in the body of the paper. Use a short title in the parenthetical citation or complete title if the title is short. NOTE Non-periodical titles like books and book titles have all the important words capitalized in the text citations, but these same book titles do not have all the important words capitalized in the reference list. (p. 342) Callahan (2001), however, says .

Parenthetical text citation

(NOTE: FSE uses single space, but APA uses double spacing.)
Direct quote and Block quote examples

President Bushs the No Child Let Behind (NCLB) Act was signed into law in January of 2002. The law provided the most sweeping education changes in the United States in decades and provided a foundation for strengthening educational policy at the national level for years to come (Smith, 2004).

Use sparingly

Abbreviations and Acronyms: Spell out first time

Must use abbreviation thereafter

Numbers: See APA pp. 122-125

Use figures for numbers 10 and above: 343 students in 26 classes The numbers between one and nine should be spelled out: A total of six experiments went awry. Exceptions Numbers above and below 10 grouped for comparison: 3 of 15 students The school needs 4 teachers and 11 staff people. Numbers representing time, dates, and age 3 months ago, April 8, 1 hr 10 min

Mothers Against Drunk Drivers (MADD) American Psychological Association (APA) Southern Association of Colleges and Schools (SACS) Fischler School of Education and Human Services (FSEHS) Nova Southeastern University (NSU)

See APA manual, pp. 103-106

Abbreviations and Acronyms Numbers

Numbers, cont.
More exceptions: Numbers denoting a specific place in a series, book, or table Table 5, Session 3 page 2 Use words for numbers below 10 that do not represent precise measurements: eight items nine pages Use words for numbers beginning a sentence, title, or heading: Twenty-four percent complied, and 6% did not answer the question. Nineteen students improved.
Numbers (2)

1. Ten students ate in the cafeteria. or 2. 10 students ate in the cafeteria.

1. The seventh grade went on a field trip. or 2. The 7th grade went on a field trip.

1. Students in Grades 4 and 5 took the test. or 2. Students in grades 4 and 5 took the test. or 3. Students in grades four and five took the test. 1. The 7th grade did better than the 10th grade. or 2. The seventh grade did better than the tenth grade. or 3. The seventh grade did better than the 10th grade.

Examples

Compound-Adjectives
Role playing High anxiety Seventh grade Role-playing technique High-anxiety situations Seventh-grade students
but

1. The 11th grade was busy. or 2. The 11th grade was busy.

1. The store closed three months ago. or 2. The store closed 3 months ago.

Type II error Post hoc comparisons

1. These fourth graders need to study. or 2. These fourth-grade students need to study. or 3. These students in Grade 4 need to study. or 4. These 4th-grade students need to study more than the 10th-grade students.
Examples

See APA manual, p. 91

Commas
Use commas: Between independent clauses: Jane went to school, but Dick stayed home. Series of three or more Jane, Dick, and Harry argued about money. Nonessential or nonrestictive clauses Direct TV, which is available in south Florida, offers some nice features. But: Not to separate a compound predicate Jane baked a cake and worked on her homework.
Examples

1. The cat ran, but the dog sat down. or 2. The cat ran but the dog sat down.

1. The literature review evaluates and synthesizes resources. or 2. The literature review evaluates, and synthesizes resources. 1. Methods, theories, and logic all need to be examined. or 2. Methods, theories and logic all need to be examined.

1. Empirical studies, also called hard evidence, are important. or 2. Empirical studies also called hard evidence are important.

Only One Space after Punctuation

Periods at the end of a sentence: Students scores improved. The study demonstrated that Colons: For example, the colon should In citations Brown, J. D. (2003). The
NOTE: Use the find and replace feature in Word to change two spaces to one space.

APA Web Site: http://www.apastyle.org/elecref.html

Electronic Media Spelling Guide
e-journal e-mail Internet online PDF URL Web

1. The students went on the Internet and searched the Web. or 2. The students went on the internet and searched the web. or 3. The students went on the Internet and searched the web. or 4. The students went on the internet and searched the Web. 1. Go online and send an e-mail message to the instructor. or 2. Go on-line and send an e-mail message to the instructor. or 3. Go online and send an email message to the instructor. or 4. Go on-line and send an email message to the instructor.
Examples

Ahah! What about using citation software?

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What about using citation software?

http://citationmachine.net/

http://citationmachine.net/

Example: CitationMachine

Example: RefWorks

http://citationmachine.net/

https://www.nova.edu/common-lib/ISI/ http://www.nova.edu/library/dils/tutorials/endnote/
Penny M Beile, David N Boote, Elizabeth Killingsworth. (2004). A microscope or a mirror?: A question of study validity regarding the use of dissertation citation anlysis for evaluating research collections. Journal of Academic Librarianship, 30(5), 347-353. Retrieved , from Research Library database. (Document ID: 737514991).
Example: ProQuest EndNote

No Short Cut for Learning the APA Rules

Beile, P. M., Boote, D. N., & Killingsworth, E. K. (2003, April). Characteristics of education doctoral dissertation references: An inter-institutional analysis of review of literature citations. Paper presented at the Annual Meeting of the American Educational Research Association, Chicago, IL. (ERIC No. ED478598) Retrieved February 1, 2006, from ERIC database.

Example: EndNote

 Page
entitled References Hanging indentations Single space in citations Double space between citations Use italics, do not underline Alphabetical order by author Then by date Then by article title
Format for References

Page
References 32 Jones, R. N., del Rio, J. A., Humenik, J. A., Garca, E. O., & Ramrez, A. M. (2001). Citation mining: Integrating text mining and bibliometrics for research user profiling. Journal of the American Society for Information Science and Technology, 52, 1148-1156. Kushkowski, J. D. (1985). Master's and doctoral thesis citations: Analysis and trends of a longitudinal study. Portal, 3, 459-479. Retrieved March 20, 2006, from Education Full Text database. Kushkowski, J. D. (1999a). Identifying uniform core journal titles for music libraries: A dissertation citation study. College & Research Libraries, 60(2), 153-163. Kushkowski, J. D. (1999b). Measuring the use and value of electronic journals and books. Issues in Science and Technology Librarianship. Retrieved July 10, 2004, from Expanded Academic Index database. Kushkowski, J. D., & Smith, D. (1982). Library research skills for your dissertation. Denver, CO: Libraries Unlimited. Morner, C. J. (1995). Measuring the library research skills of education doctoral students. In R. AnRhein (Ed.), Continuity & transformation: The promise of confluence. Proceedings of the Seventh National Conference of the Association of College and Research Libraries, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, March 29-April 1, 1995 (pp. 381-391). Chicago: Association of College and Research Libraries. Norton, M. J. (2000). Introductory concepts in information science. Medford, NJ: Information Today. O'Connor, D. O., & Voos, H. (2005). Empirical laws, theory construction, and bibliometrics. In J. Smith & B. B. Jones, New adventures on the Web. Springfield, MA: Springer Verlag.

entitled References Hanging indentations Single space in citations Double space between citations Use italics, do not underline Alphabetical order, Then by date Retrieval statements
Format for References (2)

32 References Jones, R. N., del Rio, J. A., Humenik, J. A., Garca, E. O., & Ramrez, A. M. (2001). Citation mining: Integrating text mining and bibliometrics for research user profiling. Journal of the American Society for Information Science and Technology, 52, 1148-1156. Kushkowski, J. D. (1985). Master's and doctoral thesis citations: Analysis and trends of a longitudinal study. Portal, 3, 459-479. Retrieved March 20, 2006, from Education Full Text database. Kushkowski, J. D. (1999a). Identifying uniform core journal titles for music libraries: A dissertation citation study. College & Research Libraries, 60(2), 153-163. Kushkowski, J. D. (1999b). Measuring the use and value of electronic journals and books. Issues in Science and Technology Librarianship. Retrieved July 10, 2004, from Expanded Academic Index database. Kushkowski, J. D., & Smith, D. (1982). Library research skills for your dissertation. Denver, CO: Libraries Unlimited. Morner, C. J. (1995). Measuring the library research skills of education doctoral students. In R. AnRhein (Ed.), Continuity & transformation: The promise of confluence. Proceedings of the Seventh National Conference of the Association of College and Research Libraries, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, March 29-April 1, 1995 (pp. 381-391). Chicago: Association of College and Research Libraries. Norton, M. J. (2000). Introductory concepts in information science. Medford, NJ: Information Today. O'Connor, D. O., & Voos, H. (2005). Empirical laws, theory construction, and bibliometrics. In J. Smith & B. B. Jones, New adventures on the Web. Springfield, MA: Springer Verlag.

Using Microsoft Words formatting for hanging indentations

Go to Format. Select Paragraph. In Indents and Spacing Go to the Special section. Select Hanging.

How to Cite a Journal Article Retrieved Online

How to Cite a Journal Article Retrieved Online

Citing Journal Articles Retrieved Full Text Online

Author(s) Watkins, R., & Schlosser, C. D. (2000). Its not about time: A fresh approach to educational equivalency. Technology Trends, 24(3), 34-47. Retrieved June 1, 2006, from Education Full Text database. Initials, not first names Ampersand (&), not the word and Comma before the ampersand. Space between initials See APA manual, p. 279, #91
Citing Journal Articles Retrieved Full Text Online - Author

Citing Journal Articles Retrieved Full Text Online

Year of publication Watkins, R., & Schlosser, C. D. (2000). Its not about time: A fresh approach to educational equivalency. Technology Trends, 24(3), 34-47. Retrieved June 1, 2006, from Education Full Text database. Enclosed in parentheses Period after the parentheses No month or day if the publication is a journal, not a magazine, newsletter, or newspaper article. See APA manual, p. 279, #91
Citing Journal Articles Retrieved Full Text Online Year of publication

Citing Journal Articles Retrieved Full Text Online

Article title Watkins, R., & Schlosser, C. D. (2000). Its not about time: A fresh approach to educational equivalency. Technology Trends, 24(3), 34-47. Retrieved June 1, 2006, from Education Full Text database. Only first word in title and subtitle should be be capitalized as well as any proper names. A period at the end of the title. Only one space after the period, not two. See APA manual, p. 279, #91
Citing Journal Articles Retrieved Full Text Online Article title

Citing Journal Articles Retrieved Full Text Online

Watkins, R., & Schlosser, C. D. (2000). Its not about time: A fresh approach to educational equivalency. Technology Trends, 24(3), 34-47. Retrieved June 1, 2006, from Education Full Text database. Journal title should have all important words capitalized. It is italicized The journal title is followed by a comma See APA manual, p. 279, #91
Citing Journal Articles Retrieved Full Text Online Journal title

Journal title

Citing Journal Articles Retrieved Full Text Online

Citing Journal Articles Retrieved Full Text Online

Watkins, R., & Schlosser, C. D. (2000). Its not about time: A fresh approach to educational equivalency. Technology Trends, 24(3), 34-47. Retrieved June 1, 2006, from Education Full Text database. Volume, issue, and page number(s) The volume number is italicized There should be no space between the volume number and issue number Enclose issue number in parentheses and follow by a comma Do not use p. or pp. for journal articles. See APA manual, p. 279, #91

Watkins, R., & Schlosser, C. D. (2000). Its not about time: A fresh approach to educational equivalency. Technology Trends, 24(3), 34-47. Retrieved June 1, 2006, from Education Full Text database. Retrieval statement Spell out the complete word for month in the retrieval statement Include a comma after the year Include the word database after the proper name of the database.
Citing Journal Articles Retrieved Full Text Online Retrieval statement

Citing Journal Articles Retrieved Full Text Online Volume, issue, and page number(s)

Education Full Text -- HTML

Articles Retrieved Online Are Not Always Identical

Expanded Academic ASAP text + graphics

Most online articles have been slightly modified or include additional data.
Examples: HTML and Text+graphics

Education Full Text -- PDF

Internet articles based on a print source

Exact duplicate (APA manual, p. 271) : VandenBos, G. (2001). Role of the selection of resources by psychology undergraduates [Electronic version]. Journal of Bibliographic Research, 5, 117-123. Document that has changes (format differs from print version) (APA manual, p. 272) VandenBos, G. (2001). Role of the selection of resources by psychology undergraduates. Journal of Bibliographic Research, 5, 117-123. Retrieved April 13, 2006, from http://jbr.org/articles.html Documents retrieved from an aggregated database: VandenBos, G. (2001). Role of the selection of resources by psychology undergraduates. Journal of Bibliographic Research, 5, 117-123. Retrieved April 13, 2006, from Education Full Text database.

Expanded Academic ASAP -- PDF

Examples: PDF

Journal Citations
Citations of journal articles
Include issue number if the pagination of journal is by issue number. Do not include issue number if the pagination of the journal is continuous throughout the volume.
APA manual p. 240 # 1 and 2
Jou rna l Volu of Read ing me 200 16 4

Continuous pagination is through volume: VandenBos, G. (2001). Role of the selection of resources by psychology undergraduates. Journal of Bibliographic Research, 5, 317-323.

Pagination starts with page 1 in each issue: VandenBos, G. (2001). Role of the selection of resources by psychology undergraduates. Journal of Bibliographic Research, 5(4), 17-23.

Journal Citations - Pagination

Corporate author American Psychological Association. (2001). Publication manual of the American Psychological Association (5th ed.). Washington, DC: Author. Period after the corporate author

Year of publication American Psychological Association. (2001). Publication manual of the American Psychological Association (5th ed.). Washington, DC: Author.

See APA manual, p. 248

Corporate author Year of publication

See APA manual, p. 248

Book title American Psychological Association. (2001). Publication manual of the American Psychological Association (5th ed.). Washington, DC: Author. Only the first word in the book title and subtitle should be capitalized as well as any proper names. Use (5th ed.), not (5th ed.) and do not italicize Period goes after the edition number and page numbers, if any p. 248 See APA manual,
Book title

American Psychological Association. (2001). Publication manual of the American Psychological Association (5th ed.). Washington, DC: Author. Place and publisher

Use DC, not D.C. Use Author if the name of the publisher is the same as the author
Place and publisher

Citing a Web Site:

Location and Publisher Info

Use state abbreviations: FL, TX, NY, CA, DC Cities that do not include state abbreviation:
Baltimore Boston Chicago Los Angeles New York Philadelphia San Francisco

http://www.ala.org/acrl/acrlstandards/informationliteracy.htm

Leave off superfluous terms:

Publishers Co. or Company Inc.

Retain the words:

Books Press

For example: Erlbaum, John Wiley, University of Toronto Press, Penguin Books
Citing a Web Site

Citing a Web Site:

Corporate author Association of College and Research Libraries. (2003). Information literacy competency standards for higher education. Retrieved February 12, 2006, from the American Library Association Web site: http://www.ala.org/acrl/acrlstandards/informationliteracy.htm

Citing a Web Site:

Year of publication Association of College and Research Libraries. (2003). Information literacy competency standards for higher education. Retrieved February 12, 2006, from the American Library Association Web site: http://www.ala.org/acrl/acrlstandards/informationliteracy.htm

See APA manual, p. 274

Citing a Web Site Corporate author Citing a Web Site Year of publication

See APA manual, p. 274

10

Citing a Web Site:

Web title Association of College and Research Libraries. (2003). Information literacy competency standards for higher education. Retrieved February 12, 2006, from the American Library Association Web site: http://www.ala.org/acrl/acrlstandards/informationliteracy.htm Web title is italicized.

Citing a Web Site:

Association of College and Research Libraries. (2003). Information literacy competency standards for higher education. Retrieved February 12, 2006, from the American Library Association Web site: http://www.ala.org/acrl/acrlstandards/informationliteracy.htm Retrieval statement

See APA manual, p. 274

Citing a Web Site Web title Citing a Web Site Retrieval statement

No period after the URL

DISCLAIMER: For class assignments, your instructor has the final word on APA formatting.

Getting help
Still confused? You can call the Reference Desk at (800) 541-6682 ext. 4613 or email lucio@nova.edu

NSU
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