METHODOLOGY OF LINGUISTICS RESEARCH RESEARCH PROPOSAL

THE ANALYSIS OF THE USAGE CATAPHORIC REFERENCE IN BREAKING DAWN NOVEL

Submitted by: HUMAIRA DITYA SITERESMI F1F008081

ENGLISH LANGUAGE AND LITERATURE STUDY PROGRAM DEPARTMENT HUMANITIES SOCIAL AND POLITICAL SCIENCE FACULTY JENDERAL SOEDIRMAN UNIVERSITY PURWOKERTO 2012

ABSTRAK

This thesis deal with how Stephanny meyer as the author of twilight saga, especially for the last novel, Breaking Dawn tried to apply the usage of cataphoric reference in the last novel for different effect. The objective of this research is to describe the strengthen of the reference reflection in the novel by using the characters in Breaking Dawn novel. Library research is used for collecting the data. This research also requires approach suitable with the subject, In linguistics, cataphora (from Greek, forward+carry) is used to describe an expression that co-refers with a later expression in the discourse. That is to say, the earlier expression refers to or describes a forward expression. For example, given: "Finding the right gadget was a real hassle. I finally settled with a digital camera." The "right gadget" is an instance of cataphora because it refers to "a digital camera," an object that hasn't been mentioned in the discourse prior to that point. Cataphora is a type of endophora and it is the opposite of anaphora, a reference forward as opposed to backward in the discourse. As a general rule, cataphoras are quite less common than anaphoras in all natural languages; furthermore, cataphoras that are not sentence-internal are typically very uncommon in informal, conversational contexts. Discourse approach by David Nunan is used to understand the effect which wil be made in the last novel of twilight saga and the cataphoric reference. The important of the reference will be the main reason of that research. The researcher finds that Breaking Dawn novel reflects the perfect effect and strong side of the corriousity in the last novel.

The different effect of the reference can be found in the several last chapters of

Breaking Dawn novel like the first novel which always use cataphoric reference.

INTRODUCTION

1.1. The Title of The Research The title of the research is The Analysis Of Using Cataphoric Reference In Breaking Down Novel 1.2. Field of Study Field of study this research is Linguistics especially Discourse. This study focuses all of the things that are related in discourse analysis. Discourse is written as well as spoken: every utterance assuming the a speaker and a hearer as discourse. (Benvenisle, 1971: 208-9) 1.3. Background of Study Twilight saga is the Tetralogy of novels which talking about the different unreal ife between human and vampire. As we know that in the first novel usually for introducing the characters and for this novel to make a mysterious effect, the first part of this novel also use cataphoric reference as usual novel. But Breaking down is the last best seller novel in twilight saga. Stephenie meyer as the author tries to hypnotize the readers by those novels. Love story between human and vampire can bring us to feel the horror atmosphere but still romantic. Every novel has characterize in using reference, this novel has a unique reference because it uses cataphoric reference more than the other ones although it is the last novel in the twilight saga. Discourse in the first sense is studied in corpus linguistics. Analysis of discourse in the second and third senses is carried out within a variety of traditions that investigate the relations between language, structure and agency, including sociology, feminist studies, anthropology, ethnography, cultural studies, literary theory, and the philosophy of science. Within these fields, the notion of "discourse" is itself subject to discourse, that

is, debated on the basis of specialized knowledge. Discourse can be observed in multimodal/multimedia forms of communication including the use of spoken, written and signed language in contexts spanning from oral history to instant message conversations to textbooks. Discourses being corpuses of texts or communication have internal relations to themselves as well as external to other discourses. Thus, a discourse is not locally isolated, rather interdiscourse and interdiscusivity takes part in the constitution of a discourse. Cataphoric reference is referring forward. It refers the identity what is being expressed and what is to be expressed. it draw us further into the text in order to identify the elements to which the reference item refers. Author sometimes use cataphoric for dramatic effect. Cataphoric reference means that a word in a text refers to another later in the text and you need to look forward to understand. It can be compared with anaphoric reference, which means a word refers back to another word for its meaning. In this novel, the author uses a lot of cataphoric reference to introduce new characters who are vampires and werewolves more than human. researcher interested in exploring how the author makes a effect by using cataphoric reference because the last novel is the conclusion of all the stories.

1.4. Research Question Nowadays there are a lot of way to make an affect by using reference to substitute the pronoun or the character in the novel. Every author has different style to make it more strong. As the element in discourse analysis, reference items can function within a text. So this study covers the problem of the study :

1.4.1.1. 1.4.1.2.

What is the cataphoric reference ? How does the cataphoric reference is used in the novel to make a dramatic affect?

1.5. Purpose of the Research In this study, the researcher also presents the purpose; those are : 1.5.1. To figure aout the kind of reference are used in Breaking Dawn novel. 1.5.2. To present how the cataphoric reference is used in the last novel and made it special.

1.6. Research Objective The object of the research in this study is breaking Dawn novel. The researcher will analyze the usage of the reference contain the aplplication of cataphoric referenace in discourse analysis.

1.7. Limitation of the research This study is limited in the cataphoric reference used in Breaking Dawn Novel. The limitation in this research is made to make this analysis more focus on the research problem and can reach the objectives of the research.

1.8. Research Significance

The result of this research to support both the researchers and readers knowledge and understanding in learning discourse. In addition, this research proposal is highly expected to be able to support the understanding of cataphoric reference. Hopefully, for the students of English littereture, this researchs result is able to be a reference in discourse and cataphoric reference theory study.

LITERATURE REVIEW

In this part, the researcher will present the theories used in the research. The researcher will also perform the discourse theory by David Nunan to elaborate the meaning of cataphoric reference used by characters in Breaking Dawn novel as the last novel of twilight saga which added new character in the last session. Furthermore, the researcher displays the theories of the cohesion to recognize the new cherecters in the last situation inside the conflict in the end of the novel.

I.

Novel Breaking down novel is the last novel in twilight saga by the American author, Stephenie Meyer. in this novel there are a lot cataphoric reference which used to refer the characters into another reference. 1.1. The summary of breaking dawn Bella and Edward's wedding goes well, except when Jacob shows up and gets upset, though no one but the happy couple notice. Bella and Edward leave for their honeymoon on Isle Esme, a beautiful tropical island in South America. The couple try and successfully make love, but it leaves Bella bruised all over. They continue enjoying themselves, and Bella convinces Edward to have sex once more. The next day two housekeepers come and clean and the the woman housekeeper fears the worst for Bella. When Edward is away hunting one night, Bella awakes and eats some chicken. She gets sick, and assuming it was bad chicken,

throws it out and begins to throw up. She continues getting ill, and finally realizes what day it is. She is five days late for her period, and has had this strange sickness, and weird dreams. She even has a small bump forming, though they have only been on the island for two weeks. Edward calls Carlisle while he packs their things hastily.

This part is from Jacob's perspective. The pack hears that Bella has a South American disease and is under quarantine. They assume this is the excuse they are giving to disappear. Against orders, Jake rushes to the Cullen's house, only to find a very sick and very pregnant, but alive, Bella. Edward looks like "a burning man" and explains all to Jacob. Bella is refusing to let anyone take the creature out of her, even though it is bruising her immensely. Rosalie is acting as Bella's bodyguard, also refusing anyone to take the baby out. Jacob reports back to the pack to tell what happened, and Sam decides that they must take action and kill the creature, and in the process, kill all the Cullens and Bella. Jake does not want to kill Bella, or the vampire he trusts, Dr. Cullen. Before the attack, Jake leaves the pack and takes his place as another Alpha and heads to the Cullen's house, with Seth following in support. Jake warns the Cullens of the plan, and he and Seth begin to patrol the perimeter. Bella's condition worsens as the baby breaks her ribs. Leah soon joins Jake's pack, wanting to be free of Sam and she begins to patrol as well. Sam sends messengers asking for their return, and tells Jake that they will not fight right now. Jake refuses to leave, though he would be happy if his other pack members did, but they refuse too. Soon after, Bella bends over without thinking, and damages herself badly. With Carlisle gone, Edward and Jake have to take the baby out right away and open Bella up, taking the healthy baby. They put her in Bella's arms for a moment, only to take her away as Edward begins to use his venom to change Bella. Jacob does CPR on her, trying to keep her barely alive body going. Jake thinks Bella has died and storms

downstairs to see Rosalie holding the baby, who they name Renesmee. Jake is ready to kill the baby who he believes is the reason Bella is dead, and right then he sees the baby's face and imprints. It begins with Bella laying down as Edward takes the baby out of her stomach and places her in her arms, but only for a second is she allowed to hold her. Bella becomes unconscious, and seemingly dead to Jake who leaves the room as Edward takes a syringe of his venom to stab Bella's heart and inject his venom. He also goes along her arm, biting and licking the womb. Bella describes the pain as fire, and remembers Rosalie saying it doesn't do any good to scream because there is nothing anyone can do about it. The days pass and Bella is silent, causing Edward to worry, but Carlisle assures Edward that Bella's injuries are about the same as Esme's were, and she was fine. After only two days, the transformation is complete and Bella sits up. Everyone is wary, especially Jasper, of Bella and her newborn strength and rage. Bella is calm and describes her new senses. She and Edward then go hunting in the woods nearby. When Bella smells some stray hikers, so runs forward with the intent of feeding on their blood. Edward is behind her, trying to stop her, Much to his surprise, Bella is able to stop and turn around and run the other direction, away from their lustrous smell. They then hunt for an animal, and Bella brings down a mountain lion with ease. When they return home, Edward describes what happened and everyone is amazed at Bella's control. They wonder if it is because she as been preparing herself for it for so long. Bella can smell Jacob and the baby, Renesmee, downstairs, and she is confused as to why Jake is still around. She wants to go see Renesmee though, and with all of the Cullens there to keep Bella under control, they allow it. Renesmee, although only a few hours old, looks like she is months old. She is very alert and is "talking" in her own special way. She has a power that allows her to communicate with others through pictures and memories if she touches someone's face with her hand. A worried Jake holds Renesmee out to Bella and Bella is able to hold her, only as

long as Jake has his hands on her too. When Jacob calls Renesmee by a nickname, Nessie, Bella becomes furious that he named her after some mythical creature in Loch Ness, and the baby is handed off to someone else before Bella attacks Jake. Seth, a young werewolf and friend with the vampires, jumps in front of Jake and gets his shoulder injured. Bella is taken under control and calms herself down. Bella soon learns that Jacob has imprinted on Renesmee, and she doesn't like that idea at all, as Jake is now almost like a son-in-law, or will be in later years. During this time, things with the pack have settled, and Jake has control. Later, Bella, Jake and Renesmee are hunting in the nearby woods and Irina, the vampire from the Denali clan who fell for Laurent, sees them and takes off quickly. With Jacob and Renesmee, Bella returns home and reports what happened. Irina had gone to the Volturi, as Alice sees, and unfortunately for the Cullens, the Volturi have made their decision to come after them because they believe that Renesmee is a forbidden immortal child. The Cullens know that Irina was mistaken and decides the only way to stall the Volturi long enough to explain is to build a following of their own to witness for them. Bella forges documents for Jacob and Renesmee, just in case she needs them to escape. They all take a liking to Renesemee and agree to bear witness to the Volturi that she is not an immortal child. Bella also discovers her power of mind-privacy has a shielding effect she could possibly carry to others. During the month of preparation for the Volturi, several of the vampires with quantifiable supernatural talents help her learn to expand the barrier. When the Volturi finally come, all of the vampires, along with the werewolves meet in a clearing in the forest. Although they discover that they were misinformed, caus kills Irina as punishment for the wrong information, the Volturi are not satisfied to leave because they want to fight and take the vampires with gifts for themselves. Bella's gift disables the Volturi's offensive fighters, Alec and Jane because she can shield everyone on her side. Aro, Caius and Marcus are going to vote on whether or not Renesmee is going to be a danger to

the vampire world when she grows up. Caius thinks she will be, but Marcus disagrees. Just before Aro casts his deciding vote, Alice and Jasper return with another half-human, half-vampire from South America who is now over one hundred years old. He and his two sisters (who are also half-vampire, half-human) have never caused any danger to the vampire world. Facing no other choice, Aro chooses to give up the fight, and the Volturi flee. However, before they leave, they reveal that the socalled werewolves are not actual werewolves, but rather "shape shifters", who adapted to only be able to shift into wolf forms. The vampires celebrate their victory, along with Edward and Bella, who have successfully protected their child. She places her hands on his cheeks and tries to push her shield away, something that she had been working on secretly. She brings up all of the specific memories that she wants Edward to see , and then Edward is finally able to see them. She shows Edward special moments between the two of them from her perspective, letting Edward see for the first time just how deeply she loves him. II. Introducing DISCOURSE ANALYSIS Introducing discourse analysis by David Nunan, describing about Linguistic elements in discourse. Cohesion as the first branch of it, according to Halliday and Hasan (1976). They identified five different types of cohesion: reference, substitution, ellipsis, conjunction, and lexical cohesion. Anaphoric and cataphoric reference are two different ways in which reference items can function within a text. III. Other sources Cataphoric Relation It means referring forward. It refers the identity what is being expressed and what is to be expressed. Example: Here is the 9, O Clock news. By using these relation and links we can better interpret and analyzed discourse.

http://www.slideshare.net/cupidlucid/discourse-analysis-presentation-

710333.2008)

RESEARCH METHOD

1. Type of the research In the basis method of the research objective, the researcher will use descriptive qualitative research. it refers to the research that is Defined descriptive method as involving collection of data in order to test hypothesis or to answer questions concerning the current status of the subject of the study (Gay 1976). Brogan and taylor in margono (2005:36) defined that Qualitative research is the research procedure which produces descriptive data such as word written or speed from the population people and attitude which can analyze. Qualitative research is an appropriate method to reach the depth understanding about the research problems that will be analyze. The qualitative method produces information only on the particular cases are studied, and this method investigates the questions such as what , where, when, why, how. Hence, smaller but focused samples are more often needed, rather that large samples. The descriptive method will be used by the researcher because this research needs a brief description about the reference used by each last characters in Breaking Dawn Novel that contains cataphoric reference. Therefore, this method will be very suitable to reach the purposes of the research.

2. Data of the research In a study, data is very important to be analyze. The term data refers to groups of information that presents the qualitative or qualitative attributes of a variable or set of variables (Dye, 2001:31). In this research, the data will be acquaired from the

characters in Breaking Dawn novel. Those data are the presenting of the new characters in the last confict in this novel.

3. Population and sample Population means all of the individuals or person or things investigated that the researcher is interested in gaining information and drawing conclusions. Verma, in sugiyono (2002:108) states that the population is a group of people, from which the sample is drawn. Population in this research are all new character existed by the last conflict in Breaking Dawn novel. It means that all the new added characters will be considered as the population of this research. After determining the population, the researcher selects the sample, which is very strong to be conclusion for the research. The best sample is one that is representative of the sample determines the validity of the generalization of the result. Ariaknto (2002:104) states that sample is a part of the population or the representation of the population being assessed. In this research, population will by taken by using purposive sampling method. Purposive sampling method is taking the sampling with particular consideration (sugiyono, 2008:218). Researcher choose this method because the sample which is going taken by the researcher depends on th particular situation, confics, and consideration. In this case, the sample is the presentation of new characters inside the confict contain the application of cataphoric reference.

4. Technique of collecting data In collecting data, the researcher will describe the presentation and effect of the cataphoric reference. The presentation of new characters in last confict also last novel will be collected from each chapter written by Stephanny meyer.

For the steps, the researcher will take some steps as follows : 1. Reading a novel By reading twilight saga, the researcher know that the last novel often uses cataphoric reference. 2. Identify reference Using the reference presents the way in which reference item can function with a text. 3. Analysis the data After identify and collect the sample of cataphoric reference, the researcher will analyze the data.

5. Technique of Analysis Data In analyzing data in this research, the researcher will apply qualitative technique. According to Muhajir (1996:104) , data analysis is a process to find out and set result data from observes, interview, and others to increase the researcher about the study and make easy to understand by everyone. The researcher will analyze the presentation of new characters in breaking dawn novel.

REFERENCES

Nunan, David. 1993: Introducing DISCOURSE ANALYSIS. Penguin English Meyer, Stephanie.2009: Breaking Down. Brown little and Company Qualitative research.2010:http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Discourse Erwin, S. Manuel Razzel and Marie, L. 2007:Descriptive Method http://www.slideshare.net/japorto/descriptive-method Arikanto, Suhasimi. 2002. Procedure penelitian suatu tindakan pendekatan praktek. Jakarta : Rineka Putra. Dye, Matt. 2011. Writing reports. University of brisbol.

http://www.bris.ac.uk/Depts/DealStudiesTeaching/dissert/Writing %20Reports.htm.(online june 27th 2011) Leech, geofey et.al. 1983. English Grammar for today. London : the macmillan press. Margono. 2005. Procedure penelitan kulitatif.jakarta: pustaka jaya

METHODOLOGY OF LINGUISTICS RESEARCH RESEARCH PROPOSAL

AN ANALYSIS ON POLITENESS PRINCIPLES IN THE EXPRESSIVE ACT IN THE MOVIE OF PEARL HARBOR

Submitted by: INDAH FEBRIANTI F1F008122

ENGLISH LANGUAGE AND LITERATURE STUDY PROGRAM DEPARTMENT HUMANITIES SOCIAL AND POLITICAL SCIENCE FACULTY JENDERAL SOEDIRMAN UNIVERSITY PURWOKERTO 2012