Chapter 6 Metallic Waveguide and Cavity Resonators

6-1 General Metallic Waveguides

How to study the theory of metallic waveguides (by L. J. Chu, ): 1. Specify a proper coordinate system, and derive waveguides equations to express the transverse components of the E- and H-fields in terms of the longitudinal components by Maxwells equations. 2. Caculate the eigenmodes (TM mode, TE mode, TEM mode or other types of modes) of the waveguide, and obtain the eigenvalues and the longitudinal fieldcomponents of the corresponding eigenmodes by solving the wave equations. Substituting the longitudinal field-components into the longitudinal components, we can obtain the other components. If the eigenmode is injected into a waveguide, it can propagate along an infinitely-long straight waveguide without any deformation. However, in case the input EM wave is not an eigenmode, some power loss occurs and then it becomes the eigenmode gradually. All the eigenmodal functions in an infinitely-long straight metallic waveguide are orthogonal to each other. Moreover, these eigenmodes form a complete set (a basis in a vector space), such that any electromagnetic fields within the waveguide can be uniquely expressed by the eigenmodal functions. 3. Obtain the quantities of the physical characteristics for a given eigenmode, such as the cutoff frequency (fc), the propagation constant (=+j), the phase velocity (vp=/), the group velocity ( v g = / ), the impedance Z, etc.

Waveguides equations: According to Amperes law and Faradays law, we obtain

0 Hx =

H z0 E 0 H z0 E 0 1 1 0 ( j z ) , H y = 2 ( + j z ) x y y x h2 h E z0 H 0 E z0 H 0 1 1 0 ( + j z ) , E y = 2 ( j z ) , where h2=2+k2, x y y x h2 h

0 Ex =

and

2 2 2 2 2 2 2 E + k E = 0 t E + ( + k )E = 0 = [ t + h ]E 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 H + k H = 0 t H + ( + k )H = 0 = [ t + h ]H
0 Ex j TEM = = = 0 j H y TEM

Case 1 TEM mode: Ez=Hz=0

2 h 2 = 0 = TE M + k 2 TE M = jk = j , v p

Z TEM =

1 z E = and H = Z TEM

Note: All frequencies make TEM is pure imaginary TEM wave can propagate at any frequency, no cutoff Case 2 TM mode: Hz=0, Ez0 and t2Ez+h2Ez=0
j E z0 E z0 j E z0 E z0 0 0 0 H = 2 , Hy = 2 , Ex = 2 , Ey = 2 y h h y x h h x
0 x

Z TM

0 0 1 Ey Ex j (z E) = 0 = 0 = ( ) and H = Z TM j Hy Hx

 = h2 k 2 = h 1 (

h f 2 ) , where f c = 2 fc

If f>fc, = j = j 1 (

fc 2 f ) Z TM = 1 ( c ) 2 , v p = f f

1 ( fc / f )2

Case 3 TE mode: Ez=0, Hz0 and t2Hz+h2Hz=0

0 Hx =

H z0 j H z0 H z0 j H z0 0 0 0 , Hy = 2 , Ex = 2 , Ey = 2 y h y h x h 2 x h
0 0 Ey Ex j = 0 = ( ) and E = Z TE ( z H ) 0 j Hy Hx

Z TE =

If f>fc, = j = jk 1 (

fc 2 f ) = j 1 ( c ) 2 f f

Z TE =

1 ( fc / f )
2

, vp =

1 ( fc / f )2

A case of longitudinal vp>0 but longitudinal vg=0 in barbers pole.

6-2 ParallelPlate Waveguides Case 1 TMn mode: Hz=0, E z ( x, y ) = E z0 ( y )e z

dE z0 ( y ) + h 2 E z0 ( y ) = 0 , E z0 ( y ) = 0 at y=0 and b 2 dy

Eigenvalues: h=

n ny ) , n=0, 1, 2, 3, , E z0 ( y ) = An sin( b b

0 j d Ez0 ( y) j n y = An c o s ( ) H x ( y) = 2 h b h dy and = 0 E 0 ( y) = d Ez ( y) = h A c o sn( y ) n y b h2 d y

n

h2 2 = (

n 2 ) 2 b

Cutoff frequency: fc= 2b fulfills =0. (Note: n=0 is the TEM mode) Case 2 TEn modes: Ez=0, H z ( y , z ) = H z0 ( y )e z
0 d 2 H z0 ( y ) dH z ( y ) ny + h 2 H z0 ( y ) = 0 , ) and = 0 at y=0 and b H z0 ( y ) = Bn cos( 2 b dy dy

fc= 2b

0 j d Hz0 H y ( y) = 2 h dy 0 E 0 ( y) = d Hz = x h2 d y

n y = Bn s in ( ) h b
j n y Bn s in ( ) h b

and = (

n 2 ) 2 , n=1, 2, 3, b

Eg. (a)Write the instantaneous field expression for TM1 mode in a parallelplate waveguide. (b) Sketch the E- & Hfield lines in the yz-plane.
b y A1 cos( ) sin( t z ) b

(Sol.) (a) For n=1, E y ( y, z , t ) =

H z ( y, z , t ) =

b y A1 cos( ) sin( t z ) , = 2 ( ) 2 b b

(b)

dy dz dy E y ( y , z ,0) b y y = = = cot( ) tan z cos( ) cos z =constant Ey Ez dz E z ( y , z ,0) b b

Eg. (a) Write the instantaneous field expression for TE1 mode in a parallel-plate waveguide. (b) Sketch the electric and magnetic field lines in the yz-plane. (Sol.) (a) For n=1, H z ( y, z; t ) = B1 cos(
H y = ( y, z; t ) = E x ( y , z; t ) =

y
b

) cos( t z ) ,

b y B1 sin( ) sin( t z ) b

b y B1 sin( ) sin( t z ) , where is the same as that of the TM1 b

mode. (b) At t=0,

E x ( y , z;0) =

b y B1 sin( ) sin z , b

H y ( y, z;0) b dy y = = tan( ) tan z dz H z ( y , z;0) b

Eg. Find the electric and the magnetic fields of the propagating wave in a parallel waveguide b=5cm, filled with a dielectric (40,0) and excited by H = y cos 40 x sin 810 9 t . (Sol.) f=4109Hz, cos40x= cos(
( f c ) TM 2 = 2 2b 0 40

2 x ) : TM2 mode 0.05

= 3 10 9 , ( f c )TM < f , TM2 mode can propagate! 2

= 0 4 0 1 (

( f c ) TM 2 f

) 2 = 110 .82

H = y cos( 40 ) sin( 810 9 t 110 .82 z ) x E = x124 .67 cos( 40 ) sin( 810 9 t 110 .82 z ) + z141 .37 sin( 40 ) cos( 810 9 t 110 .82 z ) x x

Eg. Find the electric field of the propagating wave in an air parallel waveguide b=5cm excited by E = y10 (sin 20 x + 0.5 sin 60 x ) sin 10 10 t . (Sol.) f=5109Hz, sin20x= sin(
( f c ) TE 1 = 1 2b 00

x
0.05

) : TE1 mode, sin60x= sin(

3 2b 00

3 x ) : TE3 mode 0.05

= 3 10 9 , ( f c ) TE 3 =

= 9 10 9 , ( f c ) TE < f < ( f c ) TE 1 3

 Only TE1 mode can propagate! = 0 0 1 (

80z E = y10 sin( 20x) sin( 10 10 t ) 3

( f c ) TE1 f

)2 =

80 3

Energy-transport velocity and attenuation in parallel-plate waveguides: ( Pz ) Energy velocity: v en = ' and (v en ) TE = (v en ) TM Wav Energy velocity of TM mode:
1 1 0 0 0 0 ( Pz ) av = Pav dS = Re[ E H *] zdy = Re( zE y H x + yE z H x ) zdy 2 2 s s s

b
4h
2

An

w'av =
2

Re( E E*) + Re( H H *) 4 4

A ny 2 ny 2 2 2 ny = n [sin 2 ( ) + 2 cos2 ( )] + ( 2 ) An cos( ) 4 b b 4 h b h

W ' av = w' av dy =
0 b

b 2 2 k An v en = 2 = 2 4h k
G R0 = 2 2

1 (

fc 2 ) f

Attenuation constant: =d +c of TEM mode: d = of TM mode:

= j[ 2 (1
j
R 1 f ' ' = = , c = 2 R0 b c 2 2

) (

n 2 1 / 2 n j 2 n 2 1 ) ] j 2 ( ) 2 {1 [ ( ) ] } b b 2 b

= j 1 (

fc 2 j 1 ) {1 } = d + j d = f f , f 2 2 1 ( c )2 1 + ( c )2 f f
fc 2 ) f

= 1 (

c =

b bA PL ( z ) 1 0 0 P ( z ) = w ( E y )( H x ) * dy = w ( n ) 2 , b , where 2 P( z ) 2 2n 0

0 0 J sz = H x ( y = 0) =

n bA n 2 bA 1 0 2 PL ( z ) = 2 w( J sz Rs ) = w( ) Rs , n 2 n

Rs =

f c fc 2 1 c c = c b c ( f c / f )[1 ( f c / f ) 2 ]

 of TE mode: d is the same as the expression in TM mode

P ( z ) = w
b 0

bB 1 0 w bB n 2 b ny 0 ( E x )( H y ) * dy = ( ) sin 2 ( )dy = w ( n ) 2 , b 0 2 2 n b 2 n
fc 2 ) f

= 1 (
PL ( z ) = 2 w(

2 1 0 2 0 J sx Rs ) = w H z ( y = 0) Rs = wB 2 Rs 2

c =

2 R s n 2 PL ( z ) = ( ) = 2 P( z ) b b bf

2 Rs f c2
2

1 ( fc / f )

2 fc c b c

( fc / f ) 1 ( fc / f )2

Note:

c d

of the higher-order modes >

c d

of the lower-order modes, the

lowest-order mode is often utilized in communication systems. Otherwise, the signal decays very soon. Eg. A waveguide is formed by two parallel copper sheets, which is separated by a 5cm thick lossy dielectric r=2.25, r=1, =10-10(S/m). For an operating frequency of 10GHz, find d, c, , vp, vg and g for (a) the TEM mode, (b) the TM1 mode. (Sol.) c=5.8107(S/m)
(a) TEM: =
=314 .16 rad / m ,

d =

= 1.257 10 8 N p / m , 2

c =

1 b vp f

1 f = 2 10 8 m / s , v g = v p , = 2.078 10 3 N p / m , v p = c

g =

= 0.02 m
1

f 9 (b) TM1: f c = 2b = 2 10 Hz , = 1 ( c ) 2 = 307 .88 rad / m f

d =

2 1 ( fc / f )2

= 1.282 10 8 N p / m ,

c =
vp =

1 1 = 4.237 10 3 N p / m b ( f c / f )[1 ( f c / f ) 2 ]
v (3 10 8 ) 2 = 2.041 10 8 m / s , v g = =1.96 10 8 m / s , g = p = 0.0204 m 2.25 v p f

Eg. A parallel-plate waveguide made of two perfectly conducting infinite planes spaced 3cm apart in air operates at a frequency 10GHz. Find the maximum timeaverage power that can be propagated per unit width of the without a voltage breakdown for (a) the TEM mode, (b) the TM1 mode, (c) the TE1 mode.
9 (Sol.) Without breakdown: Emax=3106V/m, b=310-2m, f c = 2b = 5 10 ( Hz ) ,

= 1 (

fc 2 ) f
2

bE 1 * TEM: P = Re( E y H x ) b = max = 3.581 10 8 2 2

TM1: TE1:

bA b 3 10 6 A1 = 3 10 6 A1 = b , Pav = ( 1 ) 2 = 2.067 10 8 W b 2
bB b 3 10 6 B1 = 3 10 6 B1 = Pav = ( 1 ) =1.55 10 8 W b b 2

6-3 Rectangular Waveguides

0 Case 1 TMmn modes: Hz=0, E z ( x, y, z ) = E z ( x, y )e z
0 (t2 + h 2 ) E z ( x, y ) = 0 (

2 2 0 + 2 + h 2 ) E z ( x, y ) = 0 , x 2 y

E z0 ( x, y ) = 0 at x=0, a, and y=0, b

Eigenvalues: h 2 = (

m 2 n mx ny 0 ) + ( ) 2 , E z ( x, y ) = E 0 sin( ) sin( ) a b a b

Waveguides equations

m m n n m n 0 E x ( x, y) = 2 ( ) E0 c o s ( x) s in ( y) , E y0 ( x, y) = 2 ( ) E0 s i n ( x) c o s ( y) a b a b h a h b H 0 ( x, y) = j ( n ) E s in m x) c o sn( y) , H 0 ( x, y) = j ( m ) E c o sm x) s in n y) ( ( ( 0 y 0 x a b a b h2 b h2 a
= j = j 2 (
m 2 n 2 ) ( ) . Note: TMmn mode, neither m nor n can be zero. a b
mn

Cutoff frequency: ( f c )TM

1 2

m 2 n ) +( )2 a b

In case of f>fc: waves can propagate, else if f<fc: evanescent waves (cutoff). Case 2 TEmn modes: Ez=0, H z ( x, y, z ) = H z0 ( x, y )e z

2 2 0 + 2 + h 2 )H z x 2 y

H z0 = 0 (o rE y = 0) x x = 0, ( x, y ) = 0 , at y = 0, H z0 = 0 (o rE = 0) x y
mx ny ) cos( ) a b

a b

H z0 ( x, y ) = H 0 cos(

Waveguides equations

 0 E x ( x, y ) = H 0 ( x, y ) = x

j n m n j m m n ( ) H 0 c o s ( x) s in ( y) , E y0 ( x, y) = 2 ( ) H 0 s in ( x) c o s ( y) a b a b h2 b h a m m n n m n ( ) H 0 s in ( x) c o s ( y) , H y0 ( x, y) = 2 ( ) H 0 c o s ( x) s in ( y) a b a b h2 a h b
m 2 n 2 ) ( ) and ( f c ) TE a b
mn

where = j 2 (

1 2

m 2 n ) +( )2 a b

In case of 2b>a>b, the fundamental mode of the rectangular waveguide is TE10 mode. It has the lowest cutoff frequency ( f c ) TE = 2a = 2a ( Hz )
10

Note: We prefer a waveguide that is single-mode because the fundamental mode has the lowest attenuation and avoid modal dispersion. The bandwidth of the singlemode waveguide is (fc)1<f<(fc)2. Dispersion: Waves have different velocities Modal Dispersion: Different modes have distinct phase velocities. Magic-T-junction: (made of rectangular metallic waveguide)

Eg. Calculate and compare the values of , vp, vg, g and Z TE 10 for a 2.5cm1.5cm rectangular waveguide operating at 7.5GHz. if the waveguide is hollow.

(Sol.) =0,=0, ( f c )TE = 2a

10

= 6 10 9 Hz

1 (

fc 2 ) =0.6 f

= 1 (

fc 2 ) =94.25rad/m, v p = f
120 1( fc f )2
10

1 1 8 1 ( f c f ) 2 = 510 m/s

g=vp/f=0.067m, Z TE =

=628.3, v g =

f 1 1 ( c ) 2 =1.8108 m/s f

Eg. Calculate and list in ascending order the cutoff frequencies of an ab rectangular waveguide for the following modes: TE01, TE10, TE11, and TE02 if a=2b. (Sol.) f c =
1 2 ( m 2 n ) + ( )2 a b
5 4b

1 , a=2b ( f c ) TE = 4b , ( f c ) TE = 2b
10
01

( f c ) TE 11 = ( f c ) TM 11 =

, ( f c ) TE = b
02

Eg. An air-filled ab (b<a<2b) rectangular waveguide is to be constructed to operate at 3GHz in the dominant mode. We desire the operating frequency to be at least 20% higher than the cutoff frequency of the dominant mode and also at least 20% below the cutoff frequency of the next higher-order mode. (a) Give a typical design for the dimensions a and b. (b) Calculate for your design , vp, g and the wave impedance at the operating frequency. [] (Sol.) (a) f c = mode: TE01
( f c ) TE 10 = 1 3 10 9 (1 2a ) > 20 % , , ( f c ) TE = 2b , 2a (1 2a ) 1
01

1 2

m 2 n ) +( )2 a b

. b<a<2b, the dominant mode: TE10, the next

(1 2b ) 3 10 9 (1 2b )

> 20 % a 0.06 m , b 0.04 m , and a<2b

9 (b) Choose a=0.065m, b=0.035m, ( f c ) TE10 = 2.3 10 ( Hz ) , 1 (

fc 2 ) = 0.679 , f

= 1 (
g =
vp f

fc 2 ) = 40 .15 rad / m , v p = f

1 1 ( fc f )
2

= 4.7 10 8 m / s ,

= 0.157 m , Z TE = 0 10

1 ( f c f ) 2 = 120 / 0.639 = 590

Eg. A 3cm1.5cm rectangular waveguide operating at 6GHz has a dielectric discontinuity between medium 1 (0,0) and medium 2 (0,40). (a) Find the SWR in the free-space region. (b) Find the length and the permittivity of a quarterwave section to achieve a match between two media. (Sol.) For TE10 mode, f c1 = 2a
Z1 =

0 0

1 = 5 10 9 Hz , f c 2 = 2a
0 4 0

0 4 0

= 2.5 10 9 Hz

0 0

1 ( f c1 f ) 2 = 682 , Z 2 =

1 ( f c 2 f ) 2 = 207

=
f c3 =

Z 2 Z1 1+ = 0.5337 SWR= 1 =3.289 Z 2 + Z1

1

1 2a

0 r 0

and Z 3 = 0 r 0

1 ( f c3 f ) 2 =

Z1 Z 2

r=1.6995

d=3/4=vp3/4f=1.2468510-2m Eg. (a) Write the instantaneous field expressions for the TM11 mode in a rectangular waveguide of sides a and b. (b) Sketch the electric and magnetic field lines in a typical xy-plane and in a typical yz-plane.

(Sol.) (a) m=1, n=1

E x ( x, y , z ; t ) = E y ( x, y , z ; t ) =

( ) E 0 cos( x ) sin( y ) sin( t z ) , a b h a

2

( ) E 0 sin( x ) cos( y ) sin( t z ) , a b h b

2

E z ( x, y , z; t ) = E 0 sin(

x ) sin(

y ) cos( t z ) ,

H x ( x, y , z; t ) =

( ) E 0 sin( x ) cos( y ) sin( t z ) , b a b h

H y ( x, y , z ; t ) =

( ) E 0 cos( x) sin( y ) sin( t z ) , a b h a

where

= k 2 h 2 = 2 ( ) 2 ( ) 2 a b

(b) In a typical xy-plane,

dy a dy b ) E = tan( x ) cot( y ) , ( ) H = cot( x ) tan( y ) dx b a b dx a a b

Eg. For an ab rectangular waveguide operating at the TM11 mode, derive the expressions for the surface current densities on the conducting walls. (Sol.)

j y j y J s ( x = 0) = x [ y( 2 ( ) E 0 s i n ( ) ]= z 2 ( ) E 0 s in ( ) , J s ( x = b) = J s ( x = 0) b b h a h a J ( y = 0) = y [ x j ( ) E s in(x ) ]= z j ( ) E s i n(x ) , J ( y = b) = J ( y = 0) 2 2 0 0 s s s a a h b h b
Eg. (a) Write the instantaneous field expression for the TE10 mode in a rectangular waveguide having sides a and b. (b) Sketch the electric and magnetic field lines in typical xy-, yz-, and xz-planes. (c) Sketch the surface currents on the guide walls. (Sol.) (a) m=1, n=0,
E x ( x, y , z ; t ) = 0 ,

E z ( x, y , z ; t ) = 0 ,

E y ( x, y , z ; t ) = H x ( x, y , z; t ) =

( ) H 0 sin( x ) sin( t z ) , a h a

( ) H 0 sin( x ) cos( t z ) , H y ( x, y , z; t ) = 0 2 a h a
a
(b)

where = k 2 h 2 = 2 ( ) 2

dx ) H = 2 ( ) tan( x) tan z dz a h a

(c) J s = a n H . At t=0, J s ( x = 0) = yH z (0, y, z;0) = yH 0 cos z J s ( x = a ) = yH z ( a, y , z;0) = J s ( x = a )

J s ( y = b) = J s ( y = 0)

J s ( y = 0) = xH z ( x,0, z;0) zH x ( x,0, z;0) = xH 0 cos( x ) cos( z ) z 2 ( ) H 0 sin( x ) sin z a a h a

Eg. The eigenmodes in the rectangular waveguide.

Bending and T-Branches of Waveguides:

Attenuation in the rectangular waveguide: P ( z) c = L =d +c, where d = . 2 and 2 1 ( fc f ) 2 P( z ) Consider TE10 mode: P( z ) = and
b 0

b 1 0 1 a 0 2 ( E y )( H x ) * dxdy = ) 2 H 0 ( 0 2 2

sin
0

aH x)dxdy = ( 0 ) 2 ab a 2

J s0 ( x = 0) = J s0 ( x = a) = y y H z0 ( x = 0) = yH 0 0 a 0 J s ( y = 0) = J s ( y = b) = xH z0 ( y = 0) zH x0 ( y = 0) = xH 0 c o s ( x) z H 0 s i n ( x) a a
PL ( z ) = 2[ PL ( z )] x =0 +2[ PL ( z )] y =0 ,
b 0 2 1 0 b 2 J s ( x = 0) Rs dy = H 0 Rs 2 2 a 2 2 1 a a 2 0 0 2 [ J sx ( y = 0) + J sx ( y = 0) ]Rs dx = [1 + ( ) ]H 0 R s 2 4

[ PL ( z )] x =0 =

and [ PL ( z )] y =0 = 0

a a 2 a f 2 PL ( z ) = b + [1 + ( ) 2 ]H 0 Rs = [b + ( c ) 2 ]H 0 Rs 2 2 f
( c ) TE10 = R s [1 + ( 2b a)( f c f ) 2 ] = 1 b

fc c [1 ( f c f ) ]
2

b 1 ( f c f )

[1 +

2b f c 2 ( ) ], a f

Rs =

f c c
2 R s [(b a 2 ) + ( a b 2 )]

Similar approach ( c ) TM 11 = General

ab 1 ( f c f ) 2 [(1 a 2 ) + (1 b 2 )]

Cases:

 b b 2 2 ( m + n ) b f 2Rs 1 fc 2 a a c 2 ( c ) T Em n = 1 + ( ) ( ) + [ ( ) ] 2 2 a f 2 f b 2 2 b 1 ( fc f ) m +n a2 b m2 ( )3 + n 2 2Rs ( c ) T Mm n = a b 1 ( fc f )2 m2 (b )2 + n2 a

Eg. A TE10 wave at 10GHz propagates in a brass c=1.57107(S/m) rectangular waveguide with inner dimensions a=1.5cm and b=0.6cm, which is filled with r=2.25, r=1, loss tangent=410-4. Determine (a) the phase constant, (b) the guide wavelength, (c) the phase velocity, (d) the wave impedance, (e) the attenuation constant due to loss in the dielectric, and (f) the attenuation constant due to loss in the guide walls. (Sol.) f=1010Hz, = For TE10 mode, f c =
=
v = f 3 10 8 2 10 8 = = 0.02 m 10 10 2.25 10 10

v 2 10 8 = = 0.667 10 10 Hz 2 2a 2 (1.5 10 )

f = 0.0268 m 1 ( c ) 2 = 234 rad / m ,. g = 1 ( fc f )2 v f

v 1 ( fc f )
2

vp =

= 2.68 10 8 m / s , Z TE

10

1 ( f c f )2

= 337 .4( )

= 4 10 4 = 5 10 4 S / m , d =

Z TE = 0.084 Np / m = 0.73dB / m 2
10

Rs =

f c = 0.05101() , c
Rs [1 + (2b a)( f c f ) 2 ] = 0.0526 Np / m = 0.457 dB / m .

c =

b 1 ( f c f ) 2

Eg. (a) Determine the value of fc/f at which the attenuation constant due to conductor losses in an ab rectangular waveguide for the TE10 mode is a minimum. What is the minimum obtainable c in a 2cm 1cm guide? At what frequency? (b) Determine the value of ( f constant is a minimum. (Sol.) (a) ( c ) TE =
10

f c )TM 11 at which this attenuation

fc 1 2b f c 2 d (c ) TE [1 + ( ) ], 2 b c [1 ( f c f ) ] a f df
] 1 / 2

10

=0

f = f c [

(6b + 3a ) (6b + 3a ) 2 8ab 2a

(b) (c )TM 11 =

2 Rs (b a + a b 2 )

ab 1 ( f c f ) 2 (1 / a 2 +1 / b 2 )

d (c ) TM df

11

= 0 f = 3 fc

Eg. An air-filled rectangular waveguide made of copper and having transverse dimensions a=7.20cm and b=3.40cm operates at a frequency 3GHz in the dominant mode. Find (a) fc, (b) g, (c) c, and (d) the distance over which the field intensities of the propagating wave will be attenuated by 50%. (Sol.) c=5.8107S/m (a) ( f c )TE = 2a = 2.083 GHz < 3GHz
10

(b) g =

1 ( fc f )2

= 0.109 m

(c) ( c ) TE =
10

fc 1 2b f c 2 [1 + ( ) ] = 2.26 10 3 N p / m 2 b c [1 ( f c f ) a f

(d) 0.5 = e c d d = 307.25m Eg. An average power of 1kW at 10GHz is to be delivered to an antenna at the TE10 mode by an air-filled rectangular copper waveguide 1m long and having sides a=2.25cm and b=1.00cm. Find (a) the attenuation constant due to conductor losses, (b) the maximum values of the electric and magnetic field intensities

within the waveguide, (c) the maximum value of the surface current density on the conducting walls, (d) the total amount of average power dissipated in the waveguide. []
1 f 2 9 (Sol.) (a) ( f c ) TE = 2a = 6 10 ( Hz ) , f =10 10 9 Hz , 1 ( c ) = 0.7454 f
10

( c ) TE10 =

f c 1 2b f c 2 [1 + ( ) ] = 0.13 Np / m 2 b c [1 ( f c f ) ] a f
aH 0 2 ) , = 1 ( f c f ) 2 =156 .1rad / m , h 2 = ( ) 2 a 2
max

ab (b) P = (

2 0 1000 = 3.56 10 2 H 0 H 0 = 167 A / m E max = E y ( x, y )

H 0 = 94800V / m h2 a

0 H x ( x, y )

max

a H =187 .4 A / m , 0

0 H z ( x, y )

m ax

= H 0 =167 A / m .

If at input end, all factore0.13 (=1.138) z (c) J s ( x =0) = yH 0 cos J s ( x =0)

=H 0 ,

0 0 J s ( y = 0) = y ( xH x + zH z ) y =0
1/ 2

E f f x J s ( y = 0) = 0 ( c ) 2 + [1 2( c ) 2 sin( )] 0 f f

Max

of

J s ( y = 0) =

E0 f 1 ( c )2 0 f

At the input end, this factor1.138 2 (d) P = 1000 [e 2c 1 1] = 26 .2W ( P E e 2 ) Eg. Find the maximum amount of 10GHz average power that can be transmitted through an air-filled rectangular waveguide a=2.25cm, b=1.00cm at the TE10 6 mode without a breakdown. (Without breakdown: E max = 3 10 V / m ) ab (Sol.) H 0 = 5305 A / m , P( z ) = (aH 0 2 ) 2 1MW 6-4 Circular Waveguides

Circular waveguides equations:

j E Er = 2 [ z + h r r E = j [ E z + h2 r

Hz j Ez H z ] , Hr = 2 [ ] r h r Hz j E Hz ] , H = 2 [ z + ] r r r h

Case 1 TMnp modes: Hz=0, and t2Ez+h2Ez=0

1 E z 1 2 Ez (r )+ 2 + h2 Ez = 0 2 r r r r 0 0 E z ( r ,) = C n J n ( hr ) cos n and E z ( r ,, z ) = E z ( r ,)e z

j n 0 j Er = Cn J 'n (h r) c o n , E0 = 2 Cn J n (h r) s i nn s h hr H 0 = j n C J (h r) s i nn , H 0 = j C J ' (h r) c o n s n n r h 2 r n n h
0 E z = H z0 = 0 at r=a and h2=2+k2 h fulfills Jn(ha)=0 (the first root of J0(x) is

2.405) For TM01 mode, cutoff frequency: ( f c ) TM =

01

hTM 01 2

0.383 a

( hTM

01

2.405 ) a

Note: h fulfills the pth root of Jn(ha)=0 for TMnp mode, and h fulfills the pth root of Jn(ha)=0 for TEnp mode.

Case 2 TEnp modes: Ez=0, t2Hz+h2Hz=0 H z0 (r , ) = C ' n J n (hr ) cos n Waveguides equations

j n 0 j H r = C 'n J 'n (h r) c o n , H 0 = 2 C 'n J n (h r) s i nn s h hr E 0 = j n C ' J (h r) s i nn , E 0 = j C ' J ' (h r) c o n s n n r h 2 r n n h

E z0 = 0,

H z0 = 0 at r=a h fulfills Jn(ha)=0 (the first root of J1(x) is 1.841) r

hTE11 2
11

Cutoff frequency of TE11 mode: ( f c ) TE =

0.293 a

( hTE =
11

1.841 ) a

Note: TE11 mode is the fundament (dominant) mode of a circular waveguide.

Eg. (a) A 10GHz signal is to be transmitted inside a hollow circular conducting pipe. Determine the inside diameter of the pipe such that its lowest cutoff frequency is 20% below this signal frequency. (b) If the pipe is to operate at 15GHz, what waveguide modes can propagate in the pipe? (Sol.) (a) ( f c )TE = a = 0 0
11

0.293

0.879 10 8 ( Hz ) , 10 (1-20%)=8, 2a=0.022m. a

(b) fc of waveguide with a=0.011(m) is ( f c ) TE 11 =8GHz<15GHz.

( f c ) TM 01 = 2.405 2a 0 0 = 10 .45 (GHz ) , ( f c ) TE 21 = 3.054 2a 0 0 =13 .27 (GHz )

6-5 Rectangular Cavity Resonators

Case 1 TMmnp mode: Hz=0, neither m nor n =0, p can be 0.

m n p E z ( x, y, z ) = E0 sin( x) sin( y ) cos( z ) a b d E ( x, y, z ) = 1 ( m )( p ) E cos(m x) sin(n y ) sin( p z ) 0 x a b d h2 a d 1 n p m n p E y ( x, y, z ) = 2 ( )( ) E0 sin( x) cos( y ) sin( z ) , a b d h b d j n m n p H x ( x, y, z ) = 2 ( ) E 0 sin( x) cos( y ) cos( z ) b a b d h H ( x, y, z ) = j m ) E cos(m x) sin(n y ) cos( p z ) ( 0 y a b d h2 a
where h 2 = (
m 2 n p 2 ) + ( )2 + ( ) a b d

Case 2 TEmnp mode: Ez=0, p0. Either m or n =0, but not both.

m n p H z ( x, y, z ) = H 0 cos( x) cos( y ) sin( z ) a b d E ( x, y, z ) = j n ) H cos(m x) sin(n y ) sin( p z ) ( 0 x a b d h2 b j m m n p E y ( x, y, z ) = 2 ( ) H 0 sin( x) cos( y ) sin( z ) a a b d h 1 m p m n p H x ( x, y, z ) = 2 ( )( ) H 0 sin( x) cos( y ) cos( z ) a b d h a d H ( x, y, z ) = 1 ( n )( p ) H cos(m x) sin(n y ) cos( p z ) 0 y a b d h2 b d
Both
f mnp =

have
1 2 (

the

same

resonant

frequency

(degenerate

modes):

m 2 n p ) + ( )2 + ( )2 a b d

Note: TE101 mode is the dominant mode of the rectangular resonator in case of a>b<d.

Eg. Given an air-filled lossless rectangular cavity resonator with dimensions 8cm 6cm 5cm, find the first twelve lowest-order modes and their resonant frequencies. (Sol.) f r =
c m 2 n 2 p 2 m n p ( ) +( ) +( ) = 1.5 10 10 ( ) 2 + ( ) 2 + ( ) 2 2 0.08 0.06 0.05 8 6 5

TM 110 f r = 3.125 GHz , TE 101 f r = 3.54 GHz ,

TE 111 , TM 111 f r = 4.33GHz ,

Quality Factor of Rectangular Cavity Resonators: Q=

W
PL

, W=We+Wm

Q=2(Time-average energy stored at a resonant frequency)/(Energy dissipated in one period) Consider TE101 mode:
We = =

0 4

E y dv =

2 0 2 0 2 2 d H0 0 4h 4 a 2

sin 2 (

2 2 2 2 a d x) sin 2 ( z )dxdydz = 0 101 2 0 H 0 ( )b( ) a d 2 2 4

1 2 2 0 0 a 3 bdf 101 H 02 4

Wm =

d b a 2 0 4 2 2 { H x + H y }dv = 0 H 0 { 4 2 2 sin 2 ( x) cos 2 ( z ) + cos 2 ( x) sin 2 ( z )}dxdy 0 0 0 h a d 4 4 a d a d 2 2 2 a a d a d a 2 = H 0 { 2 ( )b( ) + ( )b( )} = 0 abd ( 2 + 1) H 0 4 d 2 2 2 2 16 d

where h2= ( ) 2 + ( ) 2 and the resonant frequency: ( f r ) TE

a d

101

1 2 0 0

1 1 + a2 d 2

At resonance, W=2We=2Wm= Power loss per unit area: Pav=

PL = Pav ds = R s
=

0 a2 H 02 abd ( 2 + 1) 8 d
1 1 2 2 J s Rs = H R s 2 2
2 d 0

H x ( z = 0) dxdy +

H z ( x = 0) dydz +
2

H x dxdz +
2

H z dx

2 f101 0 abd (a 2 + d 2 ) Rs H 0 a 2 b 1 b 1 ( + ) + d ( + ) QTE101 = 2 d d 2 a 2 Rs [2b(a 3 + d 3 ) + ad (a 2 + d 2 )]

Similarly, the expression for the Q of an air-filled abd rectangular resonator for the TM110 mode is (Q ) TM110 =

( f r ) TM 0 abd (a 2 + b 2 )
110

Rs [2d (a + d 3 ) + ab(a 2 + b 2 )]
3

Eg. An air-filled rectangular cavity with brass walls =1.57107(S/m) has the following dimensions: a=4cm, b=3cm, and d=5cm. (a) Determine the dominant mode and its resonant frequency for this cavity. (b) Find the Q and the timeaverage stored electric and magnetic energies at the resonant frequency, assuming H0 to be 0.1A/m. (Sol.) (a)
fr = c 2 ( m 2 n 2 p 2 ) +( ) +( ) , 0.04 0.03 0.05

dominant

mode:

TE101,

( f r ) TE101 = 4.8GHz

(b) (Q) TE101 =

( f r ) TE101 0 abd (a 2 + d 2 )
Rs [2b(a + b ) + ad (a + d )]
3 3 2 2

= 6869 , Rs =

( f r ) TE 0
101

0 2 3 2 2 a bd ( f r ) TE H 0 = 7.73 10 14 ( J ) 4 Eg. For an air-filled rectangular copper cavity resonator, determine how much b should be increased in order to make Q 20% higher.
At the resonant frequency, We = Wm =
101

(Sol.)

Q2 = 1.2 = Q1

b2 b2 = 1.44b1 b1

Eg. (a) What should be the size of a hollow cubic cavity made of copper in order for it to have a dominant resonant frequency of 10GHz? (b) Find the Q at that frequency. (Sol.) (a) For a cubic cavity, a=b=d, TM110, TE011, and TE101 are degenerate dominant modes. f 101 = (b) Q101 = For
Q101 = (
3 10 8 2a = 10 10 ( Hz ) , a =

3 10 8 2 10 10

= 2.12 10 2 m .

f 101 0 a
3R s

a f 101 0 3

copper, = 5.80 10 7 ( S / m) ,
2.12 10 2 ) 10 10 (410 7 )( 5.80 10 7 ) = 10700 . 3

6-6 Circular Cavity Resonators For an air-filled circular cylindrical cavity resonator of radius a and length d. The resonant frequencies are
( f r ) TM mnp = 1 2 ( X mn 2 p 2 ) +( ) , where Jm(Xmn)=0 a d

( f r )TE mnp =

1 2

X 'mn 2 p 2 ) +( ) , where Jm(Xmn)=0 a d

In case of 2d>2a>d, the dominant mode of the circular cylindrical cavity is TM010 mode: jC 0 jC 0 2.405 2.405 J ' 0 ( hr ) = J1 ( r) E z = C 0 J 0 ( hr ) = C 0 J 0 ( r) , H = 0 0 a a Quality factor of the TM010 mode: QTM
W = 2We =
010

W
PL

0
2

E
v

2 z

dv =

0C0
2

2 (2d ) J 0 ( 0

2.405 r )rdr a

2 = (0 d )C 0 [

a a 2 2 Rs 2 2 2 J r 2rdr + (2ad ) J z = Rs 2 H rdr + (ad ) H ( r = a ) 0 0 2 2 Rs C 02 a 2 2.405 aR s C 0 = 2 J 1 ( r )dr + (ad ) J 12 (2.405 ) = (a + d ) J 12 (2.405 ) 0 2 2 a 0 0

PL =

a 2 J 1 ( 2.405 )] 2

QTM 010 = (

0
Rs

2.405 , ( f r ) TM 2(1 + a / d )

010

2.405 0.115 = 10 9 Hz a 2a 00

Eg. A hollow circular cylindrical cavity resonator is to be constructed of copper such that its length d equals its diameter 2a. (a) Determine a and d for a resonant frequency of 10GHz at the TM010 mode. (b) Find the Q of the cavity at resonance. (Sol.) (a) ( f r )TM (b)
Q =(
010

0.115 10 9 =10 10 9 , a = 1.15 10 2 m , d=2a=2.30cm. a

Rs =

f 0 10 10 (410 7 ) = = 2.61 10 2 () , 7 5.80 10

120 2.405 ) =11,580 . 2 2(1 +1 / 2) 2.61 10

Eg. In some microwave applications, ring-shaped cavity resonators with a very narrow center part are used. A cross section of such a resonator is shown in the figure, in which d is very small in comparison with the resonant wavelength. Assuming that this the narrow center part and the inductance of the rest of the structure, find (a) the approximate resonant frequency. (b) the approximate resonant wavelength. (Sol.) C = (a) f r =
2 a
d
1 2 LC

, L=

h b ln( ) 2 a
1 fr

(b) r =

6-7 Excitations of Waveguides

6-8 Directional couplers