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Sinh Mnh Tc Khng

Hng Dng Nguyn Vn Hai Trch t: Nguyt San Pht Hc Xut Bn - Pht lch 2545 ---o0o--Ngun http://www.quangduc.com Chuyn sang ebook 16-8-2009 Ngi thc hin : Nam Thin namthien@gmail.com Link Audio Ti Website http://www.phatphaponline.org ---o0o--Trong kinh s 53, Tp A Hm, c on Pht bo B la mn: "C nhn, c duyn, th gian tp khi. C nhn, c duyn cho s tp khi ca th gian. C nhn, c duyn, th gian dit tn. C nhn, c duyn cho s dit tn ca th gian." Mt on khc: "Hi: Ai to ra hnh ny (hu tnh)? Ngi to ra hnh y u? T u hnh ny sinh? Ri v u hnh ny dit? p: Hnh ny chng phi t to, cng chng phi do ai to, do nhn duyn m sinh, nhn duyn dit thi dit; cng nh ht ging gieo ngoi rung, gp t gp nc v nh sng nh m ny n; (5) un, (18) gii cng do nhn duyn m sinh, nhn duyn dit thi dit " (Tp Hm 45, trang 731). Nh vy tt c u do nhn duyn sinh, trong khng c mt ci g tn ti tuyt i, bi th hu tnh tc sinh vt, d nhin cng khng ngoi nguyn tc y. Hu tnh l mt hp th gm nhiu yu t t tp li ch quyt khng phi l mt th thun nht, n c, v c nh. Bt c yu t no cng nim nim sinh dit, nht l hin tng tm l lun lun lu chuyn bin thin, khng mt pht no dng mt ch, trong khng c ci g c gi l ng th thng tr c. Ci t ng m ngi thng cho l mt linh th c nh thi tht ra ch l sn phm ca khng tng m thi. L tc duyn khi c gii thch bng nhiu cch. Trc tin l bng nghip cm duyn khi. Nghip cm l nng lc tim th, nh hng tn ti ca hnh ng sau khi hnh ng chm dt. Nghip cm l nguyn nhn lm

cho bnh xe sinh ha vn chuyn, tc thnh mt i sng mi. S tip din ca bnh xe sinh ha c gi l lun hi (samsra). Thuyt nghip cm duyn khi cho thy sinh vt t quyt nh bn cht v hin hu cho chnh n bng cc hnh vi t to (nghip). Bi th sinh vt khng l thuc uy quyn ca mt ci khc, nh uy quyn ca Thng chng hn. Do m c nhng nh lut "t tc, t th" hay "nhn tt thi qu tt, nhn xu thi qu xu". V tm l c im cn nht ca tt c mi hnh ng (nghip) nn lut duyn sinh phi c t trong kho tng tm , tc tng thc hay a li da thc (alayavijnna). V vy m ni n a li da duyn khi. Nhng a li da, kho tng chng t, l th, tng, v dng ca tm v nhim (vng; hin tng) v tnh (chn; bn th) ha hip, khng phi mt khng phi khc. Do , a li da xem nh sinh khi t ci tng tng ca tm tc Nh lai tng. Mt khc, Nh lai tng chnh l Chn nh chn tnh tc ci tng th ca tm cn b phin no che ph. Bi th mi dn n thuyt Chn nh duyn khi. Nhng v tr (vn hu) l biu l ng ca Chn nh nn cui cng ta phi nhn xt v ton th tin trnh duyn khi ca v tr tc l ni n Php gii duyn khi. Php gii bao gm hai ngha, va l tnh th hay cnh gii ca l tc, va l th gii hin tng hay cnh gii ca ht thy mi s tng. Theo quan nim vin dung v ng khi, Php gii duyn khi l l thuyt cho rng v tr cng hu trn ph qut, tng h trn i th, v hin khi trong giao h, khng hin hu n c mt cch c lp. Do , mi hai nhn duyn c hiu nh l mt chui dy tng lin trong thi gian. Trong chiu hng khng gian, l tc duyn khi pht biu s tng quan l thuc ca ci ny v ci kia. Php gii duyn khi l cc im ca tt c nhng thuyt l nhn qu, l kt lun ca thuyt duyn khi bi v n c tnh cch ph bin v nm trong l bn hu, v tn, thng huyn ca v tr. Tht ra, Php gii duyn khi l mt th trit l v ton th tnh ca tt c hin hu hn l trit hc v duyn khi. Nhn vo qu trnh tra tm v nghin cu trong mi lnh vc khoa hc ta lun lun thy rng tt c mi hin tng kho st u b l php nhn duyn chi phi, u l kt qu ca nhng tc dng ca nguyn l duyn khi. Nm 1944, nh vt l hc ngi o, Erwin Schrdinger, vit mt quyn sch ngn c ta "Th no l sinh mnh (What is life?)" trong ng a

ra nhng gi thit rt r rng v xc ng v cu trc phn t ca gen. Quyn sch ny khai thng mt ng li nghin cu mi cho ngnh di truyn hc v khi xng mt b mn sinh hc mi, khoa sinh hc phn t (molecular biology). Trong na phn cui th k 20, nhiu cng trnh nghin cu tm cch tr li cu hi c nu ra trong ta quyn sch ca Schrdinger v nhiu cu hi lin quan khc c t ra trong nhiu th k qua. Lm th no nhng cu trc phc hp hin hnh t mt m phn t hn tp? Tm v no b c nhng quan h no? Th no l thc? Cc nh khoa hc chuyn hng v thay i phng cch quan st v suy lun. Do mt th ngn ng mi c hnh thnh thch ng vi s hiu bit v din t cc cu trc sinh mnh phc hp v hn nht. No l thuyt h thng ng lc (dynamical systems theory), thuyt v tnh phc tp (theory of complexity), ng lc hc phi tuyn (non-linear dynamics), ng lc hc mng li (network dynamics), v.. v... Nhng thuyt y bn v nhng khi nim ch yu nh l qu o hp dn hn n (chaotic attractors), hnh th bin lp (fractals), cu trc tiu tn (dissipative structures), tnh t t chc (self-organization), v cc mng lin tc t to t sanh (autopoietic networks). Cc nh sinh hc chuyn i mc tiu t s kho st c th (organism) qua s kho st t bo (cells). Cc chc nng sinh hc nay khng cn phn nh cch t chc ca c th m l m t s tng giao tc dng gia nhng t bo n nguyn. Thin ti Louis Pasteur trong ngnh vi sinh vt hc (microbiology) thit lp c vai tr ca vi khun (bacteria) trong mt s qu trnh ha hc dng lm nn tng cho mt mn hc mi, khoa sinh ha hc (biochemistry). ng chng minh vi sinh vt (germs; microorganisms) l nguyn nhn ca nhiu th bnh tt. Bng vo nhng tin b thc hin c trong ngnh sinh ha hc, mt s cc nh sinh hc tin tng mi tnh cht v chc nng ca sinh vt u c th gii thch ta trn cc nh lut vt l v ha hc. S khc chng i quan im y, cho rng li sng ca sinh vt xt trn phng din ton th khng th vin vo s kho st cc thnh phn ca n m thng hiu c. Do pht sinh thuyt h thng (systems theory). Theo thuyt ny, cc phm tnh ch yu ca mt sinh vt hay sinh h l phm tnh ca ton th, khng cu phn no ca h c c. Ch trng ca phi ny hon ton i nghch vi phng php gii tch ca Descartes. l phng php chia ch vt th ra thnh cu phn cho n khi khng cn chia ra c na v kho st phm tnh ca cc cu phn bt kh phn

thu hiu ton th vt th. Thuyt h thng xc quyt rng khng th hiu bit h thng bng phng php gii tch ca Descartes. Cc phm tnh ca cu phn mt mt, khng phi l phm tnh ca h v mt khc, ch c th hiu c bng cch xt chng trong trng hung t chc ca ton th h thng. Nh vy, phm tnh ca h s b hy dit nu chia ct h ra thnh cu phn ring bit. iu ng lu y l h ny c th nm trong mt h khc. Th d: mt sinh vt l mt h nm trong mt h khc nh mt thnh ph chng hn. Do h c th sp hng thnh mc (level). Mc khc nhau thi tnh phc tp cng khc nhau. Phm tnh ca h vo mt mc c gi l phm tnh xut hin (emergent properties) v chng xut hin tng ng vi mc ring bit . mi mc, cc mi lin h gia cc phn ca h h tng tc dng t chc sp xp cc quan h theo th t thnh mt cu hnh biu th c trng gi l mu hnh t chc (pattern of organization) ca h v do m pht khi phm tnh xut hin ca h. Thay v chn s vt lm i tng thuyt h thng ch trng kho st cc mi quan h gia cc s vt. Khi gii thch bt c s vt g thi phi gii thch trong s tng quan vi nhng s vt khc. Tht ra, mi s vt l mt mu hnh t chc gn vo trong mt mng quan h v khng th tch ly ring bit. Ni cch khc, mi mi s vt l mt mng gm cc tng quan lin h (relationships), kt dt trong nhng mng rng ln hn. C hc lng t minh chng rng chung cnh khng c thnh phn cu t no c! Ni theo ngn ng Pht gio, th gii hin tng l mt mng li "nhn duyn sinh" v i trong ht thy hin tng u l tng i, quan h chng cht vi nhau, nng vo nhau m tn ti. Khng mt s vt no trong c th tch ri mi quan h nhn duyn m c th t tn. T lu hnh tng ca kin thc c v nh mt ta kin trc rng ln. Cc nh khoa hc c in thng dng nhng danh t, no l nh lut c bn, no l nguyn l c bn, no l khi kin trc, ... v lun lun tin tng c th xy dng khoa hc trn nhng nn mng vng chc. Nhng nhn vo qu trnh pht trin, c mi ln c mt cuc cch mng t tng khoa hc thi nn tng khoa hc li chuyn dch. Einstein vit trong t thut tiu s: "iu xy ra nh l mt t sp bin lm hng chn, nhn khng thy u l nn mng vng chc ta vo m xy dng" (It was if the ground had been pulled out from under one, with no firm foundation to be seen anywhere, upon which one could have built). Ni theo Pht gio, s tri nhn khng c nn mng cho mi khi nim khoa hc v hin tng hay bin c

v v nhng tin trnh vn chuyn nng lng v vt cht ta trn m gii thch chnh l s tri nhn tnh Khng ca vn hu. V ngi nh kin thc c khm ph ra l khng c nn mng nn hnh tng ca kin thc nay c thay th bng mt mng li. Theo li nhn ny thi mi hin tng u bnh ng nh nhau v tt c cng nm trong mng li, khng c hin tng no c bn hn hin tng no. Mt cu hi v cng quan trng c nu ra. Nu mt s vt tng quan lin h vi bt c s vt no khc, thi hi lm th no c hy vng hiu bit bt c s vt g? L v trong trng hp ny mun gii thch mt s vt tt phi gii thch ht thy s vt, l iu khng th thc hin c. tr li cu hi, nn bit rng mi s hiu bit trong phm vi khoa hc u l s hiu bit gn ng. L do: Kh nng ca khoa hc gia c hn. H o lng v m t mt s hu hn phm tnh m h cho l quan trng nht kh d biu trng c tnh ca s vt kho st. Do , lun lun c rt nhiu mi quan h b gt b, cho nn s hiu bit v s vt khng th no chnh xc. Heisenberg ni: "Ci ta quan st khng phi l thc ti m l ci thc ti biu l ng vi cch ta t vn ". Trc nm 1970, gii khoa hc gia gp phi mt vn rt nan gii. Mt ng, theo Darwin, th gii sinh vt tin ha cng ngy cng tng trt t v tng tnh phc tp. ng khc tri li, theo nguyn l nhit ng hc th hai ca Carnot, thi th gii hin tng c xem nh mt h thng kn, ngha l khng c trao i vt cht hay nng lng vi h thng no khc, cng ngy cng tr nn hn n nh mt ng c hng my. Vy ngi no ng, Darwin hay Carnot? Vn c gii quyt nh cng trnh nghin cu cc h thng khng cn bng m vn tm thi tn ti ca nh khoa hc gc Nga Ilya Prigogine, gii Nobel nm 1977, gio s ha v vt l hc ti i hc Free B. ng thnh cng thit lp mt l thuyt v h thng h, tc l mt h thng xa v tr cn bng (non-equilibrium) nhng vn tm thi gi c trng thi bn vng (stability) do c s trao i vt cht v nng lng vi mi trng chung quanh. Nu s trao i vt cht v nng lng tng nhp thi nh hng n tnh bn vng ca h thng, gy ra mt s chuyn bin cu trc ca h thng lm tnh phc tp tng thm. Mi h thng kn v phng din t chc, ngha l h thng t t chc ly n (selforganizing), khng b mi trng chung quanh p t trt t (order) v tp tnh (behavior), nhng h v c s giao lu nng lng v vt cht vi bn ngoi thi lun lun vo mt trng thi rt xa cn bng. Tuy nhin vn c th n nh bn vng trong mt khong thi gian no . Prigogine gi tn

nhng h thng ny l h thng tiu tn (dissipative system) v chng phi tiu tn vt cht v nng lng tn ti. chnh l trng hp ca mi h thng sinh vt, ca mi sinh mnh. Thng thng i sng con ngi c quan nim nh mt hin tng cn bng nhng khng bn vng lu di (a state of non-stable equilibrium). Theo Prigogine thi ngc li. i sng con ngi l mt trng thi khng cn bng m tm thi bn vng (a temporary state of stable non-equilibrium). Nu mun dng mt vt v tri din t hnh tng ca i sng nh mt trng thi khng cn bng nhng tm thi bn vng, ta c th ly trng hp mt xoy nc (whirlpool) hay mt cn lc xon c (tornado) lm th d. Tuy thuyt h thng rt hu ch v thch hp m t cc h thng sinh vt hay sinh mnh, nhng trong thc t n nay khng my nh hng n ngnh sinh hc. Sau ngy nh sinh ha hc Hoa k James D. Watson v nh sinh vt l hc Anh Francis H. C. Crick pht minh m thc cu trc xon kp ca DNA ng dng rt c hiu qu, v c ca tng ngang hng vi Charles R. Darwin, nh thin nhin hc khm ph lut tin ha t nhin, thi phn ng sinh hc gia chuyn i i tng nghin cu. Trc y t bo c xem nh khi kin trc (building blocks) sinh mnh, thi nay phn t c xem l n v cu thnh sinh vt. Cc nh di truyn hc cng bt u khai ph b mn sinh hc mi, khoa sinh hc phn t. Gn y, ngoi nhiu phng cch nh bnh v tr liu trong lnh vc y hc mi pht minh ta trn s hiu bit cu trc ca DNA, c hai thnh qu khc rt quan trng thng c nhc n. l k thut to sinh v tnh [To sinh v tnh l dch ch cloning; v tnh y l dch danh t sinh hc asexual, c ngha l s hnh thnh c th khng c s phi hp cc giao t (gametes), hay s truyn li cc vt liu di truyn, khc vi ch v tnh tc v t tnh dch ting Phn nihsvabhva dng biu trng tnh cht tng i ca mi hin thc], v mi nht l s hon tt cng trnh thit lp trnh t (sequence) v nh danh (naming) cc gen trong ton th DNA ca t bo. im ng ghi nhn v nhng thnh cng ni trn trong ngnh sinh hc phn t l s xc nhn i sng con ngi c bn cht v tnh (nhn bn v tnh), do nhn duyn m thnh hoi ch khng do bn tay ca v thn linh no to lp hay hy dit. DNA, vit tt ch deoxyribonucleic acid, l vt liu di truyn ca ht thy mi t bo sinh vt v ca hu ht virus (siu vi trng). T bo (cell) l n v cu trc c s ca mi c th sng. Cc t bo cng chc nng to thnh m (tissue), m to thnh cc c quan (organ) trong c th. Nhiu t bo l

sinh vt y nh vi khun (bacteria) n bo v ng vt (protozoa) n bo; nhiu t bo khc nh t bo ca dy thn kinh, gan, v bp tht l nhng thnh phn chuyn ha ca sinh vt a bo. T bo nh nht l t bo vi khun cht nm (mycoplasma) c ng knh khong 0.1 micromet v t bo ln nht l t bo non hong (egg yolk) iu c ng knh 8 centimet. Mi t bo u hin khi do s phn chia ca mt t bo nguyn thy. Tt c t bo trong con ngi chng hn, dn xut t s phn chia k tip ca mt t bo duy nht, gi l trng th tinh (zygote), do s kt hp ca trng ngui m v tinh trng ca ngi cha. Hu ht cc t bo do s phn bo to ra bt u t trng th tinh u ng nht ging nhau v ng nht vi trng th tinh v phng din thnh phn cu hp ca vt liu di truyn. Mc du chng c hnh tng v chc nng khc nhau rt nhiu, tt c t bo u c mt mng (membrane) bao quanh mt lp cht t bo hay bo cht (cytoplasm). C hai loi t bo: t bo nhn s (prokaryote) ch c c nht mt phn t DNA tip xc trc tip vi bo cht v khng c mng nhn bao ngoi v t bo nhn chun (eukaryote) trong DNA a dng v lng ln hn c mng nhn bc ngoi phn cch vi bo cht v to thnh ci c gi l nhn ca t bo. Sinh vt c nhn s bao gm vi khun (bacteria) v to lam (blue-green algae). Sinh vt nhn chun bao gm ng vt v thc vt. Nhn t bo do hai ha cht to thnh, protein v DNA. Bn trong nhn chun, DNA quyn vi protein to thnh nhng cu trc n v gi l nhim sc th (chromosome). Cc nhn s tuy khng phn cch vi bo cht vn cha mt t nhim sc th. T bo no trong con ngi cng c 23 cp nhim sc th. Trong s c 22 cp gi l th thng nhim sc (autosomal) c trai ln gi u c ging nhau. Hai th thng nhim sc trong mi cp cng ging nhau. Cc cp th thng nhim sc c nh s t 1 n 22. Cn li mt cp gi l th nhim sc sinh dc (sex chromosomes) trong hai nhim th c di v cu trc khc nhau. Cc th nhim sc sinh dc quyt nh ging c hay ci ca mi c th. Gi thi c cp XX, hai bn sao nhim th ci, hay X nhim sc. Trai thi c cp XY, mt bn sao nhim th c, hay Y nhim sc v mt X nhim sc. Mt th nhim sc sinh dc l do m truyn li, lun lun l X nhim th; th kia l do cha truyn li, c th l X nhim th m cng c th l Y nhim th. S nhim sc th trong cc t bo sinh dc (sex cells) ch bng na s nhim sc th ca t bo thn (somatic cells). Trong lc th tinh mt t bo sinh

dc ca cha (tinh trng) v mt t bo sinh dc ca m (trng) hp li to thnh trng th tinh (zygote) cha y s nhim th nh trong cc t bo thn. Do , cha m truyn li cho con ci cc tnh cht lm cho con ci ging h v hnh dng, ting ni, v..v... Nu v mt l do no cc t bo c tha hoc thiu mt nhim sc th ni tr s sinh, thi tr s sinh s sinh ra d dng, bt bnh thng. Chng hn trng hp nhim sc th s 21 c tha, hay cn gi l Dow's syndrome, tr s chm ln, ngu n, hay c tt bm sinh v tim hoc cht v ung th mu. Sau hn 50 nm khoa di truyn hc c thnh lp v tnh di truyn qua cc gen c gii thch cn k, vn cn nhiu cu hi cha c gii p. Lm th no cc nhim sc th v gen ca chng c sao chp i sao chp li nhiu ln m vn lun lun chnh xc trong s phn chia t t bo ny n t bo khc? Bng cch no chng iu ng v hng dn s chuyn bin cu trc v tp tnh ca cc sinh mnh? Mt m hnh cu trc ca DNA c James Watson v Francis Crick thnh lp v cng b ln u tin vo nm 1953. M hnh ny gii thch tng tn s tng hp protein v tin trnh ti bn thng tin di truyn. V vy hai nh bc hc tc gi ca m hnh DNA c thng gii Nobel Y hc nm 1962. Cu trc ca phn t DNA gm hai chui xon do cc hp cht ha hc gi l nucleotide nm dc theo hai chui to thnh. Chui n ny xon chui n kia to nn mt chui xon kp ging hnh mt thang lu trn c. Mi nucleotide gm c ba n v: mt phn t ng gi l deoxyribose, mt nhm phosphate, v mt trong bn hp cht ca nit gi l base: hoc base A (gi tt adenine), hoc base G (gi tt guanine), hoc base C (gi tt cytosine), hoc base T (gi tt thymine). Phn t ng chim v tr gia, bn ny l nhm phosphate, bn kia l mt trong bn base va k. Nhm phosphate ca mi nucleotide lin kt vi phn t ng ca nucleotide k tip. Nhng lin kt ng-phosphate nm trn chui n ny i hp vi lin kt ng-phosphate nm trn chui n kia. Cc base trn hai chui i din nhau ging nh hai u ca mt nc thang, mi u nm trn mt chui n, v nh vy, chng lin kt hai chui n vi nhau. Do i lc ha hc nn nucleotide cha A pha chui ny lun lun cp i vi nucleotide cha T pha chui kia, v nucleotide cha C pha chui ny lun lun cp i vi nucleotide cha G pha chui kia. DNA vn tng mi thng tin cn thit ch dn s tng hp protein (protein synthesis) v s ti bn (replication). Tng hp protein c ngha l sn xut cc th protein cn thit cho s hot ng v pht trin ca virus

hay ca t bo. Ti bn c ngha l qu trnh theo DNA t lm bn sao chnh n truyn li cho virus hay t bo k tha, ng thi chuyn trao thng tin cn thit cho vic sn xut protein. Cc virus khng c xem nh l t bo v chng khng c thit b ha hc ti bn. Chng phi n bm (k sinh) vo cc t bo nh m phin dch m ha lnh di truyn ca chng hu t sn xut thm ra. Bng cch no DNA ch th s sn xut protein? Protein l nhng hp cht hu c to nn sinh vt v c nhiu chc nng rt quan trng ti cn thit i vi mi c th sng, nh iu tit (regulation), vn chuyn (transport), bo v (protection), co rt (contraction), kin to cu trc (structure), v sn xut nng lng (energy). Th d: protein vi tn gi enzyme c phn s iu tit cc phn ng ha hc; hormone tit ch cc qu trnh sinh l hc; insulin kim sot s vn chuyn glucose vo t bo. Huyt cu t (hemoglobin) chuyn oxy v carbon dioxide vo mu; protein trong mng t bo kim sot s giao lu cc vt liu thng qua mng t bo; v.. v.. n v cu t ca protein gm c vo khong 20 phn t axit amin (amino acids). Cu trc v chc nng ca protein l do trnh t sp xp cc axit amin nh ot. Trnh t cc axit amin li do trnh t cc base ca nucleotide trong DNA nh ot. Tng hp vi mi axit amin ring bit l mt b ba base ca nucleotide gi l m hay codon. Th d: b ba GAC l m ca axit amin leucine; b ba CAG l m ca axit amin valine. Nu mt protein c 100 axit amin thi s c ghi m bng mt on phn t DNA gm c 300 nucleotide. Ch mt trong hai chui n cu thnh chui xon kp ca mt phn t DNA l c cha thng tin cn thit sn xut mt trnh t axit amin no . Chui ny c tn l chui bn nng (sense strand). Chui n kia ng vai tr ph lc thc hin s ti bn (replication). S tng hp protein bt u bng s phn i mt phn t DNA.Trong qu trnh phin m (transcription), mt on ct (section) trong chui bn nng ca DNA dng lm mu hnh (pattern) sn xut mt chui mi gi l th truyn tin RNA (messenger RNA vit tt l mRNA; RNA tc ribonucleid acid). Th mRNA la khi nhn t bo v buc vo mt cu trc t bo chuyn ha gi l ribosome, c xng tng hp protein. Cc axit amin c ti n ribosome bng mt th RNA khc gi l th vn chuyn RNA (transfer RNA; vit tt tRNA). Trong qu trnh phin dch (translation), cc axit amin lin kt vi nhau theo mt trnh t ring bit ng theo mnh lnh ca mRNA to lp mt protein.

Gen l mt trnh t cc nucleotide c chc nng nh r th t sp xp cc axit amin trong mt protein qua trung gian ca mt th truyn tin mRNA. Nu bin i mt nucleotide ca DNA bng cch thay vo mt nucleotide khc vi mt base khc thi kt qu l trnh t bin i cc base ca nucleotide s c truyn li cho tt c con chu t bo hay virus v sau. Do trnh t cc axit amin trong protein sn xut cng c th bin i. Mt s thay i nh vy gi l mt t bin (mutation). Hu ht cc t bin pht sinh t s sai lm trong qu trnh ti bn. Bc x hay mt s ha cht no tc dng trn t bo hay virus c th gy ra t bin. Bng cch no thc hin c s sao chp mt phn t DNA? S ti bn mt phn t DNA thc hin trong nhn ca t bo v xy ra ngay trc khi t bo phn hai. Ti bn bt u vi s tch hai chui xon kp ca phn t DNA nguyn thy xa nhau ra. Gi hai chui tch ring l chui 1 v chui 2 chng hn. Mi chui tch ring dng lm mu hnh ta theo m sp ghp mt chui b sung mi hu to nn mt ti bn ca DNA nguyn thy. Sau y ta xt cch thc ti bn bng vo chui tch ring 1 m thi. Nhng g xy ra cho chui 1 ny cng lp li ging ht cho chui 2 kia. Mi nucleotide trong chui 1 thu ht mt nucleotide mi c t bo to sn trc . Nh vy, mt nucleotide trong chui 1 lin kt vi mt nucleotide sn c to thnh mt nc thang ca mt phn t DNA mi. Nn nh s lin kt ch thc hin do i lc ha hc gia A v T, gia C v G. Sau , cc nucleotide b sung c mt enzyme c tn l DNA polymerase lin kt li thnh chui b sung chui 1. S lin kt c thc hin gia nhm phosphate ca nucleotide ny vi phn t ng ca nucleotide k tip, ging nh trong DNA nguyn thy. Cui cng, bn cnh chui 1 ta c mt chui b sung hp vi chui 1 thnh mt phn t DNA mi, ti bn ca DNA nguyn thy. Bn pha chui 2, ta cng c mt ti bn mi ca DNA nguyn thy. Khi t bo phn hai, mi phn t bo s mang theo mt ti bn ca DNA nguyn thy va to lp. Vi s hiu bit su rng v cu trc v chc nng ca phn t DNA v vi nhng tin b trong vic trin khai thuyt h thng, th hi nn quan nim s hin khi ca sinh mnh nh th no? Cc nh khoa hc a ra rt nhiu gi thuyt gii thch ngun gc v s tin ha ca s sng. Khi xng cc thuyt y h nng vo nhng bng chng tm ra ni cc vt ha thch (fossil), hoc m phng trn my tnh

(computer simulation) cc iu kin nhn duyn hin hu trong thi k s khai ca qu t, hoc ta trn cu trc v chc nng ca cc t bo. Qu t thnh hnh cch y hn 4 t nm. Trong mt t nm u, mi iu kin nhn duyn s sng sinh khi ln ln hi . Mi u qu t l mt qu cu la. Nh th tch kh ln nn qu cu la khi ngui mi kh nng gi li mt bu kh quyn v cha nhng nguyn t ha hc c bn cn thit to tc nhng khi kin trc s sng. Qu t li cch xa mt tri mt khong thch hp, va xa s ngui din tin theo mt qu trnh chm v hi nc ngng t thnh nc, v va gn cc kh khng ng bng vnh vin. Sau na t nm lnh ln, hi nc trong kh quyn ngng t; ma xi x sut nhiu ngn nm, v nc t li thnh nhiu bin cn. Sut thi gian di qu t tip tc ngui, carbon, nguyn t c bn ca s sng, t hp vi hydro, oxy, nit, sulfur, v photpho to tc mt s ln th hp cht ha hc. Nhng nguyn t va k: C, H, O, N, S, P, l nhng thnh phn ha hc chnh yu c mt trong mi sinh mnh hin nay. Trong sut nhiu nm, cc nh khoa hc bn ci v vn s sng sinh khi t mt hn hp vt liu xut hin vo thi k qu t ngui i v bin lan rng ra. C thuyt cho rng s sng pht khi do mt chp in. Thuyt khc cho rng s sng c mang li t ngoi qu t qua trung gian ca nhng vn thch. C ngi bc b hai thuyt y sau khi tnh thy xc sut cc trng hp nh vy xy ra qu b nh gn nh trit tiu. Hin nay, nhng cng trnh nghin cu v cc h thng c kh nng t t chc (selforganizing system) chng minh khng cn n nhng bin c t nhin nh va cp gii thch s sinh khi ca s sng. Theo thuyt h thng, mi trng ca qu t trong thi k s khai hi iu kin nhng phn t phc hp thnh hnh. Mt s phn t phc hp li c tnh cht xc tc i vi nhiu loi phn ng ha hc. Chnh nhng phn ng xc tc khc nhau ln hi mc lng vo nhau to ra nhng mng c kh nng t t chc v t ti bn. DNA v RNA c th l thnh phn ch yu ca nhng mng ny. V ch c DNA v RNA l nhng phn t hu c c kh nng t ti bn m thi. n giai on ny s tin ha tin sinh hc c nh hng. Cc chu trnh xc tc bin chuyn thnh nhng h thng gi l h thng tiu tn (dissipative system), ngha l kn v t chc nhng h v cu trc v c giao lu nng lng v vt cht. Nhng h tng tc dng vi bn ngoi ca nhng h thng tiu tn gy ra s mt

bn vng v lm xut khi nhng h thng ha hc a dng hn nh kt thnh mng chng hn. Do , sinh khi nhng h thng c mng bc quanh, c kh nng t ti bn, tin ha mt thi gian, ri t hy dit. Nhng hin tng nh vy xy ra lin tip khng ngng. Cui cng, vo khong 2 t nm v trc, xut hin t bo vi khun u tin v t s sng bt u tin ha. Nhng m hnh khoa hc va trnh by trn v tnh sinh, tr, dit ca sinh mnh a n nhng nhn xt sau y. 1. Nhng chui DNA v RNA l nhng kho lm thng tin biu hin b m ha lnh di truyn. Tuy cha hiu bit chnh xc b m ny hin khi v pht trin nh th no, nhng ta vo thnh qu nghin cu bng cch s dng no l ton hc, no l m phng trn my tnh, no l th nghim trn cc phn t sinh vt, cc nh sinh hc tin rng mt khi con s phn t trong mt qun tp ha cht cc loi tng vt qu mt ngng mc no , thi ton th sinh mnh xut khi ng lot v phn ha nh l mt mng cc phn ng ha hc v xc tc chuyn ha lin tc t to t sinh. Vo lc y b m di truyn hin khi nh l mt tnh cht t nhin ca mt phc hp ha hc. Theo Stuart Kauffman, nh nghin cu ngun gc sinh mnh rt ni ting, b mt ca sinh mnh khng tm thy c ni cu trc tuyt m ca chui xon DNA hay RNA, m chnh trong s thnh tu t nhin nhng h thng tiu tn lin tc t to t sinh. 2. Khi nim thng tin hin nay rt thng dng nh khp ni u bit cch nhp dng Internet l mng li thng tin ton cu. Thng tin mng li pht hin l ch, hnh, hay m thanh do thng tc quy nh ngha l. Nhng thng tin ny truyn dn vi mt vn tc khng th qu tc nh sng truyn dn. Thng tin ct gi trong DNA v RNA l mt th thng tin khc. l nhng m lnh. Mt khi c phin m (transcription) ngha l di chuyn m thng tin di truyn t DNA qua mRNA v c phin dch (translation) tc l qu trnh mRNA ri nhn n ribosome v chuyn m thng tin di truyn thnh lnh tng hp protein thi DNA hon tt vai tr tng hp protein v ti bn truyn tha. Trong khi thc hin hai qu trnh ni trn, c th xy ra t bin, tc l s thay i t chc v cu trc ca DNA, hoc do tia X, hoc do tia t ngoi, hoc do ha cht tc dng trn cc base ca DNA. t bin c th gy chng ung th hay nhng tnh khc thng cho chnh c nhn hay truyn xung cho con chu. Nhng cng c nhng t bin li ch pht trin trong qun th nh s chn lc t nhin theo thuyt tin ha ca Darwin.

3. V mi sinh h nh t bo (cell), c th (organism), u l h thng tiu tn, kn trn phng din t chc nhng h trn phng din cu trc, nn ch tm thi n nh bn vng. Ni cch khc, sinh mnh lun lun trong mt ch bn vng nhng rt gn b vc ca mt ch hn n. Theo ngn ng h thng ng lc hc (dynamical systems), trong mt ch hn n, ch cn thay i iu kin nhn duyn trong hin ti mt lng rt b nh thi tt c h thng s thay i dng thc khng th lng trc. Th d: Vo u thp nin 1960, nh thi tit hc Edward Lorenz nhn thy khng th tin on thi tit trong mt khong thi gian di hn v h thng ng lc gm ba phng trnh vi phn ng s dng tin on thi tit dn n nhng li gii tht hn n, ngha l iu kin nhn duyn vo mt lc no thay i t cht l v sau qu o ca li gii bin thin theo nhiu cch tht bt ng, khng on trc c. Bi vy trong thuyt hn n, hin tng ny c gi l "hiu qu bm p cnh" (Butterfly effect). Mt con bm Hu p cnh nh tc thi mt cn ging t d di ni ln Hoa Thnh n! Ni theo ngn ng Pht gio, tp tnh tn ti ca sinh mnh l theo Trung o. Ngha l khng bn vng lu di ha ra thng cn vnh vin, khng nghing v hn n ri vo h v on dit. Theo Stuart Kauffman, l do cc h thng phc tp nh sinh mnh vo mt cch th tm thi n nh bn vng v rt gn b vc ca ch hn n l bi ti lut tin ha (Darwin's evolution law) t chng vo trng thi . Tm li, c thuyt minh nh l hin thn ca s bin ha ca cc phn t di truyn hay theo thuyt h thng tiu tn lin tc t to t sinh, sinh mnh v s pht sinh ca sinh mnh ng l php do duyn khi. Do , theo ngi Long Th, sinh mnh "l Khng, l Gi danh, v cng chnh l Trung o". Thng 12, 2000 __________________ http://vietky.com/DataStore/KhoaHuyen/SinhMenh.asp ---o0o--Ht

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