Professional Documents
Culture Documents
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. Preconsolidation
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3
Geophysical Studies
:
. Seismic
. Resistivity
Geophones
Youngs Moduls,E poissons Ratio,u
Modulus Shear
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4 ) (
Soil Borings
:
1 4 Test Pits and Open Cuts
) (1
)(0.75
. 3
.
) (1
2 4 Auger Boring
5
5
) (2 .
)(2
3 4 Shell and Auger Boring
Chisel bit
)25( )200( )50(
) (80 ) (300
.
4 4 Percussion Boring
.
5 4 Wash Boring
.
) (3 .
6 4 Rotary Boring
. :
-1 Open Holes
.
2 Core Drilling
.
) (3
7 4 Continuous Flight Auger
)(1
.
- 5
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6
1 6 :
)50(
. )5.000 (2
) (3 ) (5
) (4 .
)(4
2 6 :
)
(1.5 ) (3 )(6
) (5
.
)(5
7
1 7 :
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2 7 :
Stockpiles -:
1 : Cohesionless Soil Sampling
Auger
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2 : Disturbed Sampling
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3 : Undisturbed Sampling
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4 : Stockpiles Sampling
Coarse Aggregates
Trenches
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5 : Rock Sampling
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3 7 :
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4 7 :
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Excess Pore Water Pressure
Effective Stresses :
. ?15 10
. 4
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Piston-Sampler .
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8
Ground Water Table Location
) (
) (24
""
9
Field Testings
:
1 9 : Standard Penetration test ,SPT
.
63.5 760 460
)(N 305
100 10
100 100 .
.
2 9 : Cone Penetration test ,CPT
10 20 /
.
3 9 : Pressuremeter
: Probe
Pressure Volumeter
Elastic Constants Shear Strength .
4 9 : Vane Shear
Torque Vanes
.
5 9 : Borehole Shear Device
76
) (6 .
)(6
6 9 : Dilatometer
1.1 Excess Pore Water
Pressure 150 200
.
10
.
7 9 : Field Permeability
Piezometer
. K
8 9 : Dry Unit Weight , gd
0 25
25 50
50 75
75 90
90 -100
10
1 10 :
:
.
:
- .
60 .
.
.
.
2 10 :
.
:
:
- Riffle Box
8
12
) ( 7
) ( .
.
)(7
Quartering
) (8 .
:
.
)(8
3 10 :
.
4 - 10 :
1 : Water Content,wc
Cohesive Soils
)Liquid
(Limit , LL ) (Plastic Limit ,PL
.
15 20 80
100 . 500
- 2 : Atterberg Limits
" "
Liquid Limit,LL
Plastic Limit,PL
Shrinkage Limit ,SL .
) (
) (Plasticity Index,PI = LL- PL Soil Behavior
.
) )
100
75
50
37.5
25
19
12.5
9.5
4.75
2
0.850
0.425
0.180
0.075
"4
"3
"2
"1.5
"1
"0.75
"0.50
"0.375
4
10
20
40
80
200
4 : Unit Weight,g
:
= ) / ( .
Overburden Pressure
.
5 : Relative Index,Dr
Relative Index,Dr
Void Ratios,e
:
= Dr
) (
) (
(Dr = gd max (gd gdmin) / gd (gd max gd min
: Dr .
: gd max .
: gd
: gd min .
) (3 :
)(3
0 0.20
0.20 0.40
0.40 0.70
0.70 0.90
0.90 1
Very Loose
Loose
Medium Compact
Compact
Very Compact
6 : Specific Gravity , SG
) (4 :
)(4
2.65 2.68
2.65 2.68
2.62 2.68
2.58 2.65
2.68 2.75
2
2.67 2.70 .
7 : Compaction ( Proctor) Test
gd wc
Maximum Dry Unit Weight , gd Max
Optimum Moisture Content,OMC ""
:
1 Standard Proctor Test
2 Modified Proctor Test
) (5 :
Modified
" 4
" 6
101.60
152.4
116.43
116.43
944
2124
Standard
" 4
" 6
101.60
152.4
116.43
116.43
944
2124
44.5
24.5
44.5
24.5
56
5
25
5
56
3
25
3
457
457
305
305
Mould
) )
) )
) ) 3
)
)
)
)
:
) / = ( 3
) (
101.60 = 593.7/ 3
.
Zero Air Voids :
= gZAV
) ( ) ( ) + 1 (
g water = 9.807 / . 3
8 : California Bearing Ratio, CBR
) (
) (6 :
)(6
USC
AASHTO
03
OH,CH,MH,OL
A5,A6,A7
37
OH,CH,MH,OL
A4,A5,A6,A7
7 20
OH,CH,MH,OL
A2,A4,A6,A7
Alb,A5
GM,GC,SW,SM,SP,GP
20 50
2,A3,A6-2
50
GW,GM
Ala,A4-2,A3
CBR
) (7 .
)(7
) )
2.5
5.0
7.5
10.0
12.7
)
)
6.9
10.3
13.0
16.0
18.0
)(9
)(10
Unconfined Compression
) (2.5 0.5
2
) (q ) (C=q/2
) (11 .
)(11
Triaxial Compression
)
(12 .
" "
:
. CD test
. CU test . UU test
)(12
- 10 : Consolidation
) (13
) (24
Coefficient of Consolidation
.
)(13
-11 : Permeability
Permeability :
) 14 ( .Constant Head Test
)14 ( .Falling Head Test
k
100
.
)14(
)14 (
-12 : Swelling & Collapse Test
- :
Free-Swell Test )
(10 3 ) (40 )(100 3
:
) ) = ( (
) 100 (
Swelling
Pressure
11
Soil &Rock Classification
1 11 :
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1 : Color : .
2 : Hardness : .
3 : Structure .
4 : Weathering .
5 : Cavities .
6 : Voids .
7 : .
2 11 :
Solid Gas Liquid
:
Porosity.n .
Void Ratio,e .
Degree of Saturation,S .
:
Water Content ,wc .
Specific gravity,SG )
. (e/wc SG = S
Unit Weight, gd
. (gw/1+e gd = SG) 1 +
.
- 1 :
:
Granular Soils .
Fine Grained Soils .
Organic Soils .
.
- 2 :
). (8
)(8
Gravel
Clay
.
Silt
.
Sand
.
Peat
.
Organic Clay
.
Organic Silt
.
Fine Grained
.
Coarse Grained
.
Mixed Grained
4
5
8
9
10
)(9
Sandy Gravel
Gravel Sandy
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3
Silty Sand
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4
Clayey Sand
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5
Silty Gravel
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6
Clayey Gravel
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7
Silty Clay
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8
Clayey Silt
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.
)
(15
USC AASHTO
)(15
1 : Unified Soil Classification,USC
)(10
)(10
) (
300
75 300
75
75 19
19 4
4 10
10 40
Boulders
Cobbles
Coarse Grained 1
Gravel 4
-
-
4 200
Sand
-
-
40 200
200
-
Fine Grained 2
Fines -
Silt -
Clay -
Organic Soils 3
) (11 :
Iden. Procedure
(
Major Divisions
)40
Typic Symbols
al Names
Dilatanc
Strength
y
Toughness
> 50
Fine
>Silts & Clays 50
GrainedSoils
LL
ML
more 200
than half of the
material is
smaller than
#200 sieve
CL
OL
MH
CH
OH
< 50
<Silts & Clays 50
LL
PT
GW
GP
GM
Gravels
Coarse
Grained
Soils
) )4
More than
half of the
coarse
fraction is Clean Gravel
200Les larger than
s than #4 sieve
half of
the
material
is
smaller
than
#200
sieve
) ML
)
) CL
)
)ML
)
) CL
GravelWith
Fines
GC
SW
SP
Sands
Clean Sands
)
4)More
than half of
the coarse
fraction is
larger than
#4 sieve
SM
SandsWit
h Fines
SC
Group Index,GI
:
(GI = (F-35) {0.2+0.005 (LL-40)}+0.01(F-15) (PI-10
:
= F ). (200
= LL ) . (
= PI ) . (
: F <35 F 35 = 0
)
( ). (12
)(12
) (
75
75
10 40
40 200
200
Boulders
Gravel 10
Coarse Sand
Fine Sand
Silt Clay
) ( 13 .
) (14
:
AASHTO
A 1- b
A3
A 2 4
A25
A2-6
A 2 7
A4
A- 5
A6
A75
A76
- 12
USC
SW, SP , GM , SM
SP
GM , SM
GM , SM
GC , SC
GM , SM , SC , GC
ML , OL
OH , MH , ML , OL
CL
OH , MH
CH , CL
Soil Compaction
-12-1 :
Vibrating Plates
Rubber Tired
Sheepsfoot Rollers .
:
.
.
.
.
.
. gd
. wc
.
.
100
380
.
2 Rubber Tired Roller
4 6
80
700 .
3 Sheepsfoot Roller
12 700
1400
.
4 Tamping Foot Roller
40 1400 8400
.
5 Grid Roller
50 1400 6200
.
6 Vibrating Drum Roller
.
7
.
13
Soil Stabilization
:
Mechanical Stabilization
Admixture Stabilization
13-1 :
) . ( 95
13-2 :
Geotextiles or Fabrics
.
14
1 14 : Expansive (Swelling ) Soils
.
.
) (15
.
)(15
11
7 12
10 16
15
35
25 41
15 28
18
30
20 30
10 20
10
.
:
. .
. . Waffle. Slab
.
2 14 : Collapsing Soils
). (16
) = k ( .
)(16
k
0.5
1
1.28 / 3
1.44/ 3 .
.
:
. .
. .
. . 3 14 : Sabkha
:
.
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4 14 : Cavities in Lime Stone
.
:
. Sounding Test
.
:
.
. .
. 5 14 : GWT Rise
) (
:
. . . . . . Uplift Pressure . . :
.
.
.
.
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.
6 14 : Seismicity
.
Excess Pore Water
Pressure Effective Stress
Liquefaction of Sand
.
:
) (2B ) (0.2g
.
) (2A ) (0.15g
) (2B .
) (1 )(0.05g
) (0.10g
.
) (0.0 .
.
"
"
.
.