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The process of electrically connecting to the earth itself is often called "earthing", particularly in Europe where the term "grounding" is used to describe the above ground wiring.
reason for doing earthing in electrical network is for the safety. When all metallic parts in electrical equipments are grounded then if the insulation inside the equipments fails there are no dangerous voltages present in the equipment case. If the live wire touches the grounded case then the circuit is effectively shorted and fuse will immediately blow. When the fuse is blown then the dangerous voltages are away.
There are many sources of electricity. Every transformer can be considered a separate source. If there were not a common reference point for all these voltage sources it would be extremely difficult to calculate their relationships to each other. The earth is the most omnipresent conductive surface, and so it was adopted in the very beginnings of electrical distribution systems as a nearly universal standard for all electric systems.
Check Voltage between Earth Pit conductors to Neutral of Mains Supply 220V AC 50 Hz it should be less than 2.0 Volts.
(3) Moisture
Moisture has a great influence on resistivity value of soil. The resistivity of a soil can be determined by the quantity of water held by the soil and resistivity of the water itself. Conduction of electricity in soil is through water. The resistance drops quickly to a more or less steady minimum value of about 15% moisture. And further increase of moisture level in soil will have little effect on soil resistivity. In many locations water table goes down in dry weather conditions. Therefore, it is essential to pour water in and around the earth pit to maintain moisture in dry weather conditions. Moisture significantly influences soil resistivity
The earth pits located in such areas must be watered at frequent intervals, particularly during dry weather conditions. Though back fill compound retains moisture under normal conditions, it gives off moisture during dry weather to the dry soil around the electrode, and in the process loses moisture over a period of time. Therefore, choose a site that is naturally not well drained.
(11) Obstructions
The soil may look good on the surface but there may be obstructions below a few feet like virgin rock. In that event resistivity will be affected. Obstructions like concrete structure near about the pits will affect resistivity. If the earth pits are close by, the resistance value will be high.
(12)
Current Magnitude
A current of significant magnitude and duration will cause significant drying condition in soil and thus increase the soil resistivity.
Distance between the spikes in cm. = 3.14 P = Earth resistivity ohm-cm. Earth resistance value is directly proportional to Soil resistivity value
Suppose, the distance of Current Spike from Earth Electrode D = 60 ft, Then, distance of Potential Spike would be 62 % of D = 0.62D i.e. 0.62 x 60 ft = 37 ft.
Now, consider a GI Pipe Electrode of 50 mm Diameter and 3 m Long. soil resistivity of 100 Ohm-m, The resistance of Pipe electrode to earth (R) = (100r/2L) X loge (4L/d) = (100X100/2X3.14X300) X loge (4X300/5) =29.09 Ohm. From the above calculation the GI Pipe electrode offers a much lesser resistance than even a copper plate electrode. As per IS 3043 Pipe, rod or strip has a much lower resistance than a plate of equal surface area.
L.T.Lightening Arrestor= 4 Ohm L.T.Pole= 5 Ohm H.T.Pole =10 Ohm Tower =20-30 Ohm