Emotion=a response of the whole organism, involving (1) physiological arousal, (2) expressive behaviors, and (3) conscious

experience *James-Lange theory=our experience of emotion is our awareness of our physiological responses to emotionarousing stimuli *Cannon-Bard theory=the theory that an emotionarousing stimulus simultaneously triggers physiological responses and the subjective experience of emotion *two-factor theory=Schachter-Singers theory that to experience emotion one must be physically aroused and cognitively label the arousal Polygraph=machine commonly used to detect lies, measures several physiological responses accompanying emotion Performance peaks at lower levels of arousal for difficult tasks, and at higher levels for easy or well-learned tasks. The spillover effect occurs when our arousal from one event influences our response to other events (ie scary movies on dates). When sensory input goes directly to the amygdala via the thalamus, it triggers an immediate emotional response. Responses to complex emotions (such as guilt, happiness, and love) require interpretation and are routed along the slower route to the cortex for analysis. Most people can detect nonverbal cues, and we are especially sensitive to nonverbal threats. Experience contributes to our sensitivity to cues, as studies of abused children show. Women generally surpass men at reading deception and other emotional cues; men generally communicate anger better. Izards list of 10 basic emotions includes joy, interestexcitement, surprise, sadness, anger, disgust, contempt, fear, shame, and guilt. The amygdala plays a key role in fear learning, associating fear with specific situations. We may be genetically predisposed to be fearful or fearless. Frustrating or insulting actions we interpret as willful, unjustified, and avoidable may evoke anger. Catharsis=emotional release; catharsis hypothesis maintains that releasing aggressive energy (through action or fantasy) relieves aggressive urges The feel-good, do-good phenomenon is our increased willingness to help others when we are in a good mood. Negative emotion is highest just after we wake up and before we go to sleep. Positive emotion rises gradually, peaking around seven hours after we rise, then falls gradually. Adaptation-level phenomenon=our tendency to assess stimuli (including material possessions) by contrasting them with a neutral level that changes with our experience Relative-deprivation principle=our perception that we are less well off than others with whom we compare ourselves Personality=an individuals characteristic pattern of thinking, feeling, and acting Psychoanalysis=Freuds theory that attributes thoughts and actions to unconscious motives and conflicts *believed that consciousness is like an icebergs visible tip. The id is totally unconscious, but the ego and superego operate both consciously and unconsciously *free association=method of exploring the unconscious in which ther person relaxes and says whatever comes to mind *unconscious=reservoir of mostly unacceptable thoughts, wishes, feelings, and memories Oedipus complex=a boys sexual desires toward his mother and feelings of jealousy and hatred for the rival father Fixation=a lingering focus of pleasure-seeking energies at an earlier psychosexual stage, in which conflicts were unresolved Defense mechanisms=egos protective methods of reducing anxiety by unconsciously distorting reality *repression=banishes anxiety-arousing thoughts, feelings, and memories from consciousness *regression=individual faced with anxiety retreats to a more infantile psychosexual stage, where some psychic energies remain fixated *reaction formation=ego unconsciously switches unacceptable impulses into their opposites; thus, people may express feelings that are the opposite of their real feelings *projection=people disguise their own threatening impulses by attributing them to others *rationalization=offers self-justifying explanations in place of the real, more threatening, unconscious reasons for ones actions

*displacement=shifts sexual or aggressive impulses toward a more acceptable or less threatening object or person Collective unconscious=Carl Jungs concept of a shared, inherited reservoir of memory traces from our species history Alfred Adler and Karen Horney agreed with Freud that childhood is important, but believed that social, not sexual, tensions are crucial. Projective tests=personality test that provides ambiguous stimuli designed to trigger projection of ones inner dynamics *Thematic Apperception Test (TAT)=people express their inner feelings and interests through the stories they make up about ambiguous scenes *Rorschach inkblot test=most widely used projective test Abraham Maslows self-actualization=ultimate psychological need that arises after basic physical and psychological needs are met and self-esteem is achieved; the motivation to reach ones potential Carl Rogers unconditional positive regard=an attitude of total acceptance toward another person Trait=characteristic pattern of behavior or a disposition to feel and act, as assessed by self-report inventories and peer reports Personality inventory=questionnaire on which people respond to items designed to gauge a wide range of feelings and behaviors MMPI=most widely researched and clinically used of all personality tests; originally developed to identify emotional disorders, this test is now used for many other screening purposes Empirically derived test=developed by testing a pool of items and then selecting those that discriminate between groups Big five personality traits=conscientiousness, agreeableness, neuroticism, openness, extraversion Social-cognitive perspective=views behavior as influenced by the interaction between persons (and their thinking) and their social context Reciprocal determinism=interacting influences between personality and environmental factors Personal control=our sense of controlling our environment rather than feeling helpless *external locus of control=perception that chance or outside forces beyond ones personal control determine ones fate *internal locus of control=perception that one controls ones own fate Learned helplessness=hopelessness and passive resignation an animal or human learns when unable to avoid repeated aversive events Self-serving bias=a readiness to perceive oneself favorably Psychological disorder=deviant, distressful, and dysfunctional behavior patterns Medical model=concept that diseases have physical causes that can be diagnosed, treated, and in most cases, cured; when applied to psychological disorders, the medical model assumes these mental illnesses can be diagnosed based on symptoms and cured through therapy DSM-IV=APAs Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, a widely used system for classifying psychological disorders Anxiety disorders=psychological disorders characterized by distressing, persistent anxiety or maladaptive behaviors that reduce anxiety Generalized anxiety disorder=a person is continually tense, apprehensive, and in a state of autonomic nervous system arousal Panic disorder=marked by unpredictable minutes-long episodes of intense dread in which a person experiences terror and accompanying chest pain, choking, or other frightening sensations Phobia=anxiety disorder marked by a persistent, irrational fear and avoidance of a specific object or situation Obsessive-compulsive disorder=anxiety disorder characterized by unwanted repetitive thoughts (obsessions) and/or actions (compulsions) Post-traumatic stress disorder=anxiety disorder characterized by haunting memories, nightmares, social withdrawal, jumpy anxiety, and/or insomnia that lingers for four weeks or more after a traumatic experience Dissociative disorder=conscious awareness becomes separated (dissociated) from previous memories, thoughts, and feelings Dissociative identity disorder (DID)=a person exhibits two or more distinct, alternating personalities; aka multiple personality disorder

Personality disorders=characterized by inflexible and enduring behavior patterns that impair social functioning Antisocial personality disorder=the person (usually a man) exhibits a lack of conscience for wrongdoing, even toward friends and family members Mood disorders=psychological disorders characterized by emotional extremes *major depressive disorder= a person experiences, in the absence of drugs or a medical condition, two or more weeks of significantly depressed moods, feelings of worthlessness, and diminished interest or pleasure in most activities *bipolar disorder=the person alternates between the hopelessness and lethargy of depression and the over excited state of mania (hyperactive, wildly optimistic state) Schizophrenia=group of severe disorders characterized by disorganized and delusional thinking, disturbed perceptions, and inappropriate emotions and actions *delusions=false beliefs, often of persecution or grandeur, that may accompany psychotic disorders Five subtypes of schizophrenia=paranoid, disorganized, catatonic, undifferentiated, residual Essay questions!!! 1. the facial feedback effect may be subtle, but still exists, as proven in the golf tee on the eyebrows thing, or the pen in the teeth thing. Also behavior feedback effect phenomenon, as shown when waking while shuffling with downcast eyes,makes you more moody. 2. Strengths=recent discoveries have given more credibility. Genetically influenced abnormalities in brain structure and biochemistry contribute to a number of disorders. Weaknesses=Most psychologists agree that all behavior arises from the interaction of nature (genetic and physiological factors) and nurture (experiences). 3.P=would say that something in Andys unconscious is causing him to behave the way he is; he experiences projection when he becomes critical of others. H=Andy hasnt gotten self-esteem yet, so he is not yet able to aim to fulfill his potential, and has not reached unconditional positive regard S-C=would say Andys interaction with other people would explain his behavior and why he is so critical of the others 5.The big five traits appear to be stable in adulthood, substantially heritable [generally runs 50% or a tad more for each dimension], applicable to all cultures, and good predictors of other personal attributes. Locating an individual on these five dimensions currently offers the most comprehensive picture of personality. 6.insanity=such unsoundness of mind as affects legal responsibility or capacity. APD=because they show no sense of wrongdoing, they clearly cannot understand right or wrong. DID=because they are alternating between personalities, one may not be aware of what their body is doing when another personality is in control. SCZ=Split from reality; because of hallucinations, may perceive things that arent there such as voices; makes the unreal seem real