Contents

Abstract 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. How WiMAX works Network 6 IEEE 802.16 specifications What can WiMAX do The WiMAX scenario WiFi Vs WiMAX Conclusion Glossary References

. Abstarct

ABSTRACT:-

The surge of internet explosion has various fields of science and technology of telecommunications.Think about how today. There are basically three different

lead to devlopment in escpecially in the fields you access the Internet options

Broadband access. WiFi access Dial-up access

T h e m a i n p r o b l e m s w i t h b r o a d b a n d a c c e s s ar e t h a t i t i s pr e t t y expensive and it doesn't reach all areas. The main problem with WiFi access is that hot spots are very small, so coverage is s p a r s e . T h e n e w t e c h n o l o g y s h o u l d pr o v i d e h i g h s p e e d o f B r o a d band service, wireless access, less expensive and should provide w i d e r c o v e r a g e l i k e c e l l p h o n e n e t w or k i n s t e a d o f a l l W i F i hotspots. In this paper well find out how WiMAX works,how it can improvised over other competing technologies and its practical implementations .

INTRODUCTION WiMAX is defined as Worldwide Interoperability for Microwave Access by the WiMAX Forum, formed in June 2001 to promote conformance and interoperability of the IEEE 802.16 standard, officially known as WirelessMAN. It is a standardsb a s e d t e c h n o l o g y e n a b l i n g t h e d e l i v er y o f l a s t m i l e w i r e l e s s b r o a d b a n d a c c e s s a s a n a l t er n a t i v e t o c a b l e a n d D S L . W i M A X w i l l p r o v i d e f i x e d , n o m a d i c , p or t a b l e a n d m o b i l e w i r e l e s s broadband connectivity without the need for direct line-of-sight w i t h a b a s e s t a t i o n . I n a t y p i c a l c e l l r a d i u s d e p l o y m e n t of t h r e e t o 1 0 k i l o m e t e r s . W i M A X i s a c e r t i f i c a t i o n m a r k , or ' s t a m p o f a p p r o v a l ' g i v e n t o e q u i p m e n t t h a t m e e t s c e r t a i n c o n f or m i t y a n d i n t e r o p e r a b i l i t y t e s t s f o r t h e I E E E 8 0 2 . 1 6 f am i l y o f s t a n d a r d s .

Wimax is the real wireless architecture by which wireless range can be extended to 49.6 kms compared with Wi-Fi 91 mts a n d b l u e t o o t h s 9 m t s . S e r v i c e pr o v i d e r s w i l l d e p l o y a n e t w o r k o f towers that will enable access over many miles. Internet access is instantly available anywhere within coverage areas. It also boasts 7 0 M b p s o f t h e d a t a r a t e s t h a t s u p p o r t t h o u s a n d s of u s e r s .

About Wimax forum:Wimax forum is an industry led non- profit organization which was formed in the year 2001 with founding members as Intel, Fujitsu etc and at present having more than 500 members which include equipment manufacturers, ,service providers. Any products of Wimax must be certified by this forum since it conducts series of tests which ensures interoperability of devices manufactured by any one. The logo given below should be on each Wimax device.

Why is WiMAX needed? I t i s i m p o r t a n t t o u n d e r s t a n d t h e c u r r e n t s t a t e of t e c h n i c a l f r a g m e n t a t i o n o f t h e b r o a d b a n d w i r e l e s s i n d u s t r y . E ar l y b r o a d b a n d w i r e l e s s s y s t e m s b e g a n a s e x t e n s i o n s of i n d o or l o c a l area network (LAN) technology known as Wifi or the 802.11b protocol. This standard has evolved into a ubiquitous and widely a v a i l a b l e s t a n d a r d u s e d i n s h o r t r a n g e h ot s p o t s a l l o v e r t h e g l o b e . H o w e v e r , t h e m e d i a a c c e s s c o n t r o l l e r ( M A C ) a n d p h y s i c a l l a y er ( P H Y) s p e c i f i c a t i o n s f o r t h i s pr o t o c o l a r e s u b o p t i m u m f o r outdoor citywide wireless networks or metropolitan area networks (MAN). Recent updates and new standards such as 802.11g and 802.11a have improved these elements. However, once again t h e s e t e c h n o l o g i e s a r e c o n f i g ur e d f or b e s t p e r f o r m a n c e i n s m a l l venues and at short range. To compensate vendors developed proprietary MAC and PHY layers based on the root LAN standard of 802.11. Many of these systems are in use today and possess significant improvements in modulation scheme, polling technology and data transport that enable effective and modestly a f f o r d a b l y c i t y w i d e o r r u r a l w i r e l e s s n e t w o r k s . H o w e v e r , n o n e of t h e s e p r o p r i e t a r y i t e r a t i o n s of t h e t e c h n o l o g y a r e e x a c t l y t h e same. No two companys products will work with each other. This means that broadband wireless carriers must use base stations and customer premise equipment from the same vendor in any given city---which may not be the best solution in some geographic and r a d i o f r e q u e n c y ( RF ) e n v i r o n m e n t s .

Requirements to Implement this technology :Wimax Tower

This Wimax tower has coverage area of nearly 3000 Sq miles..These towers are generally situated on top of the buildings.. The above given Wimax tower is manufactured by Proxim Wireless. Wimax Subscriber Device

These subscriber devices or receivers could be a small box, PCMCIA cards built in laptops or even Wimax wireless modems. All these devices should be Wimax forum certified.

F u n d a m e n t a l t e c h n o l o g i e s i n W i m a x: O F D M ( O r t h o g o n a l F r e q u e n c y D i v i s i o n M u l t i p l e x i n g) : I t i s f u n d a m e n t a l t e c h n o l o g y i n d i gi t a l T V . I t t r a n s m i t s m u l t i p l e signals simultaneously across the wireless transmission with in s e p a r a t e f r e q u e n c y t o a v o i d i n t er f e r e n c e .I t i s a l s o s u p p o r t e d i n WLAN standard .OFDM will almost certainly become the dominant technology in all wireless technologies . Multiple Input Multiple Output Smart Antenna Technology 1) MIMO uses multiple antennas at both ends of the wireless connection (base station and subscriber device) to enable data to travel along multiple independent paths. 2) For example, a 1x2 configuration refers to a device with 1 Tx (transmit) and 2 Rx (receive) antennas; similarly, 3x3 refers to 3 Tx and 3 Rx antennas. ADAPTIVE MODULATION:Many systems in the past decade have involved in the fixed m o d u l a t i o n o f f e r i n g a t r a d e o f f b e t w e e n h i g h er o r d e r m o d ul a t i o n s f o r h i g h e r d a t a r a t e s , b u t r e q u i r i n g m or e o p t i m a l l i n k s or m o r e robust lower order that will operate only at lower data rates .But 8 0 2 . 1 6 s u p p o r t s a d a p t i v e d e l t a m o d u l a t i o n b a l a n c i n g d i f f er e n t data rates and link quality, making most efficient use of band width.

FDD AND TDD:The standard also supports both frequency and time division m u l t i p l e x i n g t o e n a b l e i n t er o p e r a b i l i t y w i t h c e l l u l a r a n d o t h e r w i r e l e s s s y s t e m s . F D D h a s w i d e l y d e p l o y e d i n c e l l u l ar t e l e p h o n y . I t r e q u i r e s t w o c h a n n e l p a i r s . O n e f or t r a n s m i s s i o n a n d other for reception with some frequency separation between them t o m i g r a t e s e l f - i n t e r f e r e n c e .T D D u s e s a s i n g l e c h a n n e l f or b o t h upstreams and downstream transmissions, dynamically allocating b a n d w i d t h r e q u i r e m e n t d e p e n d i n g o n t h e t r af f i c r e q u i r e m e n t s How WiMAX works? A W i M A X s y s t e m c o n s i s t s of t w o p a r t s : I. A WiMAX tower, similar in concept to a cell-phone t o w e r - A s i n g l e W i M A X t o w e r c a n pr o v i d e c o v e r a g e t o a v er y large area -- as big as 3,000 square miles (~8,000 square km). II. A WiMAX receiver - The receiver and antenna could be a small box or PCMCIA card, or they could be built into a laptop the way WiFi access is today. A WiMAX tower station can c o n n e c t d i r e c t l y t o t h e I n t e r n e t u s i n g a h i g h- b a n d w i d t h , w i r e d connection. It can a l s o c o n n e c t t o a n o t h e r W i M A X t o w e r u s i n g a l i n e - of - s i g h t , m i c r o w a v e l i n k . T h i s c o n n e c t i o n t o a s e c o n d t o w e r ( of t e n r e f er r e d t o a s a b a c k h a u l ) , a l o n g w i t h t h e a b i l i t y o f a s i n g l e t o w e r t o c o v er u p t o 3 , 0 0 0 s q u a r e m i l e s , i s w h a t a l l o w s W i M A X t o pr o v i d e coverage to remote rural areas. What this points out is that WiMAX actually can provide two forms of wireless service: I. T h e r e i s t h e n o n - l i n e- o f - s i g h t , W i F i s o r t of s e r v i c e , w h e r e a s m a l l a n t e n n a o n y o ur c o m p u t e r c o n n e c t s t o t h e t o w e r . I n this mode, WiMAX uses a lower frequency range -- 2 GHz to 11 GHz (similar to WiFi). Lower-wavelength transmissions are not

as easily disrupted by physical obstructions -- they are better able to diffract, or bend, around obstacles. II. T h e r e i s l i n e - o f - s i g h t s e r v i c e , w h e r e a f i x e d di s h antenna points straight at the WiMAX tower from a rooftop or pole. The line-of-sight connection is stronger and more stable, so i t ' s a b l e t o s e n d a l o t o f d a t a w i t h f e w e r e r r o r s . L i n e - of - s i g h t transmissions use higher frequencies, with ranges reaching a p o s s i b l e 6 6 G H z . A t h i g h e r f r e q u e n c i e s , t h e r e i s l e s s i n t e r f er e n c e and lots more bandwidth. W i - F i - s t y l e a c c e s s w i l l b e l i m i t e d t o a 4 - t o- 6 m i l e r a d i u s ( p e r h a p s 2 5 s q u a r e m i l e s o r 6 5 s q u a r e k m of c o v e r a g e , w h i c h i s s i m i l a r i n r a n g e t o a c e l l - p h o n e z o n e ) . T h r o u g h t h e s t r o n g e r l i n e - of - s i g h t antennas, the WiMAX transmitting station would send data to WiMAX-enabled computers or routers set up within the t r a n s m i t t e r ' s 3 0 - m i l e r a d i u s ( 2 , 8 0 0 s q u a r e m i l e s or 9 , 3 0 0 s q u a r e km of coverage). This is what allows WiMAX to achieve its maximum range.

What WiMAX can do? WiMAX operates on the same general principles as WiFi -- it s e n d s d a t a f r o m o n e c o m p u t e r t o a n o t h er v i a r a d i o s i g n a l s . A computer equipped with WiMAX would receive data from the W i M A X t r a n s m i t t i n g s t a t i o n , pr o b a b l y u s i n g e n c r y p t e d d a t a k e y s to prevent unauthorized users from stealing access.

T h e f a s t e s t W i F i c o n n e c t i o n c a n t r a n s m i t u p t o 5 4 m e g a b i t s p er second under optimal conditions. WiMAX should be able to handle up to 70 megabits per second. Even once that 70 megabits i s s p l i t u p b e t w e e n s e v e r a l d o z e n b u s i n e s s e s or a f e w h u n d r e d home users, it will provide at least the equivalent of cable-modem transfer rates to each user. The biggest difference isn't speed; it's distance. WiMAX outdistances WiFi by miles. WiFi's range is about 100 feet (30 m ) . W i M A X w i l l b l a n k e t a r a d i u s of 3 0 m i l e s ( 5 0 k m ) w i t h wireless access. The increased range is due to the frequencies u s e d a n d t h e p o w e r o f t h e t r a n s m i t t e r . Of c o u r s e , a t t h a t d i s t a n c e , t e r r a i n , w e a t h e r a n d l a r g e b u i l di n g s w i l l a c t t o r e d u c e t h e maximum range in some circumstances, but the potential is there to cover huge tracts of land. Features:Advanced Security S e c u r i t y f e a t u r e s o f W i m a x i n c l u e d t h e f ol l o w i n g Extensible Authentication Protocol (EAP) Advanced Encryption Standard (AES) Cipher-based Message Authentication Code (CMAC) Hashed Message Authentication Code (HMAC) Licensed Spectrum S p e c t r u m i s e i t h e r l i c e n s e d or unlicensed. Unlicensed spectrum i s o p e n t o a n y u s e r s , w h i c h r a i s e s t h e p o s s i b i l i t y of i n t e r f e r e n c e from other devices. Wi-Fi networks use unlicensed spectrum. WIMAX service providers use licensed spectrum, which allows e x c l u s i v e r i g h t s t o i t s u s e f o r m o r e pr e d i c t a b i l i t y a n d s t a b i l i t y .

IEEE 802.16

Specifications R a n g e - 3 0 - m i l e ( 5 0 - k m ) r a di u s f r o m b a s e s t a t i o n S p e e d - 7 0 m e g a b i t s p er s e c o n d Line-of-sight not needed between user and base station Frequency bands - 2 to 11 GHz and 10 to 66 GHz (licensed and unlicensed bands)

IEEE Standards:The current 802.16 standard is IEEE Std 802.16e-2005 approved i n D e c e m b e r 2 0 0 5 . I t f o l l o w e d o n f r o m I E E E S t d 8 0 2 . 1 6- 2 0 0 4 , w h i c h r e p l a c e d I E E E S t a n d a r d s 8 0 2 . 1 6- 2 0 0 1 , 8 0 2 . 1 6 c - 2 0 0 2 , a n d 802.16a-2003. I E E E S t d 8 0 2 . 1 6 - 2 0 0 4 ( 8 0 2 . 1 6 d) a d d r e s s e s o n l y f i x e d s y s t e m s . 802.16e adds mobility components to the standard

FEATURES OF 802.16a:802.16a is a version of wimax and offers excellent capabilities. T h e t y p i c a l c e l l r a d i u s o f 8 0 2 . 1 6 a s y s t e m s i s e x p e c t e d t o b e f o ur to six miles. This new standard will help the industry provide solutions across multiple broadband segments. The features are as follows. Broadband on-demand 8 0 2 . 1 6 a w i r e l e s s t e c h n o l o g y e n a b l e s a s e r v i c e p r o v i d er t o provide service with speed comparable to a wired solution in a matter of days, and at significantly reduced cost. It also enables i n s t a n t l y c o n f i g u r a b l e ' o n d e m a n d ' h i g h- s p e e d c o n n e c t i v i t y f o r temporary events such as trade shows. C e l l u l a r b a c k h a u l :-

The robust bandwidth of 802.16 technologies makes it an excellent choice to carry backhaul traffic for cellular base s t a t i o n s i n a p o i n t - t o - p o i n t c o n f i g ur a t i o n . Residential broadband:Filling the gaps in cable and DSL coverage - Practical limitations prevent cable and DSL technologies from reaching m a n y p o t e n t i a l b r o a d b a n d c u s t o m e r s . T hi s w i l l c h a n g e w i t h t h e launch of standards-based systems based on 802.16a.

Underserved areas:Wireless internet technology based on IEEE 802.16 is also a natural choice for underserved rural and outlying areas with low population density. Best-connected wireless Service: -T h e I E E E 8 0 2 . 1 6 e e x t e n s i o n t o 8 0 2 . 1 6 a i n t r o d u c e s nomadic capabilities which will allow users to connect while roaming outside their home areas. IEEE 802.16e IEEE 802.16e formally named, but still best known as, 802.16e or M o b i l e W i M A X p r o v i d e s a n i m pr o v e m e n t o n t h e m o d u l a t i o n schemes stipulated in the original WiMAX standard. It allows for f i x e d w i r e l e s s a n d m o b i l e N o n L i n e of S i g h t a p p l i c a t i o n s primarily by enhancing the OFDMA. Advantages over Wi-Fi In practical terms, WiMAX would operate similar to WiFi but at higher speeds, over greater distances and for a greater number of users. T h e W i M A X s p e c i f i c a t i o n pr o v i d e s s y m m e t r i c a l b a n d w i d t h o v e r m a n y k i l om e t e r s a n d r a n g e w i t h s t r o n g e r encryption and typically less interference.

W i - F i i s s h o r t r a n g e h a s WE P o r W P A e n c r y p t i o n a n d suffers from interference as in metropolitan areas where there are many users. I t p r o v i d e s c o n n e c t i v i t y b e t w e e n n e t w or k e n d p o i n t s without the need for direct line of sight in favourable circumstances. The n o n - l i n e- o f - s i g h t pr o p a g a t i o n (NLOS) p e r f o r m a n c e r e q u i r e s t h e . 1 6 d or . 1 6 e r e v i s i o n s , s i n c e t h e l o w e r frequencies are needed. It relies upon multi-path signals, somewhat in the manner of 802.11n.

WiMAX Systems:T h i s f i g u r e s h o w s t h a t w i m a x s y s t e m s m a y b e u s e d t o p r o vi d e point to point and point to multi point communication service can provide different types of communication service from a common digital system this diagram shows that wimax can be used to provide dedicated high speed data links to hundreds of user in relatively large geographical area.

WiMAX Radio:At the core of WiMAX is the WiMAX radio. A radio contains both a transmitter (sends) and a receiver (receives). It generates electrical oscillations at a frequency known as the carrier frequency (in WiMAX that is usually between 2 and 11 GHz). A radio might be thought of as a networking device similar to a router or a bridge in that it is managed by software and is composed of circuit boards containing very complex chip sets. WiMAX architecture, very simply put, is built upon two components: radios and antennas. Most WiMAX products offer a base station radio separate from the antenna. Conversely, many CPE devices are also two piece solutions with an antenna on the outside of the building and subscriber station indoors as illustrated in the

APPLICATIONS:. Following are some mobility usages of wimax. . Cellular backhaul:-

T h e m a r k e t f o r c e l l u l a r s e r v i c e s i s b e c o m i n g m or e a n d m or e competitive .To stay in the business, the cellular o p e r a t or s a r e c o n s t a n t l y l o o k i n g f o r w a y s t o r e d u c e t h e o p er a t i n g c o s t s . B a c k h a u l c o s t s f o r c e l l u l a r o p e r a t o r s w i l l r e pr e s e n t a s i g n i f i c a n t p o s i t i o n o f t h e i r r e c u r r i n g c o s t s . W i M A X c a n pr o v i d e p oi n t t o p o i n t l i n k s u p t o 3 0 m i l e s w i t h d a t a r a t e s c a p a b l e of s u p p o r t i n g m u l t i p l e E 1 / T 1 s c e l l u l a r c a n t h er e f o r e u s e W i M A X e q u i p m e n t t o b a c k h a u l b a s e s t a t i o n t r a f f i c t o t h e i r N e t w o r k o p er a t i o n s a n d switching centers as shown below

Banking networks :-

Large banks can connect their branches and ATM sites to their r e g i o n a l o f f i c e s t h r o u g h a pr i v a t e W i M A X c a r r y i n g v o i c e , d a t a a n d v i d e o t r a f f i c a s s h o w n b e l o w . T h e s e s p r e a d o v er a w i d e ar e a and need high security and band width to handle the traffic. Campus connectivity:G o v e r n m e n t a g e n c i e s , l ar g e e n t e r pr i s e s i n d u s t r i a l c a m p u s e s , t r a n s p o r t a t i o n hubs, u n i v e r s i t y s , a n d c o l l e g e s c a n u s e W i M A X t o connect multiple locations, sites and offices with in their campus as shown below .campus systems require high data capacity low latency, a large coverage foot print and high security

CONCLUSION:-

W i M A X c o u l d p o t e n t i a l l y e r a s e t h e s u b u r b a n a n d r ur a l b l a c k o u t a r e a s t h a t c u r r e n t l y h a v e n o br o a d b a n d I n t e r n e t a c c e s s because phone and cable companies have not yet run the necessary wires to those remote locations.

WiMAX can also solve the problem of how to keep wireless notebooks and other mobile devices connected between 802.11 hotspots. An 802.16e amendment will add mobility to 8 0 2 . 1 6 . A s e a r l y a s 2 0 0 8 , 8 0 2 . 1 6 c o u l d b e i n c or p o r a t e d i nt o e n d user devices on the move.

Future with Wimax: E n g a g i n g i n a n e p i c , m u l t i p l a y e r 3- D b a t t l e o n a t r a i n Video conferencing from the park Looking up the nearest local bookstore or getting directions to a restaurant while on the move Downloading movies while at the soccer field S t a y i n g p r o d u c t i v e o n t h e r o a d w i t h o u t s e a r c h i n g f or h o t s p o t s This is our futureand WiMAX will deliver it.

References:

www.wimaxforum.org www.wimax.com www.ieee.org WiMAX: Taking Wireless to the MAX by Deepak pareek Wireless Networks: Multiuser Detection in Cross-Layer Design by Christina Comaniciu, H. Vincent Poor, Narayan B. Mandayam en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WiMAX