Abstract The main idea of this project is to discuss how to use the waste energy of an automobile to efficient an automobile

air-conditioning system. In this project I have discussed how to efficient an automobile air conditioner by reusing the heat energy from the exhaust of the car. I have considered the typical car size and the cooling load required and also a model of the system. Introduction Like the household air conditioners, automobile air conditioners must provide the adequate comfort cooling to the passengers in the car. This is a conditional space which will face to variety if ambient conditions. As the automobile moves in different speeds and different climatic changes the load factor will rapidly change. For an instant when the car is moving in a highway or a freeway at different speeds and through a hot temperature condition there will be a grater heat transfer between the outdoor and the inside surface of the automobile. So in summery when the car moves in different conditions the loading factor will be subjected to different ups and downs. Therefore a good automobile air conditioner design should meet those facts above to work efficiently. The engine in an automobile won t supply the entire power output to the system which will only utilize about 35% of the available energy. The rest of the energy is lost to the cooling and exhaust system. Adding a powerful air conditioner will be a great idea. But this option is having lot of issues. The main issue is that it consumes more fuel than the normal automobile air conditioners. This will also decrease the life of the engine. If someone is adding a conventional air conditioner it further utilizes about 5% of the total energy. For a small car the required compressor size is about 3-4bhp, a significant ratio of the power output. So it is clear that there are lot of issues in automobile air-conditioning. It is time to propose a car air conditioner system that is working by using the exhaust heat of the car. Advantages using this system are that it does not affect the fuel consumption and the efficiency life of the engine. Air condition systems in automobiles basically using vapor compression refrigeration cycle which in which the entire energy input is the electrical energy from the alternator. This is to drive the motor of the compressor. As we know, compressing a gaseous refrigerant requires much more energy than compressing liquid refrigerant. In this project I have proposed a model for an automobile air-conditioning system by considering the typical car size and the cooling load requirement.

Objective Main objective of this project is to design a system that can use the energy of the exhaust heat of an automobile. To build this system I have gone through the following objectives y y y y Calculating the typical car size Calculating the cooling load required. Designing a system that can use the exhaust heat and an explanation about the working procedure of the system. By considering the above calculated data, concluding the required size of the automobile air conditioner needed.

Proposal And Discussion Absorption cycle can be used when there is a source of inexpensive thermal energy at a temperature of 100 C to 200 C. In this project I have used the waste heat from the car as the source of thermal energy. The proposed design is as below.

Condenser

Rectifier

Generator
Expansion Valve (Liquid ammonia and Water)

Exhaust gas in Exhaust gas out

Expansion Valve

Regenerator

Evaporator

Absorber

Pump

Fig 1: Proposal for the project

2

According to the above proposed model, it is based on the two fluid vapor absorption systems. This system is consists with the basic components needed for vapor absorption system. Although Ammonia is considered as a highly toxic compound there will be no issue using it in this proposal because there is no any moving part, therefore no leakage will be occur. Water is used because it has ability to absorb ammonia readily. The working process of this system is as follows. The exhaust gas is used to heat the ammonia in the generator. Before the condenser, a rectifier has used. This will remove water from ammonia vapor and pass water back to the generator. Then this high pressure ammonia will continue its journey through the rest of the cycle. During the process of evaporation, the liquid ammonia will absorb the latent heat from the refrigerated space and then produce the cooling effect. [2] When considering the typical car size, the arrangement of these various components used in this proposal is also challenging. In the proposed model, condenser and the evaporator are arranged as a one fixed unit. The absorber is fixed immediately below the radiator. In practical, the generator is mounted as close to the exhaust as possible to save on heat losses from the gases. The generator is a fairly large unit, so It can be placed below the engine. The determination of actual load required in an automobile becomes very difficult and challenging. This is because of the variation of the load due to various climatic conditions when the automobile is exposed during the long terms. Therefore, the cooling loads are considered in steady state conditions. This is also affected by outside obstacles to the car and also the heat gained through the panels, floors, roofs and many other parts of the car. I have analyzed the typical cooling load required and mentioned below.

HEAT LOAD Roof, was and glasses solar radiation Air leakage Normal heat gain through glass Normal heat gain through walls and others Passenger( including the driver)

AMOUNT OF HEAT (KJ/hr) 300 1000 1200 4300 1200

Fig 2: Table for the Heat Load considered in the Analysis. [1]

According to the above figure, the maximum amount of heat is gained through the walls and other parts of the car is mentioned below.

The total heat load required = 8000KJ/hr = 2.222 KJ/sec.

The amount of useful heat in the exhaust of an automobile is roughly between 3-6 KJ/sec. This value may change due to different throttling positions and engine speeds. Exhaust temperature may vary from 550 650 degrees of Celsius depending on different engine status. [1]

A ton of refrigeration is defined as the cooling power of one short ton which is roughly around 2000 pounds or 907 KG of ice melting in a 24 period time. This is around 3517 watts. [3] Or simply it transfers 211,000 Joules per Minute.

By the table above we can see that the heat load inside the car is 2.2KW. Therefore to fulfill this heat load, a one ton air conditioning unit is more than sufficient for an automobile application. To install a one ton air conditioning unit the heat required for the generator is about 3.02KJ/sec. The useful heat available in the exhaust gas is more than sufficient the heat required. Therefore the generator is able to run the air conditioner unit.

Conclusion In this project I have explained how to use the exhaust heat of an automobile to function an absorption refrigeration cycle. It has shown that this exhaust energy is more than enough the energy needed to run the generator and also by considering the typical loading of an automobile I have shown that one ton air conditioner unit is sufficient. In summery the exhaust heat is sufficient to generate ammonia vapor from ammonia solution for one ton air conditioning system. This system does not use the direct energy of the system; therefore it does not affect the fuel consumption and also the lifespan of the engine.

Referrences [1] http://www.jgsee.kmutt.ac.th/see1/cd/file/E-011.pdf [2]Thermodynamics an engineering approach by yunus A. Cengel and Michael A. Boles 7th edition [3]http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Air_conditioner#cite_note-13 [4]http://www.jgsee.kmutt.ac.th/see1/cd/file/E-011.pdf [5]http://www.behrgroup.com/Internet/behrcms_eng.nsf/$all/67641F7C8F737AF8C12571F400 254336?open&qm=leftmenu1,3,1,2 [6]http://www.green-energy-news.com/arch/nrgs2009/20090029.html