Thomas Whittingham

20036515

CONTENTS PAGE
Preamble.....Page 1 Introduction.Page 2 Assumptions.....Page 3 Thermodynamic module .......Page 4 Calculations....Page 5-7 Calculated losses...Page 8
quantification of error..page 9

EP consultants Improvements.Page 10 6 Thompson road References.Page12 Sheffield S11 8RB Appendices.Page14 07983579422

Thomas Whittingham
Eco house heat exchanger
55-5998

NOMENCLANTURE 1 1 / 2 3 / 2 0 1 1 To investigate different types of heat exchangers

geometries, suitable for use in a eco house. Defining the exchangers design charistics, heat transfer area, external and internal geomenty and pressure drop ,with the required fan giving implications for the expected energy saving. calculations have been made with two methods namely, log mean tempreature diffrence (LMTD) and the effectiveness number of thermal units (-NTU) with detailed discussions and application of both methods the primary aim of this report is to mathematically model a air to air heat exchanger of sensible geometry and a relatively small pressure drop.

Thomas Whittingham

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INTRODUCTION
to save on the energy required to heat the eco house all most all draughts will be sealed resulting in no mass transfer of heat energy throught the hot fluid escaping and cold fluid entering. The

Building Research Establishment [1] notes that the exfiltration of warm air can account for as much as 30% of the heat loss through a buildings envelope.
As the required air changers required per hour for hermitically sealed house is 0.6 per hour [2] the aim of EP consultancy is to design a suitable air replacement system that can extract as mutch usefull heat from the warmed slate air , Reducing the enviromental impact of the house. Hope fully gainin the aproval of channel fours Kevin mercloud.. essesially EP will mathmaticaially desighn and anlise sevral different types of heat exchanger namely, cross flow, shell and tube and plate type.all spefications will be suitable for the eco house. design, sizing and rating analysis shall be conducted through several different methods; Log Mean Temperature Difference. Epsilon-Number of thermal units. Overall Heat Transfer co-efficient. Full descriptions of each method shall be given in the body of the report and all geometric configurations shall be evaluated and compared from the perspective of price ,effectiveness ,practabilty, size, and expected enegy saving. heat exchangeres are a device for efectivially tranfering heat between two mediums.the gouvning principal that drives this heat transfer is the "Zeroth law" stating that if a fluid or medium is in contact with another fluid whoes tempreature is lower than its own, given enough time the two fluids will reach thermal equalibrium.the second law of thermodynamics is also of critical importance to heat exchangers "energy cannot be created or destroyed only converted from one from to another. meaning that the total energy lost from the warm stale air must be gained by the cold fresh air. Of course assuming no external heat loss is present and the operation is steady state.

Thomas Whittingham

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Predicted by theory and proven by practise E.P Consultants will supply a correctly specified and practically sized heat exchanging air replacement system. Witch shall pay back its initial capital out lay in ((((years))

ANALYSIS OF HEAT EXCHANGER TYPES

To correctly design a heat exchanger to the highest effencie, whitind a size sutable for unobtruise operation, Basic fluid stream configurations must be evaluated. THE 3 MAIN CLASSIFICATIONS FOR FLUID STREAM CONFIGURATION ARE ; Parallel flow

When the hot fluid and the cold fluid stream are flowing in the same direction.as both fluids enter the exchanger a large temperature difference will be present. Along the Couse of the exchanger the fluids exchange heat, from the hotter to the cooler, as the length of the exchanger is increased so the fluids approach thermal equibrilium. as can be seen in FIG[3] the highest possible temperatures the cold fluid can obtain is the mean of the hot and cold fluid entrance temperatures

Thomas Whittingham cross flow

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The schematic for the house is shown below.

Thomas Whittingham

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ASSUMPTIONS
Assumptions and their respective error are to be quantified later in the report As the house is a terrace and no data was available for the heating of the two adjoining properties, so the difference in temperature is assumed to be zero and so there is no driving force for heat transfer enabling the two adjoin wall to be eliminated from the model. all walls are assumed to be isothermal flat plates

Thomas Whittingham

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the boiler used in the house is a combination system with an efficiency of 85% Air properties at different temperatures were graphed and polynomial trend lines inserted. These polynomials were then manipulated and used as VBA code allowing greater accuracy. the basement is the exact same area as the first floor and the temperature is a steady (7c) throughout the year {1} radiation loss is taken as negligible h values for front and back wall were taken as the same h values were worked out for one side of the roof both internal and external. the values for the area of the sides were then doubled for calculations of Q weather data was gathered from 53.21.02 - 1.28 at an altitude of 160.02 m {2} (analogous to location) In the double glazing no convection of heat takes place only conduction mechanisms are present. the house was steady state The house took no time to heat up to the required temperature The h values for the windows were the same as the walls. Internal and external. There will be no solar gain.

THERMODYNAMIC MODULE
The module All data and subsequent calculations are present within Microsoft excel. Allowing the consultants to process large data sets and perform huge swathes of calculations.

Thomas Whittingham

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A simplified (user friendly) model is available to the client upon request.

The following has been included in the model conduction 1. through 2. through 3. through 4. through 5. through

walls and plaster the roof the basement the front door windows

convection 1. forced convection (external) 2. natural convection (internal) weather data 1. 5 minuet data averaged over 2 years. Gaining temperatures and wind speeds at applicable times in the day. 2. extensive use of VBA to extract above values interpolation of air properties linked to VBA coding iterative calculations to accurately calculate values for h

CALCULATIONS
Most of the formulas used in the report are taken and adapted from "introduction to THERMAL and FLUIDS ENGINEERING" {3} Giving conductive heat transfer as

Thomas Whittingham Q=k*A*T1-T2L {3} And conductive heat transfer as Q=h*a*(Ts-Tf) {3}

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Combing the two expressions for the wall facing SSW gives (noting that the arrears are exactly the same for each surface)

And then for the windows facing SSW

With the h values being worked out with a series of calculation's Analysed first is forced convection (h outer) (considering fluid flow over an isothermal flat plate.) Firstly calculated is the Reynolds number given by (where x is the length of plate under consideration) Re=*v*x And Pr is given by Pr=kcp {3} {3}

Then imputing the two values gained in to below formula Nu=Hlk=0.664Re12*Pr13 {3} Re arranging to give the value for the external h value

Thomas Whittingham

20036515

Now for the internal value of h (natural conduction ) First needed is the volume expansivity of air: =1k For an ideal gas {3}

Next the Grashof number: Gr=g**Ts-Tf*L32 {3} Multiplication of the Grashof number by the prandalt number gives rise to Rayleigh number: and if the geometry of the plate is known a Nusselt number can be gained. From: Nu=0.1*Ra13 {3} or more aptly Nu=0.825+0.387*Ra161+0.429Pr9168272

As the Ts is not known a guess has to made initially iterations are then carried out through the rearrangement of the above formulas. a detailed run through one iteration will be included in the appendix.

All k values were taken from {4} For the iteration of h values (internal) the following sequence was followed A guess was made for the surface temperature. giving Ts as (Tf -2) Allowing a Q value to be calculated. and thus a value for h Re arranging the formula to give a nusselt number. Nu=hlk Taking this back to the Rayleigh number

Thomas Whittingham

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And then back to the surface temperature (in this case for the roof)

Re inserting this value of Ts in to the original formula (remembering to enable iterative calculation's) Giving accurate h values for all walls and roofs. INTERPERELATION of air properties the below table was graphed and interpolated for all the relevant air properties.

C kg/m3 kg/m.s kj/kg.K W/mK Temp (c) Cp K Pr -20 1.3958 1.6222000E-05 1005.4 0.022507 -15 1.3687 1.6478000E-05 1005.4 0.022903 -10 1.3426 1.6731100E-05 1005.5 0.023296 -5 1.3175 1.6982100E-05 1005.5 0.023686 0 1.2933 1.7231000E-05 1005.6 0.024073 5 1.2699 1.7478100E-05 1005.7 0.024548 10 1.2474 1.7722000E-05 1005.8 0.02484 15 1.2257 1.7965100E-05 1005.9 0.025219 20 1.2047 1.8205100E-05 1006.1 0.025596 25 1.1845 1.8444100E-05 1006.3 0.025969 30 1.1649 1.8681000E-05 1006.5 0.026341 35 1.1459 1.8915100E-05 1006.7 0.02671 40 1.1275 1.9148100E-05 1006.9 0.027076 45 1.1098 1.9379100E-05 1007.2 0.02744

0.72467 0.72337 0.72212 0.72092 0.71977 0.71866 0.71759 0.71657 0.71559 0.71465 0.71375 0.71289 0.71207 0.71128

QUANTIFICATION OF ASSUMPTIONS
"Radiation heat loss will be near zero"

Thomas Whittingham

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As shown above the total radiative heat loss for all the windows is a pitifully small value not worth addition to the total heat loss. Radiation only becomes an apparent heat transfer mechanism at larger temperatures due to the forth power. Exhibiting exponential transformation. "all walls are assumed to be isothermal flat plates" If actual surface roughness was taken in to account the solution would be far beyond the scope of our model and having a small effect on the major causes of heat loss.

"In the double glazing no convection of heat takes place only conduction mechanisms are present." Again too complex for the model to include. As the air is in an enclosed surface heat rising on the inner surface will then fall down the outside surface as it cools transferring heat along its journey. a reasonable assumption therefore is conduction of air is the only medtoh of transport. "The house will be steady state" For the purposes of the model, major sources of heat loss have to be identified not a complete analogy of the house. So for the purposes of the model constructed a transient model would require more time and experience resulting in a higher price for the customer.

Thomas Whittingham

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RESULTS

Price including vat = 660.764 Co2 emission from {6} Price for kWh of gas {5} Shown below is the heat loss for one day in May at time's 16:00-22:00

Thomas Whittingham

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SUGGESTED IMPROVEMENTS
As observed from the above table a huge relative heat loss is present in the ground floor windows facing NNW. Calculations were then carried out by our team inserting a double glazed window in to the mathematical model where there once was a single glazed window. With the double glazing added:

Q calculation's for window NNW GF temp inner temp outer total area of window length of glass length of air

20 11.057 34 5.68 0.004 0.08

Thomas Whittingham

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gap k for glass k for air h inner h outer Q=

0.96 0.0252 19 10.210 97 25.360 88 15.309 13

Giving rise to a calculated saving of 43.25 per year With the new windows and fitting costing around 700 pay back can be expected within 16 years.

More expensive and invasive heat retention technology is available on the market. These innovations can save the client much more on their energy bills a discussion of the clients wished capital expenditure is advised and a suitable energy saving strategy can be implemented. Some examples to consider are: Floor insulation, Solid wall insulation, a chimney balloon, planting trees on the front and back of the properties to block the flow of wind. Less obvious methods include having 2 Mediterranean neighbours.

CONCLUSION
The total calculated heat loss for the house under investigation is Kwh/Y

With a carbon cost of And a capital cost of 660.7

KG/co2

Thomas Whittingham

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With the installation of double glazing on the ground floor NNW an expected saving of 43.25/y is possible

Further consultation between client and engineering team will lead to capital identified as available for improvements to be properly managed. Resulting in greater carbon and capital savings for you the costumer.

REFERENCES
{1} T = Tmean - Tamp * e[ -Depth * (/365/)0.5] * COS {2/365 * [tnow - tshift - Depth/2 * (365//)0.5]}

Thomas Whittingham From

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Kasuda, T., and Archenbach, P.R. "Earth Temperature amd Thermal Diffusivity at Selected Stations in the United States", ASHRAE Transactions, Vol. 71, Part 1, 1965 {2} http://www.sheffieldweather.co.uk/Weather%20Data.htm Taken on 20/10/2011

{3}
"introduction to THERMAL and FLUIDS ENGINEERING " by Deborah A. Kaminski. Michael K Jensen published by WILEY

{4}

http://www.engineeringtoolbox.com/ on the 20/10/2011

{5} http://www.biomassenergycentre.org.uk/portal/page? _pageid=75,59188&_dad=por tal {6} http://www.engineeringtoolbox.com/co2-emission-fuels-d_1085.html

examples of excell sheet

Thomas Whittingham

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Thomas Whittingham

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Thomas Whittingham

20036515