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Introduction Linear stability analysis Mathematical formulation Numerical method Validation

Radial Fingering in a Hele-Shaw cell


LadHyx Internship Report, October 3 - December 23, 2011
Marco Nicotra
DIA, Politecnico di Milano
Paris, December 2011
Introduction Linear stability analysis Mathematical formulation Numerical method Validation
What is viscous ngering?
Figure: Paterson 1981
investigated for fundamental
reasons and also for industrial
research
archetype for growth patterns
(free-boundary problems)
it limits oil recovery in porous
media
Introduction Linear stability analysis Mathematical formulation Numerical method Validation
The Hele-Shaw ow
Locally plane Poiseuille ow of
Newtonian viscous uid. Take
(x, y) coordinates in plane of cell,
pressure approximately p(x, y, t).
The NS equations reduces to:
u
i
=
b
2
12
i
p
i
i = 1, 2
The governing equation of HS ows is identical to that of ows
through porous media (Darcys law):
b
2
12
K (permeability of the medium)
Introduction Linear stability analysis Mathematical formulation Numerical method Validation
Radial Hele-Shaw cell
Point source at the center of the cell:
u = Q(x x
S
)
Compatibility condition at the outow boundary:
^r u =
Q
2r
out
where ^r is the unit vector in the radial direction. In terms of the
pressure:
p
r
=
12
b
2
Q
2r
out
.
Introduction Linear stability analysis Mathematical formulation Numerical method Validation
Boundary conditions at the interface
The pressure drop across the interface depends on the
surface tension through
[p]

= =
_
2
b
+
2d
_
where is the curvature of the interface.
Kinematic condition
x
t
(, t) = u|
x(,t)
where is a Lagrangian parameter.
Introduction Linear stability analysis Mathematical formulation Numerical method Validation
Linear stability analysis (Bataille 1968)
Darcys law in polar coordinates:

i
r
2
+
1
r

i
r
+
1
r
2

2
= 0
where
i
= K
i
p
i
is the velocity potential.
The velocity potential of the steady ow (circular interface) can
be derived as:

(0)
i
=
Q
2
_
ln
r
R
+
K
i
K
2
_
Introduction Linear stability analysis Mathematical formulation Numerical method Validation
Linear stability analysis (Bataille 1968)
As the interface moves, it experiences
perturbations due to inhomogeneities.
Any perturbation can be expressed as an
innite sum of wavelike functions.
a = Af (t)e
in
The required solution is

i
=
(0)
i
+ (1)
i

_
r
n
R
n
_
(1)
i 1
e
in
with to be determined by continuity
at the perturbed interface.
Introduction Linear stability analysis Mathematical formulation Numerical method Validation
Linear stability analysis (Bataille 1968)
The pressure drop across the interface can be expressed as
p
1
p
2
=
_
2
b
+
1
R

a + d
2
a/d
2
R
2
_
This leads to:
df
dt
=
_
Qn
2R
2
_
K
1
K
2
K
1
+ K
2
_

Q
2R
2

n(n
2
1)
R
3
_
K
1
K
2
K
1
+ K
2
__
. .
Growth Rate
f
Introduction Linear stability analysis Mathematical formulation Numerical method Validation
Linear stability analysis (Bataille 1968)
Competition between the destabilization eect due to pumping and
the stabilizing eect due to surface tension.
Introduction Linear stability analysis Mathematical formulation Numerical method Validation
Multiphase ow formulation (Tryggvason & Jan 2001)
Single set of conservation equation for the whole ow eld
Surface tension added by appropriate interface terms to the
governing equations (by functions)
Discontinuous material properties: all variables must be
interpreted in terms of generalized functions
b(x, t) = b
1
+ (b
2
b
1
)H(x, t)
where H is the step function dened by
H(x, t) =
_
S(t)
(x x

)ds

and S(t) is the area bounded by the interface (t).


Introduction Linear stability analysis Mathematical formulation Numerical method Validation
Multiphase ow formulation (Tryggvason & Jan 2001)
The governing equation for the indicator function H is the
following Poisson equation

2
H =
_
(t)
n(x x
f
)d
where n is the inward unit normal.
The interface is advected in a Lagrangian fashion by integrating
dx
f
dt
= u(x
f
)
Introduction Linear stability analysis Mathematical formulation Numerical method Validation
Governing equations
Introducing the hypothesis of the Hele-Shaw ow one obtains the
following 2d governing equations:
u = Q(x x
s
)
u =
_
p
_
(t)
n(x x
f
)d
_
Applying the divergence and using continuity equation:
(p) = Q(x x
s
) +
_

_
(t)
n(x x
f
)d
_
where
=
b
2
12
N.B.: since it doesnt aect the velocity eld we will neglet the
surface tension term depending on the meniscus curvature.
Introduction Linear stability analysis Mathematical formulation Numerical method Validation
Adimensional form of the governing equations
L
R
= b
R
=
1
p
R
= /b U
R
= Q/b
A =
12
1
Q
b

1
/
1

_
= A

(x

s
)+

1
/
1
_

(x

f
)d

_
p

= A

1
1
2
log(r

) (Dirichlet BC)

(x

s
)
u

=
1
A
1
/
1
_

(x

f
)d

_
Introduction Linear stability analysis Mathematical formulation Numerical method Validation
Viscosity ratio eect
0 5 10 15 20
0.035
0.03
0.025
0.02
0.015
0.01
0.005
0
0.005
0.01
0.015
n
G
R

1
= 10

1
= 100

1
= 1000
Introduction Linear stability analysis Mathematical formulation Numerical method Validation
Adimensional parameter eect
0 5 10 15
0.1
0.08
0.06
0.04
0.02
0
0.02
n
G
R



A = 20
A = 10
A = 5
Introduction Linear stability analysis Mathematical formulation Numerical method Validation
Interface structure
A xed grid is used for the conservation equations but a moving
grid of lower dimension marks the boundary between the dierent
phases.
Introduction Linear stability analysis Mathematical formulation Numerical method Validation
Immersed boundary method (Peskin 1977)
Transfer of the information between the interface and the xed grid:
The quantity transferred must be conserved

ij
=

p
D
ij
(x
p
)
xy

p
(e.g. surface tension)
u
p
=

ij
u
ij
D
ij
(x
p
) (velocity)
Introduction Linear stability analysis Mathematical formulation Numerical method Validation
Immersed boundary method (Peskin 1977)
The front is given a nite thickness on the order of the mesh size to
provide smoothness.
D
ij
(x
p
) =
_
x
p
x(i )
x
_

_
y
p
y(j )
y
_
where
(r ) =
_

1
(r ), |r | 1
1/2
1
(2 |r |), 1 < |r | < 2
0, |r | 2
and

1
(r ) =
3 2|r | +
_
1 + 4|r | 4r
2
8
0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3
0
0.05
0.1
0.15
0.2
0.25
0.3
0.35
0.4
0.45
0.5
r

(
r
)
Introduction Linear stability analysis Mathematical formulation Numerical method Validation
Interface reconstruction
Since the interface stretches and deforms greatly it is
necessary to add/delete interface elements
Topology changes (pinching/merging)
Contour level (approximated by a line) across each grid cell at the
value H = 0.5 using linear interpolation.
Introduction Linear stability analysis Mathematical formulation Numerical method Validation
Interface reconstruction
Because we use linear interpolation, neighboring elements from
neighboring cells will always have the same endpoint locations.
Although adjacent elements are not logically connected, their
endpoints are automatically physically linked (no need for explicit
bookkeeping of neighbor elements connectivity).
Introduction Linear stability analysis Mathematical formulation Numerical method Validation
Stretching
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1
0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
0.7
0.8
0.9
1
Vortex ow
u(x) = 2
_
sin
2
(x)sin(y)cos(y)
sin
2
(y)sin(x)cos(x)
_
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1
0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
0.7
0.8
0.9
1


t = 0
t = t
end
Introduction Linear stability analysis Mathematical formulation Numerical method Validation
Merging (/pinching o)
0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5 4
0
0.5
1
1.5
2
2.5
3
3.5
4
x
y
x
y
H = 0.5 contour
0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5 4
0
0.5
1
1.5
2
2.5
3
3.5
4
Introduction Linear stability analysis Mathematical formulation Numerical method Validation
Surface tension treatement
The force on a short segment of the front is given by:
F
e
=
_

nd
Using the Frenet relation n = dt/d, we can write this as:
F
e
=
_
A
B

d = (t
B
t
A
)
Introduction Linear stability analysis Mathematical formulation Numerical method Validation
Surface tension treatement
0.35 0.4 0.45 0.5
0.56
0.58
0.6
0.62
0.64
0.66
Introduction Linear stability analysis Mathematical formulation Numerical method Validation
Surface tension treatement
0.35 0.4 0.45 0.5
0.56
0.58
0.6
0.62
0.64
0.66
Introduction Linear stability analysis Mathematical formulation Numerical method Validation
Solvers (nite dierences)
Poisson equation for the Indicator function:
H
i +1,j
2H
i ,j
+ H
i 1,j
x
2
+
H
i ,j +1
2H
i ,j
+ H
i ,j 1
y
2
=
(N
x
)
i +
1
2
,j
(N
x
)
i
1
2
,j
x
+
(N
y
)
i ,j +
1
2
(N
y
)
i ,j
1
2
y
where
N
i ,j
=

p
n
p
D
ij
(x
p
)
xy

p

_
(t)
n(x x
f
)d
Fast Poisson solver: cyclic reduction algorithmn to solve the
linear system.
Introduction Linear stability analysis Mathematical formulation Numerical method Validation
Solvers (nite dierences)
Poisson equation (with varying coecient) for the pressure:
1
x
2

i +
1
2
,j
(p
i +1,j
p
i ,j
)
i
1
2
,j
(p
i ,j
p
i 1,j
)

+
1
y
2

i ,j +
1
2
(p
i ,j +1
p
i ,j
)
i ,j
1
2
(p
i ,j
p
i ,j 1
)

= Q
i ,j
+
1
x

i +
1
2
,j
(ST
x
)
i +
1
2
,j

i
1
2
,j
(ST
x
)
i
1
2
,j

+
1
y

i ,j +
1
2
(ST
y
)
i ,j +
1
2

i ,j
1
2
(ST
y
)
i ,j
1
2

where
ST
ij
=

p
F
p
D
ij
(x
p
)
xy

(t)
n(x x
f
)d
BiCG-stab algorithmn to solve the resulting unsymmetric
linear system.
N.B.: To evaluate
i
1
2
,j
and
i ,j
1
2
we use a double resolution
for the Indicator function equation.
Introduction Linear stability analysis Mathematical formulation Numerical method Validation
Velocity recovery
u
i
1
2
,j
=
i
1
2
,j
_
(p
i 1,j
p
i ,j
)
x
(ST
x
)
i
1
2
,j
_
v
i
1
2
,j
=
i ,j
1
2
_
(p
i ,j 1
p
i ,j
)
y
(ST
y
)
i ,j
1
2
_
u
i ,j
=
u
i +
1
2
,j
+ u
i
1
2
,j
2
v
i ,j
=
v
i ,j +
1
2
+ v
i ,j
1
2
2
Interpolation to the interface points:
u
p
=

ij
u
ij
D
ij
(x
p
)
Introduction Linear stability analysis Mathematical formulation Numerical method Validation
Linear analysis
0 5 10 15 20
14
12
10
8
6
4
2
0
2
4
6
n
G
r
o
w
t
h
R
a
t
e
Introduction Linear stability analysis Mathematical formulation Numerical method Validation
Non linear case
0 2 4 6 8 10
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
Introduction Linear stability analysis Mathematical formulation Numerical method Validation
Extra options
Mass conservation
Non stationary mass ow rate
...?

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