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Data Acquisition with LabVIEW: Introduction K. Craig 3
Signal Classification
Discrete in Time Discrete in Amplitude Continuous in Amplitude Continuous in Time
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Introduction
Measurement System
This term measurement system includes all components in a chain of hardware and software that leads from the measured variable to processed data. In a modern automobile there are as many as 40 50 sensors (measuring devices) used in implementing various functions necessary to the operation of the car. Knowledge of the instruments available for various measurements, how they operate, and how they interface with other parts of the system is essential for every engineer. Modern engineering systems rely heavily on a multitude of sensors for monitoring and control to achieve optimum operation.
Data Acquisition with LabVIEW: Introduction K. Craig 5
Every application of measurement, including those not yet invented, can be put into one of these three categories or some combination of them:
Monitoring of processes and operations Control of processes and operations Experimental engineering analysis
All Engineers must be able to confidently, with minimal error, and automatically measure physical properties with a computer data acquisition system (DAQ). Common Applications
Input to a design project Evaluate a physical / mathematical model Test a product before shipping quality control Conserve energy; Understand and preserve the environment Help an operator control a machine; Provide safe workplaces
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Why Automate Measurements? Reduce the risk of errors Remove humans from system doing repetitive tasks Perform complex tasks that can not easily be done by hand Automate systems Avoid having to write new computer programs Used extensively in industry DAQ provides essential information for product testing and new product design. DAQ also improves speed and precision by controlling computer hardware with software. Software design is extremely important to stop the spread of poorly-programmed applications used in industry and research today. These poorly-programmed applications run slow, have errors, use too many computer resources, often cause energy inefficiency, and are difficult to read, scale up, and maintain.
Data Acquisition with LabVIEW: Introduction K. Craig 7
Correct, successful DAQ applications require knowledge of hardware and software. The LabVIEW general graphical programming language is an excellent environment for learning how to program correctly, and it is more enjoyable than learning the syntax and format common to text programming. DAQ applications are not limited to making measurements. They also include analyzing and presenting data and performing real-time control.
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Error
Difference between true value and recorded value. Two main sources:
Transducer / Instrument errors Errors caused by the person taking the measurements % accuracy = 100 * (error / true value) % precision = 100 * (measurement mean of n steady-state measurements) / (mean of n steady-state measurements) Accuracy is the degree of closeness of a measured or calculated quantity to its actual (true) value. Precision, also called reproducibility or repeatability, is the degree to which further measurements or calculations show the same or similar results. The results of calculations or a measurement can be accurate but not precise, precise but not accurate, neither, or both.
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Resolution Errors result from the analog-to-digital conversion process in data acquisition. Zero offset If the transducer/instrument should read zero, but gives a nonzero value, it has a zero-offset error. Dynamic Dynamic variables vary with time. An error occurs when the dynamic response of the transducer/instrument does not instantaneously capture the variable value at the time the measurement should occur. Overall The overall error of a transducer/instrument is the square root of the sum of all the instrument errors.
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LabVIEW Program
LabVIEW program to count the number of zeros in an array
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