Math 204 Assignment 1

Yang Zhou February 6, 2012

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8.150
Interocular eye pressure Ophthalmologists require an instrument that can rapidly measure interocular pressure for glaucoma patients. The device now in general use is known to yield readings of this pressure with a variance of 10.3. The variance of ve pressure readings on the same eye by a newly developed instrument is equal to 9.8. Does this sample variance provide sucent evidence to indicate that the new instrument is more reliable than the instrument currently in use? (use = .05)

We are testing a hypothesis about a single variance, thus we need to calculate our test statistic W: W = (5 1)9.8 10.3 39.2 = 10.3 = 3.92

Since we want to know if the new instrument is MORE reliable, we are looking for an one-sided alternative of Ha : 2 < 10.3. The rejection value is 2 4,0.95 = 0.71. Therefore we fail to reject H0 , so we would not able to conclude that the new instrument is more reliable than the instrument currently in use

9.102
Patent infringement case Refer to the Chance (Fall 2002) description of a patent infringement case against Intel Corp., presented in Exercise 9.20 (p. 427). The zinc measurements for three locations listed in the original inventors notebook on a text line, on a witness line, and on the intersection of the witness and textline are reproduced in the following table:

PATENT

Text line: Witness line: Intersection:

.335 .210 .393

.374 .262 .353

.440 .188 .285

.329 .295

.439 .319

.397

a. Use a test (at = .05) to compare the variation in zinc measurements for the text line with the corresponding variation for the intersection.

2 2 H0 : S1 = S2 2 2 S1 = 0.002817, S2 = 0.001966

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F =

2 S1 2 S2 0.002817 = 0.001966 = 1.433

qL = qf (0.025, 2, 4) = 0.02548 qU = qf (0.975, 2, 4) = 10.65

Therefore we cannot reject H0 , we cannot conclude that the two groups are dierent. b. Use a test (at = .05) to compare the variation in zinc measurements for the witness line with the corresponding variation for the intersection.

2 2 H0 : S1 = S2 2 2 S1 = 0.002817, S2 = 0.001966

F =

2 S1 2 S2 0.0103 = 0.001966 = 5.239

qL = qf (0.025, 5, 4) = 0.1353 qU = qf (0.975, 5, 4) = 9.364

Therefore we cannot reject H0 , we cannot conclude that the two groups are dierent. c. From your results in parts a and b, what can you infer about the variation in zinc measurements at the three notebook locations?

It is reasonable to infer that all three locations do not have dierent variations in zinc measurements. d. What assumptions are required for the interferences to be valid? Are they reasonably satised?

We have to assume that the two groups we were comparing in parts a. and b. are normally distributed. However, there are too few samples in both groups to make any inferences about whether they are normally distributed or not. 2

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10.12
Testing a new pain-relief tablet Paracetamol is the active ingredient in drugs designed to relieve mild to moderate pain and fever. The properties of paracetamol tablets derived from khaya gum were studied in the Tropical Journal of Pharmaceutical Research (June 2003). Three factors believed to aect the properties of parcetamol tablets are (1) the nature of the binding agent, (2) the concentration of the binding agent, and (3) the relative density of the tablet. In the experiment, binding agent was set at two levels (khaya gum and PVP), binding concentration at two levels (.5% and 4.0%), and relative density at two levels (low and high). One of the dependent variables investigated in the study was tablet dissolution time (i.e. the amount of time, in minutes, for 50% of the tablet to dissolve). The goal of the study was to determine the eect of binding agent, binding concentration, and relative density on mean dissolution time. a. Identify the dependent (response) variable in the study.

The dependent variable in the study is the mean dissolution time. b. What are the factors investigated in the study? Give the levels of each.

The factors investigated are, binding agent khaya gum and PVP, binding concentration 0.5% and 4.0%, and relative density low and high. c. How many treatments are possible in the study? List them

Eight treatments are possible in the study (a) Khaya, 0.5%, low (b) Khaya, 0.5%, high (c) Khaya, 4.0%, low (d) Khaya, 4.0%, high (e) PVP, 0.5%, low (f) PVP, 0.5%, high (g) PVP, 4.0%, low (h) PVP, 4.0%, high

10.28
Study of recall of TV commercials Television advertisers seek to promote their products on TV programs that attract the most viewers. Do TV shows with violence and sex impair memory for commercials? To answer this question. Iowa St. professors B. Bushman and A. Bonacci conducted a designed experiment which 324 adults were randomly assigned to one of three viewer groups of 108 participants each. (Journal of Applied Psychology. June 2002.) One group watched a TV program(e.g. Tour of Duty) with a violent content code (V) rating, the second group viewed a show (e.g. Strip Mall) with a sex content code (S) rating. and the last group watched a neutral TV program (e.g., Candid Camera) with neither a V nor S rating. Nine commercials were embedded into each TV show. After viewing the program, each participant was scored on his or her recall of the brand names in the commercial messages, with scores ranging from 0 (no brands

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recalled) to 9 (all brands recalled). The data (simulated from information provided in the article) are saved in the TVADRECALL le. The researchers compared the mean recall scores of the three viewing groups with an analysis of variance for a completely randomized design. a. Identify the experimental units in the study

The experimental units in the study are the ad viewers b. Identify the dependent (response) variable in the study.

The dependent variable in the study is the recall score c. Identify the factor and treatments in the study

The factor is the rating of the show. The treatments are violent, sexual, neutral. d. The sample mean recall scores for the three groups were xv = 2.08, xs = 1.71, and xN eutral = 3.17. Explain why one should not draw an inference about dierences in the population mean recall scores on the basis of only these summary statistics.

We should not draw an inference about dierences in the population mean recall scores because we do not know the variance of the groups e. An ANOVA on the data in the TVADRECALL le yielded the results shown in the accompanying MINITAB printout. Locate the test statistic and p-value on the printout.

The test statistic is 20.45(F), and the p-value is 0.000 f. Interpret the results from part e, using = 0.01. What can the researchers conclude about the three groups of TV ad viewers?

It is reasonable to conclude that the three groups do not have the same population means under any . One-way ANOVA: VIOLENT, SEX, NEUTRAL Source DF SS MS F P Factor 2 123.27 61.63 20.45 0.000 Error 321 967.35 3.01 Total 323 1090.62 S = 1.736 R-Sq = 11.30% R-Sq(adj) = 10.75%

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10.32
Restoring self-control when intoxicated Does coee or some other form of stimulation (e.g. an incentive to stop when seeing a ashing red light on a car) really allow a person suering from alcohol intoxication to sober up? Psychologists from the University of Waterloo investigated the matter in Experimental and Clinical Psychopharmacology (February 2005). A sample of 44 healthy male college students participated in the experiment. Each student was asked to memorize a list of 40 words (20 words on a green list and 20 words on a red list). The students were then randomly assigned to one of four dierent treatment groups (11 students in each group). Students in three of the groups were each given two alcoholic beverages to drink prior to performing a word completion task. Students in Group A received only the alcoholic drinks. Participants in group AC had caeine powder dissolved in their drinks. Group AR participants received a monetary award for correct responses on the word completion task. Students in Group P(the placebo group) were told that they would receive alcohol, but instead received two drinks containing a carbonated beverage (with a few drops of alcohol on the surface to provide an alcoholic scent). After consuming their drinks and resting for 25 minutes, the students performed the word completion task. Their scores (simulated on the basis of summary information from the article) are reported in the accompanying table. (Note: A task score represents the dierence between the portion of correct responses on the green list of words and the proportion of incorrect responses on the red list of words) a. What type of experimental design is employed in this study?

There is one factor and the experimenter controlled which experimental units received which treatment, so this is a single-factor designed experiment b. Analyze the data for the researchers using = .05. Are there dierences among the mean task scores for the four groups?

From the output from R Df Group . F a c t o r 3 Residuals 40 S i g n i f . codes : Sum Sq Mean Sq F v a l u e Pr(>F) 0.9506 0.3169 1 0 . 2 9 3 . 7 6 e 05 1.2317 0.0308 0 0.001 0.01 0.05 . 0.1 1

Therefore we reject for = 0.05, and thus there has to be at least some dierence among the mean task scores for the four groups c. What assumptions must be met in order to ensure the validity of the inference you made in part b?

We have to assume that distribution of the population of the four groups are normal. From the whisker plots of the four groups, it appears that the assumption is reasonable.

10.36
Animal-assisted therapy for heart patients Refer to the American Heart Association Conference (Nov. 2005) study to gauge whether animal-assisted therapy can improve the physiological responses of heart failure patients, presented in Exercise 2.102 (p. 74). Recall that 76 heart patients were randomly assigned to one of 5

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three groups. Each patient in group T was visited by a human volunteer accompanied by a trained dog, each patient in group V was visited by a volunteer only, and the patients in group C were not visited at all. The anxiety level of each patient was measured (in points) both before and after the visits. The accompanying table gives summary statistics for the drop in anxiety level for patients in the three groups. The mean drops in anxiety levels of the three groups of patients were compared with the use of an analysis of variance. Although the ANOVA table was not provided in the article, sucient information is given to reconstruct it. Sample Size Mean Drop Std. Dev. Group T: Volunteer + Trained Dog 26 10.5 7.6 Group V: Volunteer only 25 3.9 7.5 Group C: Control group (no visit) 25 1.4 7.5 a. Compute SST for the ANOVA, using the formula (on p.490)
3

SST =
i=1

ni (i x)2 x

where x is the overall mean drop in anxiety level of all 76 subjects.

SST = 26(10.5 5.27)2 + 25(3.9 5.27)2 + 25(1.4 5.27)2 SST = 1132.52

b. Recall that SSE for the ANOVA can be written as SSE = (n1 1)s2 + (n2 1)s2 + (n3 1)s2 1 2 3 where s2 , s2 and s2 are the sample variances associated with the three treatments. Compute SSE for 1 2 3 the ANOVA.

SSE = 25(7.6)2 + 24(7.5)2 + 24(7.5)2 SSE = 4144

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c. Use the results from parts a and b to construct the ANOVA table. SST 2 1132.52 = 2 = 566.26 SSE M SE = 76 3 4144 = 73 = 1381.3 M ST F = M SE 566.26 = 1381.3 = 0.41 M ST = p value = 1 pf (0.41, 2, 73) = 0.665 d. Is there sucient evidence (at = .01) of dierences among the mean drops in anxiety levels by the patients in the three groups?

No, the p-value is way larger than .01, and thus we cannot reject the null hypothesis. e. Comment on the validity of the ANOVA assumptions. How might this aect the results of the study?

It seems like group V and group C might not have a normally distributed population because the mean is low enough that it cuts o one side. However, because the p-value is so high, that it will not aect the results of the analysis.

10.54
Restoring self-control intoxicated. Refer to the Experimental and Clinical Psychopharmacology (February 2005) study of storing self-control while intoxicated, presented in Exercise 10.32 (p. 503). The researchers theorized that if caeine can really store self-control, then students in Group AC (the group that drank alcohol plus caeine) will perform same as students in Group P (the placebo group) on the word completion task. Similarly, if an incentive can restore self-control, then students in Group AR (the group that drank alcohol and got a reward for correct responses on the word completion task) will perform the same as students in Group P. Finally, the researchers theorized that students in Group A (the alcohol-only group) will perform worse on the word completion task than students in any of the other three groups. Access the data in the DRINKERS le and conduct Tukeys multiple comparisons of the means, using an experiment-wise error rate of .05. Are the researchers theories supported?

From R:

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Tukey m u l t i p l e c o m p a r i s o n s o f means 95% f a m i l y w i s e c o n f i d e n c e l e v e l F i t : aov ( f o r m u l a = S c o r e s Group . F a c t o r ) $Group . F a c t o r diff lwr upr AC A 0.2018182 0.001256169 0.4023802 AR A 0.3763636 0.175801623 0.5769256 PA 0.3363636 0.135801623 0.5369256 AR AC 0 . 1 7 4 5 4 5 5 0.026016558 0 . 3 7 5 1 0 7 5 PAC 0 . 1 3 4 5 4 5 5 0.066016558 0 . 3 3 5 1 0 7 5 PAR 0.0400000 0.240562013 0 . 1 6 0 5 6 2 0

p adj 0.0480809 0.0000618 0.0003282 0.1075832 0.2892292 0.9501001

There isnt enough evidence for us to reject the hypothesis that Group AC performed the same as Group P, thus the researchers theory is supported. At an = .05, there is enough evidence for us to reject the hypothesis that Group AR performed the same as Group P, thus the researchers theory is not supported here. There is also enough evidence for us to reject that Group A performed the same as any other groups, and the fact that Group A underperformed compared to all the other groups supports the researchers theory that Group A will perform worse than any of the other three groups.

10.110
Safety of nuclear power plants An article in the American Journal of Political Science (Jan. 1998) examined the attitudes of three groups of professionals who inuence U.S. policy. Random samples of 100 scientists, 100 journalists, and 100 government ocials were asked about the safety of nuclear power plants. Responses were made on a seven point scale, where 1 = very unsafe and 7 = very safe. The mean safety scores for the groups are scientists, 4.1; journalists, 3.7; government ocials, 4.2. a. Identify the response variable for this study

The response variable is safety score b. How many treatments are included in the study? Describe them.

The treatments are the professions of the professionals c. Specify the null and alternative hypotheses that should be used to investigate whether there are dierences in the attitudes of scientists, journalists, and government ocials regarding the safety of nuclear power plants.

The null hypothesis is that the attitudes of scientists, journalists, and government ocials are the same, the alternate hypothesis is that at least one of the has a dierent attitude regarding the safety of nuclear power plants. d. The MSE for the sample data is 2.355. At least how large must the MST be in order to reject the null hypothesis of the test of part c, using = .05?

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qf (0.95, 3, 297) = 2.63 M ST F = 2.355 M ST 2.63 = 2.355 M ST = (2.355)(2.63) = 6.19 The MST must be at least 6.19 in order to reject the null hypothesis. e. If the MST = 11.280, what is the approximate p-value of the test of part c?

F =

11.280 2.355 F = 4.79 = 0.0090

p value = 1 pf (4.79, 2, 297)

The p-value is approximately 0.0090