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X-Ray Diffraction
Conduction-cooled (i.e. cryogen-free) magnets specially designed for X-Ray Diffraction measurements have the advantage of compact size, compared to a conventional liquid refrigerant system, permitting the assembly to be fitted to existing goniometers. A variable temperature insert, typically 2 to 300 K allows for sample rotation in the magnetic field. Thin Beryllium windows are used throughout to minimize secondary scattering. The system pictured (on left) is of a 5T cryogen-free s X-ray diffraction system. An exampled of magnets used in such systems is also shown (below).
Neutron Diffraction
Neutron Diffraction magnet systems are characterized by the requirement of having minimum material in the neutron beam path. A vacuum bore and gap in the split pair magnet, with field orientation either vertical or horizontal, avoids any liquid helium in the path of the beam. Variable temperature inserts are often provided, typically 2 to 300K, allowing for sample rotation in the magnetic field. The aperture through which the beam passes are provided with windows of thin aluminum or Mylar. The system shown here (right) is a cryogen free unit for diffraction research studies.
Atom/Plasma Traps
Magnetic trapping has developed over the past few years as a tool for the study of atomic and condensed matter. The number of particles that can be loaded into a magnetic trap increases as the size and confining potential of the trap is increased. A common magnetic trap is one constructed of four racetrack coils for radial confinement and two solenoids at each end for axial confinement. Many other configurations including three axis systems are also used for magnetic trapping.
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The following paper 3He Refrigerator based Very Low Temperature STM published in the Review of Scientific Instruments, used an AMI STM magnet system and provides useful information regarding such systems.
STM spectroscopy offers unique capability for research in emerging areas of Nanoscience. STM provides real time images of atomically resolved surfaces and is a very useful technique to study local electronic phenomena. The Superconducting magnet based STM systems are being used to perform studies related to Magnetic vortices, Nanoscale inhomogeneity and understanding interplay of Magnetism & Superconductivity. AMI provides custom designed magnet systems to accommodate complex user inserts. The system engineers make every effort to provide low loss, low vibration magnet systems to perform variable temperature STM studies. These magnet systems provide magnetic field in either vertical field or horizontal direction. Other alternatives include 2-axis (shown lower right side photo) or 3-axis magnet system thereby allowing rotation of magnetic field vector.
Magnetic Levitation
For levitation of diamagnetic materials a high magnetic field and field gradient product B(dB/dz) is required. Diamagnetic materials are subject to repulsive force in magnetic fields. When such magnetic force counterbalances the gravitational force, the materials will levitate in the gradient magnetic field. By changing the magnetic field direction an increased force is applied. The magnetic levitation produced by this technique provides an ideal equivalent condition to microgravity. This technique is also very useful in growth of protein crystals in microgravity conditions. The system shown has a 16T2/cm product in a 1 inch room temperature bore. The important design feature for stable levitation is the field profile in the radial direction that must increase with increasing distance from the magnetic axis. A superconducting magnet offers superior performance to a high field resistive magnet because it has high temporal stability and no vibrations. Additional research to use this artificial gravity capability on chemical processes shows promise by achieving improved results with smaller sample volumes and smaller processing equipment sizes. Increased liquid holdup time through a catalytic trickle-bed reactor is one example. The magnet below was used for this purpose. The system pictured (left) is a 9.5 Tesla Levitation System producing 16.6 T2/cm within a 1" room temperature bore. The system (below) has a 2" inch room temperature bore and produces 9 Tesla with > 5.75 T2/cm.
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Mssbauer Magnets
The Mssbauer effect (or nuclear gamma resonance) is based on the principle that sometimes a nucleus in a solid matrix can emit and absorb gamma rays without recoil; because when it is in a solid matrix the nucleus is no longer isolated, but is fixed within the lattice. In this situation the recoil energy may be less than the lowest quantised lattice vibrational energy and consequently the gamma ray be emitted without any loss of energy due to the recoil of the nucleus. Since the probability of such a recoil-free event depends on the energy of the nuclear gamma ray the Mssbauer effect is restricted to certain isotopes with low-lying excited states. In general, the Mssbauer effect is optimized for low-energy gamma rays associated with nuclei strongly bound in a crystal lattice at low temperatures. A Mssbauer experiment consists of a radioactive source, which is moved rapidly back and forth by a precision velocity transducer (drive unit). Gamma-rays emitted from this source pass through a sample into a detector which collects the data for the spectrometer. It is sometimes necessary to place the sample in a high magnetic field to observe certain effects. In Mssbauer Spectroscopy it is important that the source and absorber be as close together as is feasible. The source, usually the isotope Fe 57, will emit broad signals in the presence of a magnetic field and a narrow line in zero field. Therefore AMI designs such coils with a bucking coil to quickly reduce the field after the sample region and thereby enable more sensitive measurements.
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the samples can be easily performed using the low cost storage dewar system which can save precious time & resources for multi-user facilities. The low cost system can also serve as ideal educational tool to demonstrate Quantum Hall Effect or train students on basic magnet system operation before entrusting them to operate more expensive and complex systems. A complete system includes helium supply dewar, magnet insert and associated electronics. These systems are ideal when very limited funds are available.
Magneto Hydro Dynamic (MHD) and Magneto Plasma Dynamic (MPD) Systems
A fluid moving perpendicular to the direction of the magnetic field generates an electromotive force perpendicular to both. The electromotive force can be used to produce electric power using the dynamo effect or converted to mechanical thrust using the inverse of the dynamo effect. Magnet systems have been designed and produced by AMI for a variety of experimental systems that use these principles. AMI has provided magnets for both military and commercial MHD research programs. The large split coil magnet on the right is a magnet used in an MHD propulsion research system.
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AC Susceptometer Systems
AC susceptibility measurements is a very useful experimental technique in studying magnetic properties of materials. They are especially important to detect magnetic phase transitions and these measurements give insight into the critical state model of type II superconductors. AC Susceptometers are fairly easy to build and are very widely used. The method is based on the fact that mutual inductance of two coils changes if the magnetic sample is placed in one of the coils and the resulting voltage is proportional to the susceptibility of the sample. These measurements are typically performed in presence of homogeneous DC magnetic fields produced by superconducting magnet. The variation in sample temperature is achieved by using a VTI. AMI has provided many superconducting magnet systems for use with home made AC Susceptometers.
Gyrotron Systems
Superconducting gyrotron magnets are used in gyrotron amplifiers that generate millimeter-wave electromagnetic radiation. The electromagnetic radiation produced has become increasingly useful for certain radar applications and for heating plasma in controlled fusion. More recently they have found use in industrial heating applications. Most early superconducting gyrotron magnets were cooled by liquid helium in conventional cryostats, however, now that they are gaining wider acceptance in the industrial market there has been a shift towards conduction-cooled gyrotron magnets (i.e. cryogen-free). Conduction-cooled superconducting gyrotron magnet systems combine ease of operation and low maintenance, which are two essential features for a cost-effective industrial application. As each application requires a unique magnetic solution, American Magnetics Inc. welcomes inquiries for specific applications that use gyrotron magnets. Back to Superconducting Magnet Systems page AMI HomePage | Sales | Superconducting Magnets | Liquid Level Instrumentation Technical Support | Customer Services | AMI Picturebook | E-Mail AMI
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