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Electronically Filed Supreme Court SCWC-27580 07-FEB-2012 10:24 AM

IN THE SUPREME COURT OF THE STATE OF HAWAI#I ---o0o--LILY E. HAMILTON on behalf of AMBER J. LETHEM, a minor, Respondent/Plaintiff-Appellee, vs. CHRISTY L. LETHEM, Petitioner/Defendant-Appellant. NO. SCWC-27580 CERTIORARI TO THE INTERMEDIATE COURT OF APPEALS (ICA NO. 27580; FC-DA NO. 05-1-1977) February 7, 2012 NAKAYAMA, ACTING C.J., ACOBA, DUFFY, AND MCKENNA JJ., AND CIRCUIT JUDGE CRANDALL, IN PLACE OF RECKTENWALD, C.J., RECUSED OPINION OF THE COURT BY ACOBA, J. We hold that (1) parents have a constitutional right to discipline children inhering in their liberty interest in the care, custody, and control of their children, under the due process clause, article 1, section 5 of the Hawai#i Constitution, (2) a parent may raise the right of parental discipline in a Hawai#i Revised Statutes (HRS) 586-5 show cause hearing in opposition to the continuation of a temporary restraining order

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(TRO) issued under HRS chapter 586 on allegations of domestic abuse, (3) in such circumstances trial courts shall consider whether the discipline is reasonably related to the purpose of safeguarding or promoting the welfare of the minor in determining whether the parents conduct constituted abuse or proper discipline, and (4) generally a non-custodial parent retains the right to discipline a child when the child is under his or her supervision. Under the foregoing propositions, we vacate the

September 21, 2011 judgment of the Intermediate Court of Appeals (ICA) filed pursuant to its June 30, 2011 published opinion, and the October 5, 2005 Order Regarding Temporary Restraining Order of the Family Court of the First Circuit(the court) issued under HRS chapter 5861,
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The relevant sections of HRS 586 (2006 Repl.) follow; 586-1 Definitions. As used in this chapter:

Domestic abuse means: (1) Physical harm, bodily injury, assault, or the threat of imminent physical harm, bodily injury, or assault, extreme psychological abuse or malicious property damage between family or household members; or Any act which would constitute an offense under section 709-906, or under part V or VI of chapter 707 committed against a minor family or household member by an adult family or household member.

(2)

Extreme psychological abuse means an intentional or knowing course of conduct directed at an individual that seriously alarms or disturbs consistently or continually bothers the individual, and that serves no legitimate purpose; provided that such course of conduct would cause a reasonable person to suffer extreme emotional distress. Family or household member means spouses or reciprocal beneficiaries, former spouses or former reciprocal beneficiaries, persons who (continued...)

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(...continued) have a child in common, parents, children, persons related by consanguinity, persons jointly residing or formerly residing in the same dwelling unit, and persons who have or have had a dating relationship. . . . . Malicious property damage means an intentional or knowing damage to the property of another, without his consent, with an intent to thereby cause emotional distress.

(Emphases added.) HRS 586-4 (2006 Repl.) entitled Temporary Restraining Order, states in relevant part as follows: (a) Upon petition to a family court judge, an ex parte temporary restraining order may be granted without notice to restrain either or both parties from contacting, threatening, or physically abusing each other, notwithstanding that a complaint for annulment, divorce, or separation has not been filed. The order may be granted to any person who, at the time the order is granted, is a family or household member as defined in section 5861 or who filed a petition on behalf of a family or household member. The order shall enjoin the respondent or person to be restrained from performing any combination of the following acts: (1) Contacting, threatening, or physically abusing the protected party; (2) Contacting, threatening, or physically abusing any person residing at the protected partys residence; or (3) Entering or visiting the protected party's residence. (Emphases added.) HRS 586-5 (2006 Repl.) provides in relevant part: 586-5 Period of order; hearing. (a) A temporary restraining order granted pursuant to this chapter shall remain in effect at the discretion of the court, for a period not to exceed ninety days from the date the order is granted. (b) On the earliest date that the business of the court will permit, but no later than fifteen days from the date the temporary restraining order is granted, the court, after giving due notice to all parties, shall hold a hearing on the application requiring cause to be shown why the order should not continue. In the event that service has not been effected, the court may set a new date for the hearing; provided that the date shall not exceed ninety days from the date the temporary restraining order was granted. All parties shall be present at the hearing and may be represented by counsel. (Emphases added.) (continued...)

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against Petitioner/Defendant-Appellant Christy L. Lethem (Petitioner) and in favor of his then-fifteen-year-old minor daughter, Amber J. Lethem (Minor) in an HRS chapter 586 petition alleging domestic abuse of Minor brought by Petitioners ex-wife, Respondent/Plaintiff-Appellee Lily E. Hamilton (Mother or Respondent). I. The following essential matters, some verbatim, are from the record and the submissions of the parties. A. On September 23, 2005, Mother filed an Ex Parte Petition for a Temporary Restraining Order (TRO) and Statement on behalf of Minor to enjoin Petitioner from contacting, calling, or visiting Minor pursuant to HRS chapter 586. Petitioner had

allegedly physically harmed, injured or assaulted Minor by slapping, punching, [and] hitting her on August 25, 2005. Petitioner had also allegedly subjected Minor to extreme

(...continued) HRS 586-5.5 (2006 Repl.) provides in relevant part: 586-5.5 Protective order; additional orders. (a) If, after hearing all relevant evidence, the court finds that the respondent has failed to show cause why the order should not be continued and that a protective order is necessary to prevent domestic abuse or a recurrence of abuse, the court may order that a protective order be issued for a further fixed reasonable period as the court deems appropriate.

(Emphases added.) HRS 586-11 (2006 Repl.) provides in relevant part: 586-11 Violation of an order for protection. (a) Whenever an order for protection is granted pursuant to this chapter, a respondent or person to be restrained who knowingly or intentionally violates the order for protection is guilty of a misdemeanor.

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psychological abuse by showing up at [her] school unannounced, putting [her] down by blaming financial problems on [her], and saying [that] many problems (such as work problems/emotional distress) [were her] fault. The last date alleged for these The petition stated that Minor

incidents was September 16, 2005.

believed she was in immediate danger of being abused by Petitioner because of previous actions [by Petitioner,] such as hitting [her] on [August 12 and August 25], showing up at [her] school, and verbally abusing [her] as previously stated. The court granted the ex-parte TRO the same day it was filed, prohibiting Petitioner from threatening Minor or anyone living with Minor, or contacting, writing, telephoning or otherwise electronically contacting Minor, and from visiting or remaining within 100 yards of Minor for ninety days until December 22, 2005. A show cause hearing was scheduled for

October 5, 2005 pursuant to HRS 586-5(b) as to whether the TRO should continue. At the hearing, in which Petitioner was represented by counsel, Minor alleged three incidents of abuse. allegedly occurred on August 12, 2005. The first

The day before, August

11, 2005, Minor was scheduled to have visitation with Petitioner after school. Minor called Petitioner and told him that she did

not need a ride from school because Mother was going to pick her up. This turned out to be a fabrication. Instead, Minor,

another teenage girl, and two teenage boys drove to a store to pick up the morning after pill for the other girl. That

evening, Petitioner called Mother in an attempt to locate Minor, 5

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but Mother had not heard from Minor. decided to drive to Mothers house.

Petitioner eventually When Petitioner reached

Mothers house at around 10:00 p.m., Minor had arrived and Petitioner took Minor back to his home. The next day, August 12, 2005, Petitioner and Minor spoke. When Petitioner learned what Minor had done, he became Petitioner informed Minor that he felt she should

very angry.

have told the other girls parents that their daughter was sexually active and should have allowed them to deal with the situation. Minor testified that she felt she did not have to

talk with Petitioner because she had already spoken to Mother about the situation. were yelling. Minor related that both she and Petitioner

Petitioner claimed that Minor was just ranting Minor Minor claimed

and raving, and screaming at her younger sister. testified that, at some point, Petitioner hit her.

that Petitioner struck her a couple of times and that Petitioner was attempting to slap her on the face but that she blocked his blows. Petitioner claimed that he only tried to hit

Minor on the shoulder because Minor had tried to leave and Petitioner wanted her to stay and talk to him. Mother was told that Minor and Petitioner were having an argument and called the police. When the police arrived, Minor had

Minor told them that she was fine and the police left. no bruises as a result of the incident.

The second incident of alleged abuse took place on August 25, 2005. Minor claimed that she and Petitioner got into

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a power struggle.

Minor had gone to Petitioners house that day Petitioner wanted to speak to Minor, but

early in the evening.

she did not want to talk because she had to call other friends to get [her] homework and [was] busy. According to Minor, Minor

Petitioner wanted to discuss how [her] day went.2

acknowledged that Petitioner waited several hours to speak with her. At around 11:00 p.m., Petitioner again attempted to speak Minor did not want to converse and said, Dad, I Id really like to go to bed. The two then began She

with Minor.

have school tomorrow.

Petitioner allegedly said, No, we talk now. to argue.

Minor claimed that Petitioner then hit her.

stated, [A]s I was covering my head, like, he hit me on my arms. Petitioner also allegedly told Minor, Dont make me do Minor then called her Mother and told her that she

that again.

was uncomfortable staying with Petitioner. The last incident of abuse allegedly took place on September 16, 2005. school unannounced. According to Minor, Petitioner visited her The principal went to Minors classroom and Once outside the classroom, We need to

said that he needed to speak to her.

the principal told Minor, Your father is downstairs. handle this now.

Minor claimed that Petitioner had been

threatening to take her out of private school to discipline her. According to Minor, Petitioner began to say how everything had been [her] fault, how [Petitioners] financial problems were [her] fault, and how Minors younger sister was better than

2 This incident, thus, was apparently not related to the August 12 "birth control" incident.

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Minor in various ways.

Minor testified that she felt Petitioner

was bringing [her] down. Petitioner claimed that he was simply attempting to discipline Minor. Petitioner stated that Minor was difficult at

times, would lie to him, and refused to follow reasonable rules, such as not riding in a car with anyone under the age of twentyone. He claimed, however, that he never attempted to hit

[Minors] face, that he only visited her at school twice to talk to her, and that he never blamed his financial problems on her. At the conclusion of the hearing, the court found that the TRO was warranted. The courts reasoning rested on the

ground that Petitioner did not have a right to discipline Minor because Mother had sole legal custody. The court stated that if

Minor had been visiting Petitioner and he had caught [her] doing drugs, then Petitioner ha[d] the right to use physical force, if necessary. However, the court believed that Petitioners

case was different because were talking about an ongoing philosophy of how [parents] should run [childrens] lives . . . [and that,] unfortunately[,] falls with [Mother,] not [Petitioner]. In the same vein, the court concluded that HRS 703309,3 which sets forth the circumstances in which use of force by

HRS 703-309 (1993) provides in relevant part: 703-309 Use of force by persons with special responsibility for care, discipline, or safety of others. The use of force upon or toward the person of another is justifiable under the following circumstances: (continued...)

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a parent is justifiable in the context of criminal prosecutions, was relevant,4 but that Petitioner could not take advantage of it because Mother had sole legal custody of Minor. The court

indicated that it might read HRS 703-309(1) to afford a babysitter certain rights to discipline a child when it becomes necessary regarding activities that happen during their [sic] period of care and custody, but that it was concerned whether or not what this child did was in fact something that happened during the period of [Petitioners] care and custody. There was no mention of the term abuse in the courts oral and written findings. Instead, the court stated that

[t]heres no question in my mind that [Petitioner and Minor]

(...continued) (1) The actor is the parent or guardian or other person similarly responsible for the general care and supervision of a minor, or a person acting at the request of the parent, guardian, or other responsible person, and: (a) The force is employed with due regard for the age and size of the minor and is reasonably related to the purpose of safeguarding or promoting the welfare of the minor, including the prevention or punishment of the minor's misconduct; and The force used is not designed to cause or known to create a risk of causing substantial bodily injury, disfigurement, extreme pain or mental distress, or neurological damage.

(b)

The court [orally ruled as follows]: I do note the citation of 703-309, though (inaudible) also instructed them to (inaudible) the 703309 definition is used in criminal cases. Nevertheless, 703-309 is very instructive in civil matters. There may be a question of application, but I think there is some sort of relevance for 793 -- 703309. As Petitioners counsel has stated on record, 703309A [sic] says if the actor is the parent, guardian, or other person similarly responsible for the care and supervision of a minor.

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still love each other, and they do have and should have an ongoing relationship. The court stated, however, that it was

struck . . . by Section 4(a)(3)5 . . . [and] really [had] no choice but to make a finding that what happened in this [case] was not parental discipline. From the context, it appears that

the court was under the impression that because Mother had sole legal custody, Petitioner was not permitted to discipline Minor on the occasions alleged by Minor. On November 3, 2005, Petitioner filed his notice of appeal. On March 3, 2006, at Petitioners request, the court

entered its findings of fact (findings) and conclusions of law (conclusions). In its findings, the court only discussed the

August 25 incident in which Petitioner had struck Minor at around 11:00 p.m. after she refused to speak to him about the apparent birth control incident.6 incidents. The court did not mention the other two

Additionally, in its written decision, the court

concluded that HRS 703-309(a) had no application to Petitioners case because that section only applied to criminal cases. The court also concluded that the responsibility to

discipline was Mothers only, as the sole legal custodian, but that in any event, [a]ssuming . . . [Petitioner] struck [Minor] because of her refusal to discuss [the birth control] issue late

5 The court was apparently referring to Section IV.A.3 of the TRO application, in which Minor placed a checkmark next to the box stating [Petitioner] has physically harmed, injured or assaulted me by: . . . slapping, punching, hitting me. 6 The court apparently confused the dates. The testimony at the hearing was that the "morning-after pill" incident took place on August 12. The incident that took place on August 25 was, according to Minor's testimony at the hearing, unrelated to the August 12 incident.

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during a school night, the court concludes that such an action is not proper parental discipline. B. On appeal before the ICA, Petitioner represented himself. He argued that (1) chapter 586 violated his right to

discipline his children;7 (2) chapter 586 ran afoul of procedural due process protections;8 (3) chapter 586 was gender-biased,9 and (4) the court abused its discretion in concluding that a TRO was warranted under the circumstances.10 The ICA held, in an unpublished May 16, 2008 disposition, that Petitioners case was moot because the TRO had expired by its own terms on December 22, 2005. Hamilton v.

Lethem, No. 27580, 2008 WL 2069780 (App. May 16, 2008 (SDO)) [hereinafter Hamilton I]. Judge Foley dissented, explaining that

because the appeal was moot, he would dismiss it rather than vacate it, as the majority had done. Id. This court vacated,

adopting the collateral consequences exception to the mootness doctrine, and concluding that Petitioners case fell under that
7 Mother, who was the Plaintiff-Appellee before the ICA, argued that because she was the sole legal custodian, she had the sole right to determine how Minor should be disciplined. 8

Mother did not respond to this argument. Mother did not respond to this argument.

10 On appeal, Mother had argued that because Petitioner qualified the ex parte petition as bogus and failed to attach the transcript of the show cause hearing, the only source of facts was the courts findings and conclusions, which could not be deemed erroneous. Mother did not address Petitioners argument on the merits. However, as noted, infra, after the ICA concluded that the appeal was moot, this court remanded for a decision on the merits. See Hamilton v. Lethem, 119 Hawai#i 1, 12, 193 P.3d 839, 850 (2008) [hereinafter, Hamilton II]. On remand, the ICA considered the transcript and the family courts findings and conclusions. See Hamilton v. Lethem, No. 27580, 2011 WL 2611284, at *8 n.9, *14 (App. Jun. 30, 2011)[hereinafter, Hamilton III].

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exception because there was a reasonable likelihood that the issuance of the TRO would harm Petitioners reputation, and remanded to the ICA to address the merits. Hamilton v. Lethem,

119 Hawai#i 1, 12, 193 P.3d 839, 850 (2008) [hereinafter Hamilton II]. As noted by Petitioner, this court stated,
[T]he TRO was issued by the family court based upon its express ruling that [Petitioner] did physically harm, injure[] or assault [Minor]. Such ruling implies that [Petitioner] is a child abuser and is, therefore, potentially dangerous, thereby undermining his reputation and standing in the community. Additionally . . . the issuance of the TRO against [Petitioner] did not require him to register in a public database; however, the TRO, once issued, became part of the public record. As such, there is a reasonable possibility that [p]otential employers and landlords [might be] reluctant to employ or rent to [Petitioner] once they learn of his status as a [child abuser]. Indeed, pursuant to HRS chapter 586, any TRO issued under such chapter must be copied to the appropriate law enforcement agency, HRS 586-10 (2006), and reported to the department of human services for investigation, HRS 586-10.5 (2006). Thus, the issuance of the TRO could also adversely affect [Petitioner]'s personal and professional life, employability, associations with neighbors, [and] choice of housing.

Id. (internal quotation marks and citations omitted).

This court

vacate[d] the ICAs June 23, 2008 judgment on appeal and remand[ed] the case to the ICA with instructions to address the merits of [Petitioners] case. Id. C. On remand, without further briefing or argument, the ICA held that HRS chapter 586, which empowers the family court to grant a TRO in cases of domestic abuse, did not violate the procedural or substantive due process guarantees of the Fourteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution or of article 1, section 5 of the Hawai#i Constitution because parents

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do not have a right to abuse their children. WL 2611284, at *5-13 (App. Jun. 30, 2011).

Hamilton III, 2011 As to Petitioners

contention that the process for obtaining an ex parte TRO was unconstitutionally gender-biased, the ICA found that Petitioner waived the point by failing to argue it. See id. at *14.

Lastly, the ICA concluded that the court had not abused its discretion in issuing the TRO. The ICA found no clear error in

the courts finding that Petitioner had struck Minor and ruled that it was implicit in the [family courts] findings that [Petitioners] actions were not reasonably calculated to promote Minors welfare. Id. at *14-15. II. Petitioner, now represented by counsel, lists the following questions in his Application:
1. When determining whether to issue a TRO, does the parental right to discipline children require the application of clear and articulable guidelines to distinguish truly abusive behavior from actions that are moderate or reasonable discipline [that] is often part and parcel of the real world of parenting? 2. When considering whether to issue a TRO, must the Family Court recognize that a non-custodial parent maintains a residual parental right to discipline his[/her] child during a period of unsupervised visitation, including the right to discipline the child for morals?

Respondent did not file a Response to the Application. III. As to the first question, Petitioner contends that (1) parents have a fundamental right to discipline their children under the United States and Hawai#i constitutions that includes a right to employ corporal punishment; (2) the ICA incorrectly dismissed Petitioners argument because it concluded that (a) the 13

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criminal statutory defense does not expressly apply in a civil setting, and (b) the definition of domestic abuse under HRS 586-1 encompasses conduct that might otherwise satisfy the parental discipline defense; (3) the only way for a parent to distinguish discipline from abuse is to have clearly established standards; (4) this courts interpretation of HRS 703-309 protects the right to discipline, and for a parents constitutionally protected right to discipline to mean anything, the same or a similar standard to the one used in the criminal law context must apply in the civil TRO context; (5) to protect a parents right to discipline this court must interpret domestic abuse under HRS 586-1 to be the same or similar11 to the parental justification defense under HRS 703-309; (6) the ICA gravely erred by failing to apply a discernible standard to distinguish discipline from abuse; (7) there is a potential due process violation because parents are left without notice as to what conduct constitutes abuse and courts will apply their own ad hoc sense of what the standards are; (8) the ICA simply assumed Petitioners conduct rose to abuse and erred in not recognizing Petitioners constitutional right to discipline. As to the second question, Petitioner contends that (1) the ICA should have taken judicial notice of documents that established Petitioners right to discipline his daughter; (2) the ICAs decision perpetuated the collateral consequences

11 Petitioners contention is read to mean that the same standard used to distinguish abuse from discipline under HRS 703-309(1) should be used in HRS 586-1.

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incident to the TRO because Petitioners reputation was harmed by the ICAs decision; (3) the ICAs decision also hurt Petitioner because the court granted full custody of Minor to Mother as a result of the TRO; (4) the ICA erred in concluding that Petitioner did not have a right to discipline Minor; (5) it is well-established that parents with visitation rights retain authority to discipline their children during visitation.12 IV. It is now established that parents may discipline their children as part of the parents liberty interest in the care, custody, and control of their children. [T]he interest of

parents in the care, custody, and control of their children . . . is perhaps the oldest of the fundamental liberty interests recognized by [the United States Supreme Court]. In re Doe, 99

Hawai#i 522, 532, 57 P.3d 447, 457 (2002) (citing Troxel v. Granville, 530 U.S. 57, 65 (2000)). The Court has not been

squarely presented with the question whether the right to care for children also includes a right to use corporal punishment to discipline them. See Sweaney v. Ada County, Idaho, 119 F.3d

1385, 1391 (9th Cir. 1997) (holding that there is no clearly established federal constitutional right of a parent to inflict corporal punishment on a child). However, the Court has decided

a number of cases that suggest it would recognize a parents right to use corporal punishment. See Troxel, 530 U.S. at 65

(plurality opinion) ([T]he [constitutional] liberty [interest]

12 Petitioners arguments are presented in an order different from that in which Petitioner made them.

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of parents and guardians includes the right to direct the upbringing and education of children under their control[.]) (internal quotation marks and citations omitted); Parham v. J. R., 442 U.S. 584, 602 (1979) (Our jurisprudence historically has reflected Western civilization concepts of the family as a unit with broad parental authority over minor children.); Ingraham v. Wright, 430 U.S. 651, 661, 670 (1977) (suggesting that parents are privileged to use force to discipline their children inasmuch as the Court observed that the prevalent rule in this country today permits teachers to use such force as [the] teacher . . .

reasonably believes to be necessary for (the childs) proper control, training, or education) (internal quotation marks and citations omitted). Additionally, Independent of the federal constitution . . . parents have a substantive liberty interest in the care, custody, and control of their children protected by the due process clause of article 1, section 5 of the Hawai#i Constitution. In re Doe, 99 Hawai#i at 533, 57 P.3d at 458. It

is well-established that imposing discipline is part and parcel of caring for children, since a parent may not be able to care properly for, or exercise control over, an unruly child without the ability to impose discipline. See Ingraham, 430 U.S. at 661. See id.

Such discipline has included corporal punishment.

(Professional and public opinion is sharply divided on the practice [of corporal punishment], and has been for more than a century. Yet we can discern no trend toward its elimination.);

State v. Crouser, 81 Hawai#i 5, 14, 911 P.2d 725, 734 (1996) 16

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(explaining, for purposes of criminal liability, that it is well-established, in Hawai#i, that parents have a privilege to subject children to reasonable corporal punishment). The right

to discipline is therefore inherent in the right to care, custody, and control of ones children, as guaranteed by the Hawai#i Constitution.13 V. A. Preliminarily, the ICA distinguished the initial grant of the ex parte TRO from the show cause hearing. 2011 WL 2611284, at *8-13. Hamilton III,

The ICA concluded that the procedures

that permit a court to grant an ex parte TRO under chapter 586 comport with due process. Id. (citing, for example, In re

Guardianship of Carlsmith, 113 Hawai#i 236, 239-40, 151 P.3d 717, 720-21 (2007)). When a petitioner first applies for a TRO ex parte, a court must find that there is probable cause to believe that a past act or acts of abuse have occurred, or that threats of abuse make it probable that acts of abuse may be imminent. 4(c). HRS 586-

Within fifteen days after the TRO is entered, a court is

required to hold a show cause hearing to determine whether the TRO should remain in force. HRS 586-5(b); see Styke v. Sotelo,

122 Hawai#i 485, 491, 228 P.3d 365, 371 (App. 2010) (We hold that under HRS 586-5(b), the court is obligated to hold a show13 Rights grounded in the Hawai#i Constitution may be broader in scope than rights grounded in the United States Constitution. See, e.g., State v. Dixon, 83 Hawai#i 13, 23, 924 P.2d 181, 191 (1996) (stating that article I, section 7 of the Hawai#i Constitution provides broader protection than the [F]ourth [A]mendment to the United States Constitution).

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cause hearing on a TRO within fifteen days from the date the TRO is granted (where service has been effected) unless there is a substantial reason amounting to good cause for a delay.); Kie v. McMahel, 91 Hawai i 438, 441-42, 984 P.2d 1264, 1267-68 (App. 1999) (noting that under HRS 586-5(b) the court must hold a show cause hearing no later than fifteen days from the date the TRO is granted). During that hearing, the petitioner has the

burden to prove the allegations in the petition by a preponderance of the evidence. 69. The existence of exigent circumstances justifies dispensing with the requirement of holding a hearing before the ex parte TRO is granted. Cf. In re Guardianship of Carlsmith, Id. at 442-43, 984 P.2d at 1268-

113 Hawai#i at 238-42, 151 P.3d at 720-23 (TRO[s], in view of [their] emergency remedial nature, may [constitutionally] be granted ex parte[,]) ([alteration] in original,) (Citing Luat v. Cacho, 92 Hawai#i 330, 346, 991 P.2d 840, 856 (App. 1999)). The

availability of a prompt post-deprivation hearing (by way of a show cause hearing), combined with the fact that the petitioner retains the burden of proof during the hearing, ensures that the respondents interests are adequately protected. See id.

(upholding constitutionality of ex parte TROs issued under Hawai#i Family Court Rules Rule 65(b) where adverse party is allowed to request post-deprivation hearing); Kie, 91 Hawai#i at 442, 984 P.2d at 1268 ("While at that hearing the respondent must show cause why the protective order is not necessary, HRS 586-5.5(a), the burden remains on the petitioner to prove the 18

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petitioner's underlying allegations by a preponderance of the evidence."); Coyle v. Compton, 85 Hawai#i 197, 207, 940 P.2d 404, 414 (App. 1997) (upholding issuance of an ex parte TRO in a domestic abuse situation against due process challenge). The ICA

therefore correctly concluded that the procedure for obtaining an ex parte TRO under chapter 586 comports with due process. Hamilton III, 2011 WL 2611284, at *8-13. See

Petitioner apparently

does not quarrel with that conclusion in his Application. B. Petitioner argues, however, that at the show cause hearing, there must be a standard by which courts can distinguish abuse from discipline. The ICA concluded that chapter 586 did

not infringe upon Petitioners right to discipline his children because that chapter only reaches abuse. Id. at *6. But the ICA

did not articulate what differentiates abuse from discipline or what factors courts should consider in determining whether abuse or discipline is involved. Due process requires that the State provide meaningful standards to guide the application of its laws. Lawson, 461 U.S. 352, 358 (1983). Cf. Kolender v.

Statutes must be defined with

sufficient definiteness that ordinary people can understand what conduct is prohibited. 172 P.3d 458, 463 (2007). State v. Beltran, 116 Hawai#i 146, 151, Further, a law that impermissibly

delegates basic policy matters to policemen, judges, and juries for resolution on an ad hoc and subjective basis, carries the attendant dangers of arbitrary and discriminatory application.

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Grayned v. City of Rockford, 408 U.S. 104, 108-109 (U.S. 1972); Beltran, 16 Hawai#i at 153, 172 P.3d at 465 (2007) (same). As Petitioner contends, without some way of distinguishing abuse from discipline, there is a danger that chapter 586 will infringe on the right to discipline by ensnaring parents who use corporal punishment properly to discipline their children, see id. at 151, 172 P.3d at 463 (explaining that laws must be sufficiently clear to allow the public to distinguish between lawful and unlawful conduct), and that parents, as a result, will refrain from disciplining their children for fear of being subject to a TRO, cf. Brown v. Entmt Merchants Assn, 131 S. Ct. 2729, 2743 (2011) (Alito, J., concurring) (explaining, in context of First Amendment challenge, that due process requires laws to give fair notice, and that vague laws compel people to steer far wider of the unlawful zone . . . than if the boundaries of forbidden areas were clearly marked) (internal quotation marks and citations omitted). Absent standards to

guide courts in distinguishing discipline from abuse, there is also a risk that courts will apply chapter 586 arbitrarily. See

State v. Gaylord, 78 Hawai#i 127, 138, 198 P.2d 1167, 1178 (1995) (explaining that a statute will not be held unconstitutional by reason of uncertainty if any sensible construction embracing the legislative purpose may be given to the statute). VI. A. In the criminal law context, there is already a standard that our courts use to determine whether a parent has 20

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abused a child.

HRS 709-906(1) (1999)14 prohibits physically However, HRS 703-309

abus[ing] a family or household member.

can be raised as a justification or defense against a charge under HRS 709-906. See State v. Matavale, 115 Hawai#i 149,

158-59, 166 P.3d 322, 331-32 (2007) (plurality opinion) (When a question of parental discipline is raised, the prosecution must prove beyond a reasonable doubt that the parents . . . conduct did not come within the scope of parental discipline as prescribed in HRS 703-309(1).) As previously noted, under HRS

703-309(1)(a) and (b), parents are permitted to use force against minor children so long as:
(a) The force is employed with due regard for the age and size of the minor and is reasonably related to the purpose of safeguarding or promoting the welfare of the minor, including the prevention or punishment of the minor's misconduct; and The force used is not designed to cause or known to create a risk of causing substantial bodily injury, disfigurement, extreme pain or mental distress, or neurological damage.

(b)

HRS 709-906 and 703-309(1) have withstood attack on the ground that they lack sufficient clarity as to the level of force that may be used to discipline a minor. See State v.

Stocker, 90 Hawai#i 85, 95, 976 P.2d 399, 409 (1999); Crouser, 81 Hawai#i at 14-15, 911 P.2d at 734-35 (concluding that HRS 703309(1) and 709-906 are not unconstitutionally vague) (same). Crouser, this court held that, [a]lthough the legislature has In

14

HRS 709-906 provides in relevant part: 709-906. Abuse of family or household members; penalty. (1) It shall be unlawful for any person, singly or in concert, to physically abuse a family or household member or to refuse compliance with the lawful order of a police officer under subsection (4).

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not exhaustively enumerated the specific injuries that would constitute unjustified use of force[,] . . . HRS 703-309(1) gives the person of ordinary intelligence notice as to the conduct that is prohibited. 734-35. 81 Hawai#i at 14-15, 911 P.2d at

Thus, [t]he phrases (1) reasonably related to the

purpose of safeguarding or promoting the welfare of the minor, (2) designed to cause or known to create a risk of causing (3) substantial bodily injury, and (4) extreme pain or mental distress were held to be sufficiently precise to give parents notice as to the amount of force that was considered excessive. Id. at 15, 911 P.3d at 735. Crouser was reaffirmed in Matavale, which explained that [i]n determining whether force is reasonable, the fact finder must consider the childs age, the childs stature, and the nature of the injuries inflicted. 164, 166 P.3d at 338. Matavale, 115 Hawai#i at

In other words, the fact finder should

consider whether the force used was designed to cause or known to create a risk of causing substantial bodily injury, disfigurement, extreme pain or mental distress, or neurological damage given the childs age and size. Id.

This court acknowledged that these factors were general in nature, place[d] a large amount of discretion with the courts, and concluded there was no bright line that indicates what, under all circumstances, is unreasonable or excessive corporal punishment. 39. Id. at 165-66, 166 P.3d at 338-

The permissible degree of force would depend on the childs

physique and age, the misconduct of the child, the nature of the 22

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discipline, and all surrounding circumstances.

Id.

This

courts decisions would also provide guidance and would serve to illustrate the kind of conduct that clearly falls outside the parameters of parental discipline. Id. at 164 n.11, 166 P.3d at

337, n.11; see also State v. Kikuta, 125 Hawai#i 78, 90, 253 P.3d 639, 652 (2011) (in determining whether a parents use of force was justified under HRS 703-309 the trier of fact must consider the childs physique and age, the misconduct of the child, the nature of the discipline, and all surrounding circumstances). B. The ICA rejected Petitioners argument that he should be allowed to assert the parental discipline justification under HRS 703-309(1) as a defense to the TRO. 2611284, at *7. Hamilton III, 2011 WL

The ICA explained that HRS 703-309 does not

expressly or implicitly extend to civil proceedings for domestic abuse. Id. The ICA implied that, in any event, the legislature

intended for chapter 586 to cover acts that were otherwise privileged under 703-309(1). Id. (The Legislature thus intended

the definition of acts constituting domestic violence for purposes of TROs to be broader than those subjected to criminal liability under the penal code.). It is true that the definition of domestic violence under HRS 586-1 encompasses conduct broader in nature than the definition of physical abuse under HRS 709-906. HRS 586-1

also prohibits malicious property damage and threats of infliction of harm, injury, or assault. See HRS 586-1. On its

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face, HRS 709-906 does not apply to either kind of conduct. Therefore, the ICA was correct to point out that HRS 586-1 reaches some conduct that is not criminalized under HRS 709906. The ICA also explained that the purpose of a TRO is to prevent abuse rather than to punish past abuse. III, 2011 WL 2611284, at *7 n.8, *13 n.17. See Hamilton

The aim of chapter

586 is to provide emergency relief from imminent harm by assuring a period of separation for the parties involved. See id. at *13

n.17 (The Legislature has consistently affirmed the purpose of ex parte TROs to prevent imminent violence by assuring a period of separation of the parties involved.) (quoting 1979 Haw. Sess. Laws, Act 168, 1 at 345-46; S. Stand. Com. Rep. No. 3252, in 1998 Senate Journal, at 1314-15; H. Stand. Com. Rep. No. 57898, in 1998 House Journal, at 1264-65; HRS 586-4(c)). The ICA

was therefore also correct that the goal of chapter 586 may be different from that of HRS 709-906. However, as noted supra, the ICA also suggested that chapter 586 might extend to conduct for which a parent could otherwise assert the parental justification defense under HRS 703-309. See Hamilton III, 2011 WL 2611284, at *7 n.8.

Respectfully, the ICA was not correct to imply that chapter 586 prohibited conduct that would constitute discipline rather than abuse under HRS 703-309. Otherwise, as Petitioner contends, See Crouser, 81

the right to discipline would have no meaning.

Hawai#i at 14, 911 P.2d at 734 (stating that a parent has a privilege to subject children to reasonable corporal 24

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punishment).

A parent would have the right to impose reasonable

discipline in a criminal case, but could not raise the same justification in opposition to interference by the State with the parent-child relationship in a civil setting.15 This would be an

inconsistent result, one that the ICA has already rejected in the context of custody hearings. See Rezentes v. Rezentes, 88

Hawai#i 200, 206, 965 P.2d 133, 139 (App. 1998) (concluding that the term family violence in HRS 571-46(9) (1993) would not extend to the type of physical discipline of a child by his or her parent that is expressly permitted in HRS 703-309(1) [because] the legislature would [not] sanction in one statute the use of certain physical force. . . and yet characterize in another statute the use of such force as family violence, potentially depriving a parent of custody or visitation.).16 VII. No standard has been announced in the civil law TRO context that is parallel to the criminal law area to assist the public and the courts in drawing the line between abuse and discipline. As noted above, chapter 586 defines domestic abuse

15 Further, it should be noted that although no criminal sanctions are imposed by a TRO, chapter 586 imposes criminal penalties for the violation of a TRO. HRS 586-11 (knowing violation of protective order is a misdemeanor). The entry of a TRO could thus lead to criminal penalties.

16 The ICA contends that Rezentes is distinguishable in part because, as opposed to a custody determination "which is made after a full hearing of the issues" an "ex parte TRO is temporary in duration," "is intended to provide immediate relief," and is based on "probable cause." Hamilton III, 2011 WL 2611284, at *7 n.8. However, the show cause hearing under HRS 586-5 is one that affords "a full hearing on the issues." Moreover, to hold that proper discipline under HRS 703-309(1) constitutes abuse under HRS 568-1 would blur the distinction between discipline and abuse and subject parents to inconsistent requirements for the same acts by making permissible conduct under HRS 703-309(1) unlawful under HRS 586-1.

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as physical harm, bodily injury, assault, or the threat of imminent physical harm, bodily injury, or assault, extreme psychological abuse or malicious property damage. HRS 586-1.

Domestic abuse is also defined as any act which would constitute an offense under HRS 709-906. Id.

In some, and perhaps even in many, cases, the terms physical harm, bodily injury, and assault suffice to distinguish abuse from permissible discipline. Since any act

that constitutes an offense under HRS 709-906 also constitutes domestic abuse under HRS 586-1, for all practical purposes, family courts may already be implicitly utilizing the factors set forth in HRS 703-309(1) to distinguish abuse from discipline. A childs age, stature, the nature of the force, the nature of any injuries, and the proportionality of the punishment to the childs misconduct are the kinds of common sense considerations that a court might reasonably take into account in determining whether the force used by a parent amounts to abuse. However, there is nothing in chapter 586 or in the decisions of this court expressly recognizing a parental right to employ discipline with respect to the show cause hearing under HRS 586-5(b) on the question of whether the TRO should be continued. As noted before, in the absence of such a standard,

courts may construe chapter 586 too broadly and, in doing so, violate a parents constitutional right to discipline his or her child. Cf. Rezentes, 88 Hawai#i at 206, 965 P.2d at 139.

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VIII. Petitioner asks this court to hold that a parent has a right to use reasonable force to discipline a child, and requests that we articulate a standard that family courts may apply in evaluating whether a parents conduct amounts to abuse under chapter 586.24. The ICA did not squarely decide what standard

should govern because it seemingly believed chapter 586 subsumed parental discipline permitted under HRS 703-309.17 See Hamilton

III, 2011 WL 2611284, at *7-8 (stating that the legislature intended definition of acts constituting domestic violence to be broader than those subjected to liability under the criminal code). However, it is not necessary to import the express

provision of HRS 703-309(1) into HRS 586-5 TRO show cause hearings.18
17 Although the ICA stated that the court concluded that even if the defense [in HRS 703-309] were available, Petitioners use of force was not reasonably related to safeguarding or promoting Minors welfare, see Hamilton III, 2011 WL 2611284, at *8, the court seemed uncertain as to the scope of HRS 586-1. While not entirely clear, it appears that during the hearing, the court believed that Petitioner was permitted to discipline Minor if she was involved in conduct that was particularly egregious, such as using illegal drugs, but that Petitioner could not discipline his daughter for other misbehavior. The court also thought that HRS 703-309(1) was relevant, but that Petitioner could not take advantage of it because Mother had sole legal custody of Minor. In contrast, in its written conclusions, the court stated that it was not proper parental discipline for Petitioner to strike his daughter for her refusal to discuss [the birth control] issue late during a school night. The court also stated, however, that HRS 703-309 applies to criminal[,] not civil[,] actions. It cannot be said then that the court applied HRS 703-309(1) in reaching its decision. 18 In oral argument, Respondent implied that HRS 703-301(2) (1972) may prohibit a justification defense such as the parental discipline defense under HRS 703-309 from being imposed in civil proceedings under HRS chapter 586. That section states that [t]he fact that conduct is justifiable under this chapter [(HRS chapter 703)] does not abolish or impair any remedy for such conduct which is available in any civil action. HRS 703-301(2). However, generally it would appear that HRS 703-301(2) was intended to indicate that a justification defense does not affect remedies such as those that might flow from civil or private wrongs resulting in tort claims. See HRS 703-301 cmt. (For example, unreasonable conduct on the part of the defendant might suffice for civil liability whereas criminal liability will (continued...)

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A. Reasonableness is the standard that has long been employed by the states in the area of parental discipline. See

Doriane Lambelet Coleman, et. al., Where and How to Draw the Line Between Reasonable Corporal Punishment and Abuse, 73-SPG Law & Contemp. Probs. 107, 137 (2010) [hereinafter, Where and How to Draw the Line] ([S]tates have long provided parents with an exception to tort and criminal-law prohibitions against physical assaults when they can establish a disciplinary motive for the assault and when the assault itself is reasonable. Twentieth-

century case law is thus replete with holdings like this one: A parent has the right to punish a child within the bounds of moderation and reason, so long as he or she does it for the welfare of the child.) (citing cases); see also Restatement (Second) of Torts 147 (1965) (based on survey of states, [a] parent is privileged to apply such reasonable force or to impose such reasonable confinement upon his child as he reasonably believes is necessary for [his childs] proper control, training, or education); G.C. v. R.S., --- So.3d ---, 2011 WL 4104731, at

*2 (Fla. App. Sept. 16, 2011) (The common law recognize[s] a parents right to discipline his or her child in a reasonable manner.) (internal quotation marks and citations omitted); State v. Bell, 223 N.W.2d 181, 184 (Iowa 1974) (Parents have a right to inflict corporal punishment on their child, but that right is
18 (...continued) turn on the defendant's own subjective mental state.) (Emphasis added.) In any event, the right of parental discipline in the context of TRO proceedings stems from the constitution, not from the express provisions of HRS 703-309.

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restricted by moderation and reasonableness.); State v. Thorpe, 429 A.2d 785, 788 (R.I. 1981) ([A] parent has a right to use reasonable and timely [corporal] punishment as may be necessary to correct faults in his/her growing children.); Diehl v. Commonwealth, 385 S.E.2d 228, 230 (It is settled in Virginia that while a parent has the right to discipline his or her child the punishment must be within the bounds of moderation.); Where and How to Draw the Line, 73-SPG Law & Contemp. Probs. at 117 n.37 (Even in states that lack physical-discipline exceptions within their family or juvenile-court codes, courts have recognized a parents physical-discipline privilege based on a statutory privilege found in the criminal code or a common-law privilege.) (Citing Lovan C. v. Dept of Children & Families,

860 A.2d 1283, 1288 (Conn. App. 2004); In re W.G., 349 N.W.2d 487, 487 (Iowa 1984)). B. Reasonableness is also the standard used when considering whether a domestic violence injunction has been erroneously granted. See G.C., --- So.3d ----, 2011 WL 4104731

at *1-2. (holding that domestic violence injunction was not warranted because parents have a common law right to administer reasonable and non-excessive discipline and fathers conduct was reasonable); Simons v. State Dept of Human Servs., 803 N.W.2d 587, 592-95 (N.D. 2011) (holding in context of statute authorizing agency to remove abused children from homes that parents may use reasonable force to discipline their children); see also P.W v. D.O, 591 S.E.2d 260, 265-67 (W. Va. 2003) 29

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(concluding that child was not physically harmed for purposes of obtaining temporary domestic violence order when parent spanked child but left no bruises). IX. The formulations for determining whether a parents conduct is reasonably related to discipline vary among the states, but they are more similar than not. Based on a survey of

authorities, Restatement (Second) of Torts 150 (1965) provides as follows:

In determining whether force or confinement is reasonable for the control, training, or education of a child, the following factors are to be considered: (a) whether the actor is a parent; (b) the age, sex, and physical and mental condition of the child; (c) the nature of his offense and his apparent motive; (d) the influence of his example upon other children of the same family or group; (e) whether the force or confinement is reasonably necessary and appropriate to compel obedience to a proper command; (f) whether it is disproportionate to the offense, unnecessarily degrading, or likely to cause serious or permanent harm. 19

States consider essentially the same factors.

For

example, in Connecticut, [i]n a substantiation of abuse hearing . . . the hearing officer must determine whether the punishment was reasonable and whether the parent believed the punishment was necessary to maintain discipline or promote the childs welfare. Lovan C., 860 A.2d at 1289. The hearing officer must assess the

reasonableness of the punishment in light of the childs misbehavior and the surrounding circumstances, including the parents motive, the type of punishment administered, the amount

The factors are not exclusive. 150 (1965) cmt. a.

19

See Restatement (Second) of Torts

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of force used and the childs age, size and ability to understand the punishment. Id. Several other courts have identified

similar circumstances, such as the age, size, sex, and physical condition of both child and parent, the nature of the childs misconduct, the kind of marks or wounds inflicted on the childs body, the nature of the instrument used for punishment, etc. State v. Singleton, 705 P.2d 825, 827 (Wash. App. 1985) (citing cases). The factors considered by other states are coextensive with the test employed by Hawai#i in the context of the criminal parental discipline defense. We hold that the appropriate

standard for family courts to apply in contested HRS chapter 586 show cause hearings is whether the parent's discipline is reasonably related to the purpose of safeguarding or promoting the welfare of the minor. In applying such a standard, the

surrounding circumstances, including factors such as the nature of the misbehavior, the childs age and size, and the nature and propriety of the force used, have been universally considered and should also guide the courts in this state. X. Petitioner argues that the court and the ICA improperly assumed that his actions constituted abuse. The ICA concluded

that it was not an abuse of discretion, in light of the three incidents of abuse alleged, for the court to conclude that abuse had occurred. However, in its findings and conclusions the court

based its decision only on the single incident in which Minor alleged that Petitioner hit her a couple of times and that he 31

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was trying to slap her on the face but that she blocked his blows. None of the parties or the courts had the benefit of the

standard for parental discipline to apply, as set forth supra, for purposes of the October 5, 2005 HRS 586-5 show cause hearing. Accordingly, the case must be remanded to the court for

application of that standard.20 XI. In his second question, Petitioner asks this court to determine whether a non-custodial parent has a residual parental right to discipline during unsupervised visitation. A. Initially, Petitioner contends that the ICA erred in failing to take judicial notice of the documents pertaining to the custody case, UCCJ No. 98-0028. However, the ICAs refusal

to take the custodial documents into account had no bearing on the ICAs decision because, as explained infra, the ICA refused to consider whether Petitioner retained a residual parental right to discipline Minor. n.20. Petitioner filed a motion with this court requesting that we take judicial notice of the custody case records. On See Hamilton III, 2011 WL 2611284, at *14

December 7, 2011, we granted the motion with respect to Exhibit B

20 It is not entirely clear whether the court concluded that Petitioner struck Minor for helping her friend in the birth control incident that Minor had already discussed with Mother, or instead because Minor was attempting to leave when Petitioner sought to speak to her. See discussion supra. In any event, whether the conduct by Petitioner was appropriate discipline in each incident should be left initially to the family court, inasmuch as those determinations are necessarily fact-bound, and will depend on the custodial arrangement of the parties and on the circumstances of the particular case.

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(Ex B), titled "Stipulated Order for Post-Decree Relief Re Plaintiff's Motion and Affidavit for Post-Decree Relief Filed February 1, 1999, and Defendant's Motion and Affidavit for Post-Decree Relief Filed March 5, 1999," filed on September 22, 1999, and with respect to Exhibit A (Ex A), titled "Order Re Defendant's Motion for Post Decree Relief Filed on 4/26/02 and Plaintiff's Motion for Post Decree Relief Filed on 5/17/02," filed on August, 27, 2003. Taking judicial notice of the custody

documents establishes that Petitioner had visitation rights with Minor even though Mother had sole legal custody. B. Petitioner also contends that his case is not moot. Although at this point Petitioners daughter has reached the age of eighteen and the TRO has expired, as was the case when Petitioner was last before this court, there is [still] a reasonable probability that the family courts issuance of the TRO against [Petitioner], which was based on its findings and conclusions that [Petitioner] abused his daughter, will cause harm to [Petitioners] reputation. Hamilton II, 119 Hawai#i at

11, 193 P.3d at 849 (rejecting contention that Petitioners claim was moot after TRO expired and Mother was awarded full custody because Petitioner still had reputational interest to protect). Hence, Petitioner retains an interest in resolving whether the TRO should have been continued after the hearing.21

21 Petitioner also contends that the ICAs errors perpetuated continuing collateral consequences because during the pendency of the TRO, Mother was given sole legal and physical custody over Minor, which Petitioner was unable to modify because of the TRO. Because this court has already held (continued...)

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C. Petitioner argues that the ICA erred in agreeing with the court that Petitioner did not have the right to discipline Minor. stated:
[Petitioner] also challenges the Family Courts conclusion that discipline over issues of morals lies with [Mother], who has sole legal and physical custody. Given our ultimate conclusion that the Family Court did not abuse its discretion in issuing the Ex Parte TRO . . . we need not address this point.

However, the ICA did not reach the issue.

The ICA

Hamilton III, 2011 WL 2611284, at *7 n.6.

In her answering brief

to the ICA, Respondent argued that HRS 571-222 allows only the custodial parent to discipline the child, and does not permit the non-custodial parent to impose discipline. In oral argument,

Respondent also referred to the provisions of the custody

21 (...continued) that the reputational consequences of the grant of the TRO were sufficient to prevent the case from becoming moot, see Hamilton II, 119 Hawai#i at 11, 193 P.3d at 849, there is no need for this court to consider Petitioners argument that the TRO also made it impossible for him to modify the award of custody to Mother. 22 HRS 571-2 (1993) entitled Definitions, provides in relevant part as follows:

Legal custody means the relationship created by the courts decree which imposes on the custodian the responsibility of physical possession of the minor and the duty to protect, train, and discipline the minor and to provide the minor with food, shelter, education, and ordinary medical care, all subject to residual parental rights and responsibilities and the rights and responsibilities of any legally appointed guardian of the person. . . . . Residual parental rights and responsibilities means those rights and responsibilities remaining with the parent after the transfer of legal custody or guardianship of the person, including, but not necessarily limited to, the right to reasonable visitation, consent to adoption or marriage, and the responsibility for support. (Emphases added.)

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documents for this proposition.23

Respondent argued that because

the term legal custody is defined to include the responsibility to discipline, and the term residual parental right does not, a non-custodial parent with residual parental rights does not enjoy the right to discipline. However, Respondents argument was already considered and subsumed in Stocker, 90 Hawai#i at 93-94, 976 P.2d at 407-08. The Stocker court held that a custodial parent normally has reserved to him or her the sole authority and duty to discipline a child, pursuant to HRS 571-2. Id. This court

recognized that the definition of residual parental rights in HRS 571-2 did not expressly include the right to discipline, but explained that the rights listed in the definition were not exclusive. Id. Therefore, Stocker held that a non-custodial

parent, acting within his court-prescribed unsupervised visitation time, retains [a] residual parental right . . . to discipline a child with respect to that childs conduct during the visitation period. citation omitted). Id. at 94, 976 P.2d at 408 (internal

Consequently, [a] contrary holding would

lead to the absurdity that a non-custodial parent, alone with his child during an authorized visitation period, would be powerless

23 Respondent referred to provisions (1) in Ex A, which states that Respondent shall have sole legal custody of the children," and that "[Respondent shall consult with [Petitioner] on all legal custody decisions, and (2) in Ex B that "[for] major decisions . . . the parties shall confer in unity . . . including . . . the manner in which the children shall be disciplined . . . [and] the visitation schedule for [Petitioner]." On their faces, nothing in these provisions governed the particular circumstances of the events of August 25, 2005, nor directly conflicted with the provision under HRS 571-2, that Petitioner retain[ed] as a residual parental right, . . . the authority to discipline a child with respect to that child's conduct during the visitation period. Stocker, 90 Hawai#i at 94, 976 P.2d at 408.

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to employ the use of force against the child, even if such force were reasonably necessary to promote the childs welfare. Id. Stocker was decided in the context of the parental discipline defense under HRS 703-309(1), but the rationale applies equally here. It would be inconsistent to say that a

non-custodial parent retains the right to use reasonable force to discipline a child for purposes of a criminal prosecution but not for purposes of a civil proceeding. Parents with visitation

rights are responsible for the supervision of their children while the child is with them. See id. Consequently, the

responsibility to supervise must also include the ability to discipline the child when the child is in the physical custody of the parent--whether the parent has full legal custody or visitation rights. See id. In this case, no party before the

court disputed that Petitioner had visitation rights with Minor. Yet the court was unsure of whether Petitioner had the right to discipline Minor. We conclude that a non-custodial parent

retains the right to discipline his or her child for conduct that occurs while the child is under the supervision of the noncustodial parent.24

24 However, the family court retains discretion in any particular case to specifically prohibit corporal punishment by a non-custodial parent as the circumstances may reasonably warrant.

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XII. For the foregoing reasons, we vacate the September 21, 2011 ICA judgment and the courts October 5, 2005 Order Regarding Temporary Restraining Order. We remand the case to the

court for application of the standard for parental discipline consistent with this opinion. Robert H. Thomas and Rebecca A. Copeland (Damon Key Leong Kupchak Hastert) for petitioner/ defendant-appellant. Stephen T. Hioki for respondent/ plaintiff-appellee. /s/ Paula A. Nakayama /s/ Simeon R. Acoba, Jr. /s/ James E. Duffy, Jr. /s/ Sabrina S. McKenna /s/ Virginia L. Crandall

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