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DnV SerVIng THe energy InDUSTry wind energy

wind energy

The power To harness The wind

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GLOBAL SERVICES TO THE wInd EnERGy IndUSTRy Wind resource assessment Project due diligence Project development assistance Testing and instrumentation Wind turbine engineering

Type certification Project certification Health, safety and environmental risk management Marine/offshore advisory services

Asset risk management Wind turbine installation and service vessels

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COnTEnTS 04 06 08 10 12 Providing expertise along the entire life cycle The importance of planning Creating continuity, confidence and trust Managing investment risk Uniquely positioned to work offshore 14 Optimising performance and safety 16 Beyond wind energy supporting emerging energy resources 18 Turning todays innovations into tomorrows standards 20 Project examples

Wind energy is vital to a cleaner energy future. But technical, environmental, and financial risks must be managed to release its potential. With 150 years experience in shipping, more than 40 years experience in some of the toughest offshore environments, and 25 years in wind energy, DnV is a unique partner whatever the challenge offshore or onshore. Our services and global expertise ensure you get more out of wind safely and effectively.

The power To harness The wind

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providing eXperTise along The enTire life cycle


The development of renewable energy resources and technology options has advanced rapidly since the 1980s. DnV has been involved along the way, providing expertise across the entire project life cycle.

DNV provides a wide range of services for developers, manufacturers, and financiers investing in renewable energy. We provide a clear overview of the risks and opportunities associated with a specific venture. Our risk management services cover the entire life cycle of wind energy projects, including: Wind resource assessment Project due diligence Project development assistance Testing and instrumentation Wind turbine engineering Type certification Project certification Health, safety and environmental risk management Marine/offshore advisory services Asset risk management Wind turbine installation and service vessels

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Our services are offered worldwide and we hold a wide range of national accreditations. With our global network of local resources, we can provide the project support, risk management, and certification services most appropriate for your needs. Through our technical cooperation with the Ris National Laboratory in Denmark, CENER in Spain, the Clean Tech Centre in Singapore, and the National Energy Laboratory and Sandia National Laboratory in the U.S., we are engaged in front-end renewable energy research. DNV also sponsors substantial internal research and innovation programmes to investigate cutting edge technologies, develop new methodologies and best practices, and introduce the latest technical advances into our services to benefit our clients.

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Strategy

Feasibility & concept selection

Design

Construction

Installation & commissioning

Operation & life extension

Decommissioning

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GETTInG IT RIGHT THE FIRST TIME


The large investments involved in wind energy projects mean that investors, developers, and insurance companies often require second- and third-party verification in order to reduce their risk and protect their investments. Making decisions based on sound analyses of available options at the pre-project phase can make all the difference to your project.

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vices have played an important role in minimising the number of design errors and creating confidence in the industry among manufacturers, developers, owners, finance and insurance companies, and regulatory authorities.

PERFORMInG AT MAXIMUM POTEnTIAL


Success in the wind energy industry requires multi-disciplinary competences to understand the wind resource; choose appropriate technology; and design, install, and operate solid projects. DNV understands the complexity of wind. We combine deep technical knowledge with business and management skills to help our clients achieve their goals and harness more wind from their projects safely and effectively.

COnFIdEnCE In nEw dESIGnS


Due to the impressive technological pace of the industry, new technologies are designed and type-tested within short development cycles. In order for wind turbine manufacturers to demonstrate confidence in their new wind turbine designs to their customers, wind turbine type certification is seen as a must. DNVs long track record with type certification, began in the early days of the modern wind turbine industry in the 1980s. Our independent certification ser-

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The imporTance of planning


DnV understands the unique technical risks in each phase of a wind energy projects life including the importance of planning. We provide technical services consistent with addressing the risks in the preconstruction phase of a wind project.
wInd RESOURCE ASSESSMEnT
Characterising the wind resource at a project site on- or offshore is crucial to determining wind turbine suitability, project design, and energy projections. DNV manages the installation, maintenance, and data quality of hundreds of meteorological towers for utilities, developers, and government agencies. Designing the right measurement programme requires extensive knowledge of equipment specifications, environmental considerations, and client goals. We have worked with all the major measurement equipment and tower suppliers and our remote sensing capabilities include sodar and lidar deployment and supporting data collection and analysis. use in their projects. Our work in this area includes site suitability analyses, technical reviews and assessments of specific turbine manufacturers and models, factory inspections, warranty and performance test reviews, and support during equipment procurement negotiations. Additional expertise related to technology development includes design-for-manufacture, prototype development, and research of innovative components and systems. We have an extensive set of modelling tools and can provide dynamic simulations, blade aerodynamics and structural design, analysis of major structural components, advanced control algorithm design, failure modes and effects analyses, and modal analyses of operating wind turbines.

FEASIBILITy STUdIES
DNV has completed wind energy feasibility studies in many locations around the world for a variety of clients ranging from multilateral international banks to small municipalities. The detail included in these studies is tailored to the individual clients needs but typically includes consideration of the technical, economic, financial, environmental, and institutional viability of a project. As recognised leaders in this area, we have frequently conducted training courses on how to prepare feasibility studies to meet international standards and/or for financing purposes. DNV also provides site screening and site selection services for clients. We apply a variety of site selection criteria, including: the regional and local wind resource, terrain features and orientation, compatibility with existing or future land uses, proximity to electrical infrastructure, proximity to property boundaries, environmental and community acceptance factors, aviation and communication factors, and appropriate turbine size and setback requirements to determine and prioritise development potential.

EnERGy ESTIMATES FOR wInd PROJECTS


Our data analysis and energy assessment groups work cooperatively to provide energy estimates throughout the project development cycle. The level of detail and complexity of these assessments is tailored to meet the clients needs given the development status of the project. We use windflow modelling based on long-term data sets combined with our professional judgment to generate estimates of gross and net energy production for proposed project layouts and turbine models. Energy losses and net energy are estimated based on analysis of the project array losses, blade soiling, off-axis operation, control losses, line losses, equipment downtime, weather effects, and other potential sources. Net energy production estimates are evaluated at a range of confidence levels using a proprietary stochastic model developed to evaluate the uncertainty in the assumptions, methods, and losses used for the analysis.

PERMITTInG And COMMUnITy ACCEPTAnCE


Photo simulations, sound contour maps, and shadow flicker tables are used to evaluate the impact on sensitive receptors in the vicinity of a project. We help select representative viewpoints and create photo simulations to support permitting and public acceptance decisions in the

TECHnOLOGy dEVELOPMEnT And ASSESSMEnT


Our team of professional engineers and consultants helps clients identify and evaluate wind technology options for

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local community. Industry standard computer software is used to evaluate the impacts of sound and shadow flicker on surrounding areas.

SECURInG THE SUPPLy CHAIn


DNV supports wind turbine suppliers and project developers in understanding, assessing, and securing the supply chain for their activities. New players from around the globe have become interested or involved with the wind industry as it has grown in size and expanded into new geographic areas. We support the integration of the supply chain by providing such services as market assessments, quality system reviews, and on-site inspections, among others.

COMPETITIVE BIddInG PROCESSES


We can help ensure competitive bidding processes by working with utilities and others to develop bid documents and conduct bid evaluations for wind energy generation, technology, and services. Clear evaluation criteria and comparison of consistent information between bidders are essential for successful bidding programmes.

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creaTing conTinuiTy, confidence and TrusT


Independent certification and verification activities by third parties has played an important role in minimising the number of errors in design. It has also created confidence between manufacturers, developers, owners, financiers, insurance companies, and regulatory authorities.

TyPE CERTIFICATIOn
Wind turbines should generally have as a minimum type approval according to a recognised certification system, such as IEC WT 01, and there may also be additional local or national requirements applicable to the chosen projectspecific approval scheme. DNV offers type certification services according to a certification system defined by the International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) in the document IEC WT 01 and also according to various other national certification systems. Type certification comprises evaluation of design, type testing, and manufacturing, as well as an optional type characteristic measurements module (power quality and noise). The process ends with the issue of a type certificate, which is maintained and verified over time.

tions. Accelerated testing of full-scale blades is carried out in laboratories. DNV can carry out the type tests or review the test plans and test reports of other accredited laboratories.

Manufacturing evaluation
DNV conducts a survey of the manufacturing of one wind turbine sample to be covered by type certification according to IEC WT 01. Wind turbine manufacturers normally operate a certified quality system according to ISO 9001. For such certified quality systems DNV performs an audit to confirm that the work instructions, purchase specifications, quality control procedures, and records, etc., follow the design covered by certification. Extended audits are relevant for quality systems that are not certified.

Issue and maintenance of the Type Certificate design evaluation


The design evaluation is usually a review of the design documentation submitted by the manufacturer. In addition to the documentation review, independent analyses will usually be carried out for critical parts of the wind turbine. Independent load calculations are performed using an aeroelastic programme different from the one used by the manufacturer. If required, finite element modelling (FEM) analysis may be carried out for critical components. When the wind turbine subject to type certification is found to comply with the applicable codes/standards/ requirements, a final verification report and a Type Certificate will be issued. The validity period of a wind turbine Type Certificate is specified in the certificate and is typically between one and five years. Annual surveys of randomly chosen specimens of each type of turbine are carried out during the validity period of the Type Certificate for the purpose of verification of the built wind turbine in relation to the design initially approved by DNV.

Type testing
Type testing and type characteristic measurements are performed in order to verify the wind turbine performance with respect to power production performance, noise, and power quality. Furthermore, safety and functional tests and load measurements are carried out in order to verify the dynamic behaviour of the turbine and the load calcula-

PROJECT CERTIFICATIOn
Offshore wind farms are large investments and represent a higher risk than land based wind farms. To protect investments, owners, investors, and insurance companies increas-

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ingly look for an experienced partner to verify that the wind farms will perform successfully through their intended lifetime. DNV has developed an offshore project certification service that covers all the critical phases of a wind farm project. Issued by a third-party certification body, the certificate lets all parties involved know they can trust that a wind farm project has been assessed against the industry best-practice. By subjecting a wind farm project to certification, the owner can demonstrate awareness of the increased risk involved in moving offshore and willingness to deal with it.

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mance testing on most major turbine models. A thorough review of contractual and customer requirements forms the basis for our analysis. Our services include analysis of the need for site calibration; equipment specification, procurement, and installation; on-going data quality assurance; early identification of potential concerns; and comprehensive reporting in accordance with IEC 61400-12 requirements.

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Loads testing
Turbine manufacturers rely on DNV to provide accredited loads measurement services to optimise performance or to verify design calculations to support product development or improvement, type certification, or problem investigation on individual components or systems. Our engineers have carried out load testing work for a wide range of turbine models in locations around the world.

Step-by-step approach
The core of the project certification services consists of six phases each representing a period of time, from verification of the design basis, through to the in-service inspections. DNV project certification is based on a step-by-step approach that minimises the total project risk: Phase I Design basis including external conditions Phase II Detailed design Phase III Manufacturing Phase IV Installation Phase V Commissioning Phase VI In-service

noise emissions
DNV conducts accredited noise testing for type certification, to ensure compliance with local regulations, verify sound levels are within warranted boundaries, and provide baseline assessments for later comparisons. Our team provides a rapid response to requests from project developers, turbine manufacturers, owners, and operators.

ACCREdITEd TESTInG SERVICES


DNV offers a wide range of testing, measurement, and instrumentation services around the world, including accredited power performance, loads, noise emission, and power quality* tests, as well as customised measurement and instrumentation packages.

Power quality*
DNV conducts power quality testing to assess the electrical characteristic of wind turbines. The equipment and methodologies employed by DNV, including quality assurance practices, meet or exceed IEC 61400-21 requirements. DNV expects to be accredited for power quality testing in June 2011. The addition of power quality testing to DNVs accredited testing service offerings will allow DNV to perform all of the testing required for type certification.

Turbine power performance


DNV has conducted accredited wind turbine power perfor-

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managing invesTmenT risk


With new projects come new risks and opportunities. DnV is acknowledged as a world leader in helping clients manage the risk of capital investments in a variety of industries, including onshore and offshore renewable energy projects, wind installation vessels, and a wide range of other marine and land-based applications.

Our independent engineering and due diligence services support investors and owners during project financing, mergers and acquisitions, portfolio financings, and other transactions occurring in the wind industry. Our team has extensive experience preparing independent engineers reports for wind energy investors, with a reputation for professional, confidential, and unbiased analysis.

lenges of wind energy projects and have experience evaluating a wide range of risk mitigation strategies. We help our clients to understand investment uncertainties and assist them in developing project structures that work for all participants. We conduct due diligence activities under a broad range of circumstances including debt and equity investments on new projects, acquisitions of existing projects or development portfolios, investments in installation vessels to support the offshore wind industry, and investments in new technology.

PROVIdInG IndEPEndEnT AdVICE


With decades of experience, DNV has earned a reputation for providing independent advice. Our professional personnel respect the technical and economic risks and chal-

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For wind project financing, our due diligence assessments commonly address: Wind resource and energy projections Project documentation, including equipment supply, construction, and warranty agreements Environmental and regulatory permits Foundation or platform design Wind turbine technology assessment and suitability for the project site Project engineering and construction oversight Performance assessment and testing Power market pricing

Ability to achieve construction schedule and contingency plans Pro forma inputs Operation and maintenance plans

During construction, DNV provides construction oversight and monitoring services to identify any schedule delays, quality concerns, or other risks. In addition, we typically conduct ongoing performance and operational reviews during the loan term.

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uniquely posiTioned To work offshore


DnV has been in the business of supporting maritime activities since 1864. Combine this with 25 years of wind energy experience and more than 40 years working with the offshore oil and gas industry, and our capabilities are unparalleled. As a result, DnV has played a role in the majority of offshore wind energy projects that are currently operating, as well as supporting governments and regulatory agencies in their planning processes for the offshore wind industry.

With our strong maritime heritage and our equally strong commitment to a cleaner energy future, DNV is well positioned to help a wide range of clients through our offshore wind and marine advisory services. Some of these services are extensions of our onshore work. Other services are more specific to offshore activities in order to support clients during planning, installation, operation, and maintenance of their offshore wind projects.

structures, objects, vessels and equipment, systems, and procedures involved in marine operations. DNV issues a Marine Operations Declaration upon acceptance of design calculations, equipment, procedures, and preparations in accordance with DNV Rules for Planning and Execution of Marine Operations. The DNV Marine Operations Declaration satisfies requirements for insurance underwriters as well as national and international regulatory agencies.

CERTIFIEd VERIFICATIOn AGEnT


In the U.S., federal and state requirements call for Certified Verification Agents (CVAs) to review and verify different phases of offshore wind projects installed on the Outer Continental Shelf (OCS). DNV is well positioned to fill that role based on our long history of working as CVA on oil and gas projects and our position as the leading provider of project certification services for offshore wind projects in Europe (a different process, but requiring similar experience and competence).

PURPOSE-BUILT VESSELS FOR THE wInd IndUSTRy


DNV has been engaged in providing services to many of the early purpose-built vessels used by the offshore wind energy industry. Our team of maritime experts conducts feasibility studies, conceptual designs, value chain analyses, due diligence investigations, vessel availability and constraints assessments, and other activities for the maritime and energy industries. We also have issued the first class notation for offshore wind installation vessels.

MARInE LOGISTICS And OPERATIOnS


DNV has a long-established, dedicated unit for marine operations, staffed with master mariners, naval architects, and marine and structural engineers. The team works closely to ensure integration between theoretical analysis and real life practice. The unit offers in-depth services related to the independent marine advisory, verification, and approval of marine operations.

SERVICE VESSELS And MARInE ACCESS


As wind projects are sited farther offshore and placed in deeper water, DNV is helping the industry to develop new operation and maintenance strategies to address the unique risks and challenges of working offshore. The development of new marine access options and the importance of transporting staff safely, efficiently, and reliably becomes increasingly important. DNV has also issued new offshore class rules for service vessels to support the offshore wind industry and to promote safety and uniformity in this growing area.

MARInE wARRAnTy SURVEyS


DNV offers warranty surveys and marine verification of all

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SHIP nAVIGATIOnAL RISK


As wind farms increase in size and move farther away from the coast, the impact on ship traffic increases. DNV evaluates the navigational risk in order to identify the possibility for loss of assets (turbines) or in the worst case, the whole wind farm if a large ship collides with the substation. Authorities often include ship collision risk assessments as part of the environmental work required for permitting approvals. In the past, the evaluation was based on information from the harbours. Today, more comprehensive data are often available which show the true sailing pattern, traffic intensity, and the position of ships on the different routes. It is thus possible to evaluate the risk with increased confidence.

OFFSHORE STRUCTURES
In addition to our certification of offshore wind structures, foundations, and meteorological masts, DNV works on conceptual designs, structural analyses, load simulations, and other activities related to offshore structures. Furthermore, we have experience with offshore transformer and accommodation platforms including the development of access strategies; identification of health, safety, and environmental risks; and the preparation of emergency response plans.
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improving performance and safeTy


As the number of operating wind projects around the globe increases, optimising performance, understanding maintenance requirements, and implementing safe practices is receiving additional attention. DnV helps clients to get the most out of their projects safely and effectively.
TECHnICAL SUPPORT FOR ASSET MAnAGEMEnT
DNV supports project owners and operators in managing their projects in order to maximise the energy production minimise the downtime, reduce life-cycle operations and maintenance costs, and understand the condition of their equipment onshore and offshore. Through a variety of services such as failure root cause analysis, failure trending and prediction, risk-based operational planning, condition monitoring activities, and operational data analysis for project performance optimisation, we help our clients harness more wind and produce more electricity. DNV has also partnered with multiple service organisations to provide full-service work inspections on wind turbines. Our combined capabilities include high-quality boroscope inspections of all gearbox stages, engineering review and statistical analysis of inspection results, and integrated engineering reports to document findings and provide recommended actions. Our investigations can include specialised assessments such as: Gearbox videoscope inspection Drive-train vibration analysis Detailed blade inspection and imaging Oil and grease analysis Corrosion assessment Operational record analysis SCADA data analysis Safety analysis Arc flash hazard analysis Other services include repowering analyses for aging wind projects and estimation of remaining useful life of wind turbines and components. DNV has developed comprehensive operations and maintenance (O&M) cost models based on extensive experience in tracking and benchmarking O&M experience on wind energy projects. Our O&M cost model combines component-level wear/failure statistics with current replacement costs, labour costs, and equipment costs to generate estimates of expected future cost ranges.

HSE RISK MAnAGEMEnT


DNV is a world leader in managing health, safety and environmental (HSE) risks throughout the life cycle of a wide range of energy-related projects. For the wind industry, we deliver strategic and tactical support to owners and operators of wind energy projects to help them safely and responsibly improve their business performance. Mere compliance with legal requirements for HSE performance is no longer sufficient for forward-thinking organisations. Our services cover activities from conceptual design through full-scale operation, for both onshore and offshore wind projects. Our activities include: Management systems and performance standards Environmental impact assessment Incident planning and investigation Human factors and safety culture Hazard identification and mitigation Emergency planning and response Operational HSE elements Our customised and integrated solutions help to increase safety and environmental performance, ensure sustainable development, improve financial performance, and enhance reputations for companies in the wind industry. As both onshore and offshore wind energy projects increase in number, reliable operation becomes a crucial factor in project success. Our services are designed to help our clients create an organisation that can maximise production output, and, at the same time, ensure that health, safety, and environmental risk are managed within acceptable levels.

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DnV

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Beyond wind energy supporTing emerging energy resources

Although wind energy has been the fastest growing renewable energy source in recent years, other technologies will be equally important to our energy future. DnV is engaged with wave and tidal technology, photovoltaic and solar thermal energy, and other renewable resources, as well as the integration of these renewable energy resources into our transmission and distribution systems.
DNV has strengthened our service lines to the renewable energy market through the acquisition of BEW Engineering Inc. in San Ramon, California, in October 2010. BEW brings expertise in solar and wind, as well as transmission and distribution systems, to complement DNVs other renewable energy competences. adequately developed, DNV services help avoid the need for late and expensive design changes or costly offshore recovery operations. We also provide support through environmental condition assessments, hydrodynamic analyses and model testing, warranty surveys, reliability assessments, manufacturing and in-service inspections, and related assessments of the technical, financial, and schedule risk associated with a project.

EnERGy FROM THE OCEAn


Wave and tidal devices are in the early stages of commercial development and we have been involved since the beginning. DNV has supported early research and development activities with national and regional authorities as well as technology suppliers and project sponsors. DNV provides technology qualification, certification, and verification for new prototype designs by drawing on its long history and experience in the maritime and offshore oil and gas industries. By ensuring that the technology is

EnERGy FROM THE SUn


BEWs photovoltaic (PV) services align with the dawning of the large, utility-scale market and the expansion in commercial rooftop and ground-mounted system installation. BEW has provided third-party independent engineering for hundreds of PV systems installations on behalf of numerous financiers, projects developers, and system inte-

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grators and has become the premier source for PV system independent engineering consulting services. Services include: Independent engineering and due diligence service for PV power plants PV system engineering and design services from concept to completed system design Site solar resource assessment PV system performance modelling, power rating, and energy production estimates System and component testing, data acquisition, and data analysis Custom conversion design and development PV project feasibility and economic assessment PV component development and evaluation Solar power plant collection system design PV workshops and training

development through implementation. This broad perspective has proven invaluable to investor-owned as well as customer-owned utilities and power generation project developers, with special emphasis on renewable energy grid interconnection and integration. Services include: Transmission interconnection studies (power flow, short circuit, transient stability) Equipment model development for EMTP, PSLF, PSS/E analysis platforms Development of project-specific technical data for large and small generator interconnection requests Renewable energy grid integration studies Power purchase agreement negotiation Domestic and international industry standards development (IEC, IEEE, UL) Intellectual property strategy and development In addition to onshore transmission and distribution experience, DNV also provides services related to subsea cables and offshore substations.

PUTTInG IT ALL TOGETHER


Our transmission and distribution services leverage our in-house wind and solar expertise, to bring a unique combination of skills to any renewable energy project from

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Turning Todays innovaTions inTo Tomorrows sTandards


DnV has contributed to the standardisation for renewable energy technology and practices over the last two decades. The first standards were developed for type certification of wind turbines on a national basis in Denmark.
DNV has been a leading driver of formal standardisation, through the IEC (International Electrotechnical Commission) as well as European and national standards bodies. DNV takes the initiative by developing our own standards. This helps to facilitate the creation of international standards, and further allows DNV to: Cross reference to other DNV standards Provide a consistent link between standards for wind turbines, offshore structures, and other building codes Define the extent of and requirements for certification not covered by other codes

dnV STAndARdS And GUIdELInES


As a general introduction to wind turbine design, DNV and Ris National Laboratory in Denmark issued the text book Guidelines for Design of Wind Turbines. The standard for offshore wind turbine support structures, DNV-OS-J101, was first issued in 2004. Since then DNV contributed through an IEC committee to the IEC 61400-3 standard Design requirements for offshore wind turbines which included developing the requirements for design loads. DNV-OS-J101 was updated in 2007 to cover this development and serve as an interpretation standard for IEC 61400-3. The DNV-OS-J102 standard Design and Manufacture of Wind Turbine Blades was issued in 2007 and serves as a detailed interpretation of the basic requirements to blade design, manufacturing, and testing in IEC 61400-1 and IEC 61400-23. The DNV-OS-J201 standard Offshore Substations for Wind Farms was issued in 2009 and describes the baseline for safe design, layout, and operations of offshore substations. Supported by the Carbon Trust in the UK, DNV developed Guidelines on Design and Operation of wave energy converters in 2005. These guidelines are a starting point for the future standardisation of wave and tidal energy converters. Additional guidelines, recommended practices, and standards for the wind industry are under development. Our standards are routinely reviewed and updated as appropriate.

IEC And ISO STAndARdS


The IEC has specified type and project certification schemes for wind turbines in their IEC WT 01 document. DNV has based both the type and the project certification services for wind turbines on IEC WT 01 which refers to an extensive range of IEC technical standards for wind turbines. The current suite of standards includes: IEC 61400-1, Design requirements IEC 61400-2, Small wind turbines IEC 61400-11, Acoustic noise measurement techniques IEC 61400-2-1, Power performance measurements IEC 61400-3, Design requirements for offshore wind turbines IEC 61400-13, Measurement of mechanical loads IEC 61400-14, Declaration of sound power level and tonality IEC 61400-21, Measurement of power quality characteristics IEC 61400-23, Full scale structural blade testing IEC 61400-24, Lightning protection ISO 81400-4, Wind turbines, design and specification of gearboxes

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proJecT eXamples
InSTALLATIOn METHOdOLOGIES FOR OFFSHORE wInd STATOIL
Statoil is one of four partners in Forewind, the consortium awarded concession rights for the worlds largest offshore wind project Dogger Bank. The project will comprise nearly two thousand wind turbines covering an area of 8,660 square kilometres in the north Sea when finished. The project is located between 125 and 290 km from the UK shore, with water depths spanning from 18 to 63 metres. The project will require a highly sophisticated construction philosophy. Statoil asked DnV to conduct a concept evaluation to identify cost efficient and robust installation methodologies. The evaluation was based on both qualitative and quantitative assessments of different logistical alternatives and vessel segments, combined into installation concepts. The quantitative assessment, focusing on installation duration, cost and robustness, was based on DnVs Value Chain Assessment methodology, a service for strategic decision support. To capture all aspects of the assessed concepts, a qualitative study was carried out where HSe risks, technical feasibility and maturity, and logistical complexity were analysed.
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wInd EnERGy AUCTIOn SUPPORT energISA SOLUeS S.A.


energisa Solues S.A. (energisa) is one of Brazils leaders in generation, transmission, and distribution of electricity in Brazil. With new policies and high electricity demand in Brazil, energisa wanted to expand its energy generation capabilities beyond hydropower and diversify into other renewable energy technologies.

Brazils first ever wind energy auction was held in December 2009. At stake were 20-year power purchase agreements with electrobras - the largest power utility company in Brazil and Latin America with majority ownership by the Brazilian federal government. Two further auctions were held in August 2010 and plans for future auctions are underway. The auction process represented a key opportunity for energisa to enter Brazils emerging wind energy market. DnV assisted energisa with the preparations for entering into the 2010 auction process by providing energy assessments, cost estimates, and a number of other advisory services.

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CRITICAL ISSUE
Success in the government-sponsored energy auction.

CRITICAL ISSUE
Statoils challenge was to establish and understand the potential installation concepts for Dogger Bank within schedule, budget, quality and HSe requirements.

SOLUTIOn
Documentation review. Identification of key risks/uncertainties. Assessment of potential layouts and turbine types. Preparation of energy assessments.

SOLUTIOn
Quantitative and qualitative assessment of potential installation concepts to identify critical issues for cost efficient and robust installation.

VALUE TO CLIEnT
recommendations made and mitigation strategies developed to reduce risk and project uncertainties. Winning bid entry into the 2010 government-sponsored energy auction process.

VALUE TO CLIEnT
Vital information for the strategy on how to construct the Dogger Bank field.

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wInd TURBInE TyPE TESTInG HyUnDAI HeAVy InDUSTrIeS (HHI)


Hyundai Heavy Industries (HHI) asked DnV to carry out both type testing field measurements and type certification for their new HQ2000 2 MW wind turbine. The prototype turbine is located near HHI manufacturing facilities in gunsan, Korea. DnVs project team included testing personnel based in Seattle and Busan and certification personnel located in Copenhagen and Busan.

wInd TURBInE GEARBOX dURABILITy STUdy U.S. DePArTMenT OF energy


DnV is working under contract with the U.S. Department of energy to study factors influencing the durability of wind turbine gearboxes. This ongoing research project includes collection of data from multiple wind projects, including gearbox failure rates and modes, turbine operating conditions, maintenance practices, and specific gearbox design features. The primary project objective is to develop correlations between wind turbine gearbox condition and data generally available to wind project owners and operators (operational data).
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Type testing of wind turbines is one of the mandatory modules to achieve type certification of newly designed wind turbines and includes power performance, load, acoustic noise, power quality measurement and safety and function testing. The type testing shall be carried out by an accredited testing body which is in compliance with ISO/IeC 17025, in this case DnV in Seattle. Type testing is carried out within the scope of relevant IeC 61400 series standards to meet the uniform methodology that will ensure consistency and accuracy in the measurement and analysis. The measured data in various wind conditions and turbine operating modes are used to validate calculated design loads, specify turbine performances, and verify turbine behaviours under the various test conditions.

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Through analysis of the data, DnV will develop a framework for recommended practices for wind turbine gearbox health monitoring and add valuable data on incipient gearbox component failure to the ongoing national renewable energy Laboratory gearbox reliability Collaborative project. To collect data for this project, DnV has inspected the internal condition of multiple wind turbine gearboxes, and worked with multiple wind project operators to collect operational data for a variety of turbines. DnV is analysing the data and establishing relationships between the operational parameters and observed gearbox health.

CRITICAL ISSUE
Data accuracy is of paramount importance to the turbine supplier. A successful test programme must be planned and executed flawlessly to enable a rapid and successful type certification process. Type certification provides confidence to the market.

CRITICAL ISSUE
Wind turbine gearboxes are a high-cost component of wind turbines, and serial failures have been common in the industry.

SOLUTIOn
research into the causes of premature failure of wind turbine gearboxes. Framework for a DnV recommended practice for wind turbine gearbox health monitoring.

SOLUTIOn
Type testing field measurements and type certification of wind turbine.

VALUE TO CLIEnT
Advancement of wind turbine durability through improved knowledge of the factors that positively and directly influence gearbox health.

VALUE TO CLIEnT
global capabilities in both field testing and certification delivered a local, high-quality service to HHI.

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PROJECT CERTIFICATIOn FOR THAnET OFFSHORE wInd FARM VATTenFALL

Vattenfall contracted DnV to verify the design basis, design and manufacturing modules of the DnV Project Certification scheme for the Thanet offshore wind farm. The verification activities encompass the entire integrated support and wind turbine structures as well as the structural design of the substation. The wind turbine selected for the project carries a DnV type certificate, which facilitates the independent load analysis of the entire integrated wind turbine and substructure, because the aeroelastic model of the turbine and controller is already available and validated by DnV. This independent analysis is a key element in DnV verification of the load and responses that encompass the turbine, including the tower and the substructure.

wInd EnERGy TECHnOLOGy, PERFORMAnCE, And COST UPdATES eLeCTrIC POWer reSeArCH InSTITUTe (ePrI)

DnV/Per Sverre Wold Hansen

DnV/Terry Toftenes

The wind energy industry continues to evolve with significant changes occurring on an annual basis and electric power generating utilities are challenged to remain current with all market conditions. The entry of new manufacturers including those located in Asia is also changing the competitive landscape of the wind industry. To meet ePrI member needs, DnV completed a series of annual reports documenting key information regarding technology, performance and cost updates associated with the U.S. wind energy market. Technology trends including larger rotors, advanced controls, adaptations for the offshore market, and other improvements were tracked and documented.

CRITICAL ISSUE
Unbiased sources of accurate information are needed to allow utility companies, seeking to acquire wind generated energy, make confident business decisions.

CRITICAL ISSUE
Documentation of the safety and performance level of the entire integrated support and wind turbine structures.

SOLUTIOn
Independent verification by accredited third party (DnV).

SOLUTIOn
Provision of information on the most current turbine technology trends, performance improvements, capital and O&M costs, and economic analysis for use in ePrI publications.

VALUE TO CLIEnT
Confirmation that the Thanet Wind Farm is designed and manufactured to an adequate and well defined safety level according to DnV and IeC standards for the Design of Offshore Wind Turbine Structures.

VALUE TO CLIEnT
Clear, independent reports of the most critical information and key trends occurring in the market facilitating informed business decisions.

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FULL CERTIFICATIOn OF OFFSHORE HVdC COnVERTER PLATFORM TENNET


DnV is certifying an offshore wind converter station that is built by grid operator TenneT in the german sector of the north Sea. DnV provides full approval services for the design, manufacture, installation and commissioning of the high-voltage, direct-current (HVDC) converter station. DolWin alpha will be located some 75 kilometres from the german coast in 27 metres depth of water. The 800 MW station, of which the topsides weigh more than 10,000 tons, will take the electrical output from nearby offshore wind farms, convert it from alternating to direct current and transmit it to shore in germany. A particular challenge for the installation is that only a few vessels can lift topsides of this weight.
iStockphoto

MAnAGInG PUBLIC SAFETy RISK FOR OnSHORE wInd FARM dEVELOPMEnTS RENEWABLEUK
DnV was commissioned by renewableUK to support the development of a guidance document that addresses the issue of public safety risks associated with onshore wind farm developments.

A range of DnV offshore standards, including DnV-OS-J201, Offshore substations for wind farms, are applied for the design, thereby leveraging 40 years of experience from the offshore oil and gas industry and combining it with knowledge in power systems and transmission.

The guidance document applies a life cycle approach to risk management and can be used by developers, planners, owners and operators at any or all phases of an onshore wind farm project. Although there is currently no explicit legal requirement in the UK to address public safety as part of the planning process, the wind industry is taking its responsibility seriously and is developing an approach to assist in identifying and understanding the risks that members of the public may be exposed to from onshore wind farm developments. The document reflects current industry good practice and if applied could engineer-out hazards at the early design stage or reduce the risk to public safety from a wind farm to As Low As reasonably Practicable (ALArP).

DnV/Don roberts

CRITICAL ISSUE
Challenges of extending germanys electricity network offshore.

CRITICAL ISSUE
need for the wind industry to apply a consistent best practice approach to address public safety risk.

SOLUITOn
Independent verification of design basis, design, manufacturing and construction.

SOLUTIOn
Develop a guidance document that outlines a systematic approach to hazard identification, hazard evaluation and risk management.

VALUE TO CLIEnT
Third-party assurance within tight schedules.

VALUE TO CLIEnT
Best practice guidance document for the wind industry that addresses the potential risks that could impact public safety from onshore wind farm developments.

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PROJECT dEVELOPMEnT SUPPORT And POwER PERFORMAnCE TESTInG We energIeS


We energies is an electric and gas utility serving more than 1 million customers in Wisconsin and Michigan. When they decided to move forward with the Blue Sky green Field Wind Project, they selected DnV to provide project technical support and consulting services during the development process. The project consists of 88 Vestas V82 wind turbines, for a total capacity of 145 MW, and is capable of powering approximately 36,000 average homes. DnV conducted wind resource assessment activities, including data management and maintenance and logistic work on the meteorological towers at the site. In addition, DnV developed pre-construction energy estimates for the project, assisted We energies with wind turbine selection and procurement, provided input during the negotiation of turbine supply and warranty agreements, and supported the regulatory approval process with the Public Service Commission of Wisconsin. DnV has also provided We energies with post-construction services that included designing, implementing and conducting power performance testing for the project.

GUIdELInES On dESIGn And OPERATIOn OF wAVE EnERGy COnVERTERS THe CArBOn TrUST
getty Images

Currently there are few dedicated standards for marine energy systems. Consequently, technology developers are exploring how standards that exist in other industry sectors can be applied to their designs a pragmatic approach to make best use of available knowledge.

In recognition of this, DnV was commissioned by the Carbon Trust as part of the Marine energy Challenge to prepare a set of guidelines on the application of existing offshore standards to marine energy systems. The guidelines focus on wave energy devices, but certain parts are also relevant to tidal stream energy devices. These guidelines cover a range of technical areas, providing advice on all stages from concept through manufacture to installation and decommissioning.

CRITICAL ISSUE
Application of existing offshore knowledge to new technology.

SOLUTIOn
Provide guidance on selection of standards and appropriate measures to be taken to ensure reliability and decrease uncertainties.

CRITICAL ISSUE
Maximising We energies benefit during continued development and operation of project.

VALUE TO CLIEnT
Support for the Carbon Trusts strategic work in improving cost competitiveness of wave and tidal stream energy in the UK.

SOLUTIOn
DnV supported critical decisions throughout the development, procurement, and testing phases.

VALUE TO CLIEnT
Provided We energies with assurance that the project was an asset to their portfolio, helped them meet their renewable Portfolio Standard goals, and provided a greater knowledge base for future wind projects.

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DnV

26 I energy I wind energy I

dnvs wind energy offices


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DET NORSKE VERITAS AS nO-1322 Hvik, norway i Tel: +47 67 57 99 00 i Fax: +47 67 57 99 11 www.dnv.com

THIS IS DNV DnV is a global provider of services for managing risk, helping customers to safely and responsibly improve their business performance. Our core competence is to identify, assess, and advise on risk management. DnV is an independent foundation with presence in more than 100 countries.

Det norske Veritas AS 3-2011. Design: Coor Service Management/graphic Services 1103-014. Front cover: DnV/Betsie McLain

The power To harness The wind

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