Lasers in Eng., Vol. 15, pp.

23-31 Reprints available directly from the publisher Photocopying permitted by license only

2005 Old City Publishing, Inc. Published by license under the OCP Science imprint, a member of the Old City Publishing Group

Space-Time Engineering with Lasetron Pulses

M. KOZLOWSKI* AND J. MARCIAK-KOZLOWSKA

Institute of Electron Technology, Al Lotnikw 32/46, 02-668 Warsaw, Poland

The LASETRON project (Phys. Rev. Lett., 88, (2002), p. 074801-1) offers the possibility of investigating the structure of the electronpositron in space-time. Using our previous work (From Quarks to Bulk Matter, Hadronic Press, 2001) we analyse the theoretically possibility of the penetration of zeptosecond laser pulses (10-21 s) through space-time.
Keywords: Zeptosecond laser pulses; LASETRON; Electron-positron pairs; Space-time

1. INTRODUCTION In the paper [1] the theoretical project LASETRON was described. As was shown in the paper 10-21 s (zeptosecond) laser pulses can be generated using petawatt lasers, while already available terawatt lasers may generate sub-attosecond laser pulses of 10-19s. The pulses will be generated by ultra relativistic electrons driven by circularly polarized high-intensity laser fields. LASETRON pulses can be achieved by placing a solid particle or a piece of wire of sub-wavelength cross section in the focal plane of a superpowerful laser. In the book [2] it was shown that the lifetime of the electron-positron pair is of the order of 10 -17s; strictly speaking a lifetime of the order of the relaxation time
____________________________ *Corresponding author: mirkoz@ids.pe

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KOZLOWSKI AND MARCIAK-KOZLOWSKA

h ~ 10 17 s . me 2 c 2

(1)

In equation(1) me = mp is the electron or positron mass, is the fine structure constant and c is the velocity of light in vacuum. As can be concluded from formula (1) the zitterbeugung or tremor of space-time can be investigated with the LASETRON pulses, for the latter are shorter than the characteristic relaxation time. For a time period t < , i.e. for a LASETRON pulse the vacuum of spacetime is filled with a gas of electron-positron pairs with life-time ~10-17 s. In that case the propagation of a LASETRON pulse can be described by the Heaviside equation;
2 E E 2 E + = c2 2 . 2 t 0 t x

(2)

In equation (1) 0 permissivity of free space-time, and is the conductivity of free space-time, cy is the photon velocity in space-time and E is electric field (in one dimension). In the seminal paper [4] F. Calogero described the cosmic origin of quantization. In paper [4] the tremor of the cosmic particles is the origin of the quantization and the characteristic acceleration of these particles a ~10-10 m/s2 was calculated. In our earlier paper [5] the same value of the acceleration was obtained and compared to the experimental value of the measured space-time acceleration [6]. In this paper we define the cosmic force Planck force, FPlanck = MpaPlanck (aPlanck ~ a) and study the history of the Planck force as a function of the age of the Universe. Masses introduce a curvature in space-time, light and matter are forced to move according to the space-time metric. Since all the matter is in motion, the geometry of space is constantly changing. A Einstein relates the curvature of space to the mass/energy density:
G = kT

(3)

G is the Einstein curvature tensor and T the stress-energy tensor. The proportionality factor k follows by comparison with Newtons theory of
_____________________________________

c is the photon speed in space-time filled with electron-positron pairs. The electron-positron fluctuations can change the c to , i.e c c [3].

SPACE-TIME ENGINEERING WITH LASETRON PULSES

25

gravity: k = G/c4, where G is Newtons gravity constant and c is the velocity of light in vacuo; this is about 2.10-43N-1, expressing the rigidity of space-time. In paper [5] the model for the acceleration of space-time was developed. Prescribing the -G for space-time and +G for matter the acceleration of space-time was obtained:
3 1 2 ( N + 4 )2 aPlanck = AP 3 2 4 2 M
1 1

(4)

where Ap, Planck acceleration equal, viz.:

c7 2 c AP = 10 51 ms2 . = hG P
1

(5)

As was shown in paper [5] the aPlanck for N = M = 1060 is of the order of the acceleration detected by Pioneer spacecrafts [6]. Considering A p it is quite natural to define the Planck force F Planck,
c7 2 c AP = 10 51 ms2 . = hG P
1

(6)

where
hc 2 MP = . G
1

From formula (6) we conclude that F-1Planck rigidity of the space-time. The Planck force, F Planck=c 4/G = 1.1 10 44 N can be written in units which characterize the microspace-time, i.e. GeV and fm. In that units
k 1 = FPlanck = 7.6 1038 GeV / fm.

2. THE PLANCK, YUKAWA AND BOHR FORCES As was shown in paper [5] the present value of the Planck force is

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KOZLOWSKI AND MARCIAK-KOZLOWSKA

Now Planck

GeV 1 2 c4 ( N = M = 10 ) 10 60 = 10 22 . fm 2 4 G
1

60

(7)

In papers [7, 8] the Planck time p was defined as the relaxation time for space-time .
P =
h . MP c 2

(8)

Considering equations (6) and (8) FPlanck can be written as

MP c , P

FPlanck =

(9)

where c is the velocity for gravitation propagation. In papers [7, 8] the velocities and relaxation times for the thermal energy propagation in atomic and nuclear matter were calculated:
vatomic = em c, vnuclear = s c,

(10)

where em = e2 /(hc) = 1/137, s = 0.15. In the subsequent we define atomic and nuclear accelerations:
aatomic = anuclear =

em c , atomic sc . nuclear
2 2 2

(11)

Considering that atomic = h/(me emc ), nuclear = h/(mn sc ) one obtains from equation (11)
2

aatomic = anuclear

3 mec3 em , h m c 3 3 = N s. h

(12)

SPACE-TIME ENGINEERING WITH LASETRON PULSES

27

We define, analogously to Planck force the new forces: FBohr , FYukawa

FBohr = me aatomic

(m c ) =
e

2 2 3 em = 5 10 13

hc
N

GeV , fm GeV . fm

FYukawa = mN anuclear =

(m c )
hc

2 2

s3 = 1.6 10 2

(13)

Comparing equations (7) and (13) we conclude that the Bohr gradients and Yukawa forces are much large than FNow , i.e.: Planck
FBohr 5 10 13 = 10 9 , Now FPlanck 10 22 FYukawa 10 2 = 10 20. Now FPlanck 10 22

(14)

Equation (14) guarantees the present day stability of matter on the nuclear and atomic levels. Since the time dependence of FBohr and FYukawa are not well established, it will be assumed that as and aem [9] are not dependent on time. Considering equations (9) and (12) we obtain

(15)

(16) As can be seen in equations (15), (16) in the past FPlanck ~ FYukawa (for T = 0.002 s) and FPlanck ~ FBohr (for T ~ 108 s), T = the age of the universe. The calculated ages define the limits of instability of the nuclei and atoms.

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KOZLOWSKI AND MARCIAK-KOZLOWSKA

3. THE PLANCK, YUKAWA AND BOHR PARTICLES In 1900 M. Planck [10] introduced the notion of universal mass, subsequently called the Planck mass
1

hc 2 MP = . G

(17)

Considering the definition of the Yukawa force (13)

(
FYukawa = mN vN = N mN strongc

(18)

the equation (18) can be written as:

FYukawa = mYukawa c , N

(19) where
mYukawa = mN strong 147 MeV ~ m . c2

(20)

Based on the definition of the Yukawa force we deduced the mass of the particle which mediates the strong interaction pion mass postulated by Yukawa in [11]. Accordingly for the Bohr force:

FBohr =

me v me em c mBohr c = = , Bohr Bohr Bohr

(21)

mBohr = me em = 3.7

keV . c2

(22)

For the Bohr particle the range of interaction is

SPACE-TIME ENGINEERING WITH LASETRON PULSES

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Bohr =

h ~ 0.1 nm , mBohr c

(23)

which is of the order of atomic radius. Considering the electromagnetic origin of the mass of the Bohr particle, the planned sources of the hard electromagnetic field LASETRON [1] are best suited for an investigation of the properties of the Bohr particles.

4. POSSIBLE INTERPRETATION OF FPlanck, FYukawa AND FBohr In an important work, already published in 1951 J. Schwinger [12] demonstrated that in the background of a static uniform electric field, the QED space-time is unstable and decayed with spontaneous emission of e+epairs. In the paper [12] Schwinger calculated the critical field strength Es:
me2 c 3 . eh

ES =

(24)

Following equation (23) we can define the Schwinger force:

e FSchwinger = eES =

me2 c3 . h

(25)

Equation (24) can also be written as:

e FSchwinger =

mec , Sch

(26)

where
Sch =
h mec 2

(27)

is the Schwinger relaxation time for the creation of e+e- pair. A relationship between F Yukawa and F Bohr the Schwinger force can be established using equation(13).

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KOZLOWSKI AND MARCIAK-KOZLOWSKA

TABLE 1 Schwinger, Planck, Yukawa and Bohr forces

e FSchwinger [GeV/fm]

FPlanck [GeV/fm] ~1038

FYukawa [GeV/fm] ~10-2

FBohr [GeV/fm] ~10-13

~10-6

FYukawa

m e = N FSchwinger , s = 0.15, me
3 s

3 e FBohr = em FSchwinger , em =

1 , 137

(28)

and for the Planck force

FPlanck M e = P FSchwinger . me
2

(29)

e Table 1 gives the values of the FSchwinger, , FPlanck , FYukawa and FBohr , all in the same units of GeV/fm. As in those units the forces span the range 10-13 to 1038 it is valuable to recalculate the Yukawa and Bohr forces in the units natural to nuclear and atomic level. In that case one obtains:

FYukawa ~ 16

MeV . fm

(30).

It is interesting that av ~ 16 MeV is the volume part of the binding energy of the nuclei (droplet model).

The Bohr force can be derived from Equation (13) one obtains:
FBohr ~ 50 eV . 0.1 nm

(31)

Substituting values of the Rydberg energy of ~ 27 eV and of the Bohr radius ~ 0.1 nm equation (31) can be expressed as

SPACE-TIME ENGINEERING WITH LASETRON PULSES

31

FBohr ~

Rydberg energy . Bohr radius

(32)

5. CONCLUDING REMARKS In this paper the forces: Planck, Yukawa and Bohr were defined. It was shown that the present value of the Planck force (which is the source of the universe acceleration) ~10-22 GeV/fm is much smaller than the Yukawa (~102 GeV/fm) and Bohr (10-13 GeV/fm) forces respectively. This fact guarantees the stability of the matter at present. However, in the past, values for T (age of the universe), T < 0.002 s, FYukawa <FPlanck (0.002 s) and FBohr <FPlanck (108 s) were obtained. In this paper the expression relating the Schwinger force (for the creation in vacuum of e+e- pairs and the Planck, Yukawa and Bohr force was derived. LASETRON pulses enable the electron-positron structure of spacetime to be investigated.

REFERENCES
[1] [2] [3] [4] [5] [6] [7] [8] [9] Kaplan A. F., Shkolnikov P., Phys. Rev. Lett., 88, (2002), p. 074801-1. Kozlowski M., Marciak-Kozlowska J., From Quarks to Bulk Matter, Hadronic Press, 2001. Gharibyam V., arXiv/hep-ex/03030/0. Calogero. F, Phys. Letters, A228, (1997) p. 335. Kozlowski M., Marciak-Kozlowska J., Nuovo Cimento, vol, 116B, (2001) p. 821. Anderson J. D. et al., Phys. Rev. Lett., 81 (1998) p. 2858. Marciak-Kozlowska J., Kozlowski M., Foundations of Physics Letters, vol. 9, (1996) p. 235. Kozlowski M., Marciak-Kozlowska J., Foundations of Physics Letters, vol. 10, (1997) p. 295. Kozlowski M., Marciak-Kozlowska J., arXiv/astro-ph/0307168.

[10] Planck M. The theory of heat radiation, Dover Publications 1959, p. 173. [11] Yukawa H, Proc. Phys.-Math. Soc. Japan, 17, (1935) p. 48. [12] Schwinger J., Phys. Rev., 82 (1951) p. 664.