Department of Mechanical Engineering National University of Singapore

ME2143E LAB REPORT FLOW ENERGY LOSSES

Student Name: Saravanan s/o Serekumar Student Number: A0080248H Lab Group No: 4A

Student Name: Saravanan s/o Serekumar A0080248H

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CONTENT PAGE

CONTENT

PAGE

EXPERIMENTAL RESULTS

34

COMPUTATIONS

5-10

GRAPH

11 14

DISCUSSIONS

15-17

Student Name: Saravanan s/o Serekumar A0080248H

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TABLE 1: RAW DATA SHEET Rotameter Reading 160 140 120 100 80 60

Trial No.

Weight (Kg) 10.0 5.0 10.0 5.0 10.0 5.0 10.0 5.0 10.0 5.0 10.0 5.0

Time (s) 28.97 14.64 32.64 16.3 37.78 19.13 44.39 22.18 53.32 27.04 65.13 32.98

1 2 3 4 5 6

325 299 277 257 242 229

187 191 194 197 198 200

302 279 260 245 232 221

317 291 269 251 236 224

154 166 174 182 188 192

151 162 173 180 186 191

39 54 67 78 84 90

Diameter DA=DC=26mm DB=26mm DD=DE=DG=51mm DA=DC=26mm

Area AB=201mm2 AD=AE=AF=AG=2043mm2 AO=314mm2

Student Name: Saravanan s/o Serekumar A0080248H

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Trial No. 1 2 3 4 5 6

Rotameter Reading (mm) 160 140 120 100 80 60

Table2: Processed Data Sheet 1 QT Venturi QA QT Orifice Venturi Loss hv (mm3/s) (mm3/s) (mm3/s) (mm) 343357.4 357328.1 568282.2 23 306560.5 316110.9 497651.4 20 263030 277119.2 433842.4 17 225352.1 235615.1 369738.6 12 186229.1 201768.8 308383.3 10 152573.1 163804.8 251793.9 8

Orifice Loss ho (mm) 102.2 78.4 59.6 43.3 30.1 20.1

Rotameter Loss hR (mm) 112 108 106 102 102 101

Trial No.

1 2 3 4 5 6

Actual Flow Q 343357.4 306560.5 263030 225352.1 186229.1 152573.1

Velocity VB 1708.2 1525.2 1308.6 1121.2 926.5 759.1

Table3: Processed Data Sheet 2 (Estimation of loss factors) Reynolds Reynolds Reynolds Reynolds Velocity Velocity Velocity No No No No NRB VC NRC VO NRO VH NRH 27847.1 646.6 17129.1 1093.5 22282.1 646.6 17129.1 24862.8 577.3 15293.4 976.3 19894.2 577.3 15293.4 21332.4 495.3 13121.8 837.7 17069.3 495.3 13121.8 18276.6 424.4 11242.2 717.7 14624.2 424.4 11242.2 15103.6 350.7 9290.4 593.1 12085.3 350.7 9290.4 12374.0 287.3 7611.4 485.9 9901.2 287.3 7611.4

Loss Factor KV 0.155 0.169 0.195 0.187 0.229 0.272

Loss Factor KO 1.678 1.614 1.666 1.649 1.679 1.668

Loss Factor KR 5.255 6.357 8.476 11.111 16.270 24.002

Student Name: Saravanan s/o Serekumar A0080248H

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Computations
Using the set of data obtained from Trial 1 of the experiment, the sample calculations are derived as follows:

Computations for Table 2 : Density of water, = 1000 kg/m3 Actual measured flow rate using the 5kg weight, QA(5kg) = =

(
(

mass

time

5 ) 10 9 14.64 1000

= 341530.1 mm3/s

Actual measured flow rate using the 10kg weight, QA(10kg) = =

(
(

mass

time

10 1000 28.97

) 10 9

= 345184.7.7 mm3/s

Q A( 5kg ) + Q A(10 kg ) (1) Actual average flow rate, QA = 2

= 343357.4 mm3/s

(2) Calculated flow rate of Venturi meter, QT = AA

2 g h A hB
2

AA A 1 B

where g = 9810

= 531

2 x9810x(325 187) 531 1 201

2

= 357328.1 mm3/s

Student Name: Saravanan s/o Serekumar A0080248H

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(3) Calculated flow rate of Orifice meter, QT = AO

2 g hE hF A 1 O A E
2

where g = 9810

= 314

2 x9810 x(317 154) 314 1 2043

2

= 568282.2 mm3/s

(4) Venturi Loss,

hV = h A hC

= 325 302 = 23 mm

(5) Orifice Loss,

hO = hE hF (1 C 2 )
* *

where C is the gradient of Graph 2 = 0.6105

= (317 154) 1 0.61052 = 102.2 mm (6) Rotameter Loss, hR = h H * h I * = 151 39 = 112 mm

Student Name: Saravanan s/o Serekumar A0080248H

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Computations of Table 3 Given T = 20oC , Viscosity (u) = 1.002 x 10-3 kg/ms T = 30oC , Viscosity (u) = 0.797 x 10-3 kg/ms Hence, by interpolation at Temperature of water = 29oC, =0.9815 Kinematic Viscosity of water, =

0.9815 10 3 1000

= 0.9815

Velocity, VB = =

QA AB
343357.4 201

Reynolds No, NRB = =

VD v 1708.2 16 0.9815

= 1708.2 mm/s

= 27847.1

Velocity, VC = =

QA AC
343357.4 531

Reynolds No, NRC = =

VD v 646.6 26 0.9815

= 646.6 mm/s

= 17129.1

Velocity, VO = =

QA AO
343357.4 314

Reynolds No, NRO = =

VD v 1093.5 20 0.9815

= 1093.5 mm/s

= 22282.1

Student Name: Saravanan s/o Serekumar A0080248H

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Velocity, VH = =

QA AH
343357.4 531

Reynolds No, NRH = =

VD v 646.6 26 0.9815

= 646.6 mm/s

= 17129.1

Venturi Loss coefficient, KV =

hV VB2 2g 24 1708.2 2 2 9810

where g = 9810

= 0.155

Orifice Loss coefficient, KO =

hO VO2 2g 102.2 1093.5 2 2 9810

where g = 9810

= 1.678

Student Name: Saravanan s/o Serekumar A0080248H

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Rotameter Loss Coefficient,

KR =

hR 2 VH 2g 112 646.6 2 2 9810

where g = 9810

= 5.255

Venturi meter :
Coefficient of discharge based on calculated values, Cd =

QA (gradient of the graph QA vs QT) QT

Therefore the coefficient of discharge obtained from Graph 1, QA vs QT, Cd = 0.9999

Orifice meter :
Coefficient of discharge obtained from Graph 2, C = 0.6105p Actual discharge QA for the orifice plate meter is expressed as Q A = CQT ' where

QT ' = AO

2 g hE h F A 1 O A E
A 1 O A E
2 d

C = Cd

A 1 C O A E

With C obtained from Graph 2, and the previously calculated QT, Cd can be tabulated:

Student Name: Saravanan s/o Serekumar A0080248H

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C = Cd

A 1 O A E
2 d

A 1 C O A E

0.6105 = C d

314 1 2043 2 2 314 1 Cd 2043

0.6105 = C d

0.9763 1 C d2 0.0237

0.9763 2 0.61052 = C d 1 C 2 0.0237 d

2 2 0.6105 2 x 1 C d 0.0237 = C d (0.9763)

0.373 C d2 8.833 10 3 = C d2 (0.9763) 0.9851C d2 = 0.373

Therefore Cd = 0.6153

Student Name: Saravanan s/o Serekumar A0080248H

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Graphs
Graph 1: QA vs QT
400000 350000 300000 250000
QA

f(x) = 0.9999x - 12402.1974

200000 150000 100000 50000 0 150000 200000 250000

QT

300000

350000

400000

Graph 2: QA vs QT'
400000 350000 300000 250000
QA

f(x) = 0.6105x - 1052.8605

200000 150000 100000 50000 0 200000 250000 300000 350000 400000

QT'

450000

500000

550000

600000

Student Name: Saravanan s/o Serekumar A0080248H

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Graph 3: QA vs Rotameter
400000 350000 300000 250000
QA

f(x) = 1932.3x + 33633.3

200000 150000 100000 50000 0 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 180

Rotameter Reading (mm)

Graph 4: Pressure losses Vs QA

120

100

80
Pressure Losses

60

40

Venturi Loss hv (mm) Linear Regression for Venturi Loss hv (mm) Orifice Loss ho (mm) Linear Regression for Orifice Loss ho (mm) Rotameter Loss hR (mm) Linear Regression for Rotameter Loss hR (mm)

20

0 100000

150000

200000

250000
QA

300000

350000

400000

Student Name: Saravanan s/o Serekumar A0080248H

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Graph 5: KV vs Reynolds Number

400000 350000 300000
Loss Factor, KV

250000 200000 150000 100000 50000 0 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 180
Reynolds Number

Graph 6: KO vs Reynolds Number

1.700 1.680 1.660
KO

1.640 1.620 1.600 1.580 8000

10000

12000

14000

16000

18000

20000

22000

24000

Reynolds Number

Student Name: Saravanan s/o Serekumar A0080248H

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Graph 7: KR vs Reynolds Number

30 25
Loss Factor, KR

20 15 10 5 0 6000

8000

10000

12000
Reynolds Number

14000

16000

18000

Student Name: Saravanan s/o Serekumar A0080248H

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Discussion
1. Comment on the relative advantages and disadvantages of Venturi meter, Orifice plate meter and rotameter as flow measuring devices.

Venturi Meter
Advantages: High accurate flow measurement Low head and power losses Flexible installation position (vertically or horizontally) Due to the absence of sharp corners at the joints between the conical sections and the parallel-sided sections, eddies are avoided

Disadvantages: High cost Permanent installation Large space needed for installation Range of flow rates are limited due to the fixed throat diameter of the Venturi Meter

Orifice Plate Meter

Advantages: Easy installation Low cost Could easily swap to a different size to meet different ranges of flow rates Installation is more flexible compared to the Venturi Meter Easy to service and have no moving parts

Disadvantages Pressure losses due to dissipation in the form of eddies formation downstream Overall useful energy losses are considerably larger than the Venturi meter Piling up of slurries at the stationary regions More suitable for testing purpose as the power loss is significant

Student Name: Saravanan s/o Serekumar A0080248H

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Rotameter
Advantages: Flow rate readings can be read off directly Can be easily modified to suit different operations with different requirements

Disadvantages: Highest head loss among the three compared meters Can only be installed in the vertical plane Limited pressure capabilities due to the thin wall of the transparent tube

2.

Comment on the head losses associated with all the flow meters studied in the present experiment, emphasizing the relationship between the mechanism of loss generation and its magnitude.

When comparing the head losses of hV, hO and hR are against QA, as shown in Graph 4, the trend line of the head losses of the Venturi meter, Orifice meter and Rotameter are similar. There is a similarity where an increase in the flow rate will result in the increase of the individual head losses. The head losses are proportional to the flow rate of the liquid. For the Orifice meter, extreme increase in head losses was observed when liquid is flowing through it. This phenomena is due to the structure of vena contracta when the stream flows rapidly through the orifice. This high velocity flow results in an increase in the head losses. The head losses increase significantly as compared to the Venturi meter and Rotameter with the increase in the flow rate. For the Rotameter, the upward forces are balanced by the weight of the float due to the fluid dynamics drag. That is the reason for the highest head losses generated among the three measuring devices. Different flow rate will cause the float to move to a different location where the clearance area between the float and the tube changes (annulus area). The annulus area which is dependent on the level of the float determines the flow rate which is proportional to the level of the float above a reference datum. The Venturi meter has the lowest head losses compared to the other two measuring devices. This is mainly due to the gradual decrease and increase of the diameters which sandwiches the parallel throat, in the Venturi meter, hence there is no vena contracta. Sharp edges which are avoided also enable it to minimize head losses.

Student Name: Saravanan s/o Serekumar A0080248H

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3.

Explain with the aid of simple sketches what the vena contracta of an orifice meter is.

Vena contracta of the orifice meter is the location where the highest velocity will occur, and it is the easiest and best place to consider the mass flow rate. When the flow suddenly undergoes contraction where it starts to converge when approaching the orifice, the flow will continue to remain in contraction for a certain distance until vena contracta is reached. The accelerated flow will then decelerates and expand again to fill up the pipe. However, vena contracta will only happen when fluid flow through sharp edges. It is impossible to see vena contracta if the opening is rounded or tapered as the flow is gradually converging to the cross-section area of the orifices.

7.

Comment on the limitations and major sources of error in this experiment.

During experiment, errors and limitations are sometimes unavoidable such as: Parallax error while reading the measurements from the Manometer and Rotameter. Coordination when operating the stopwatch while taking the reading of mass flow rate. The way we place weights might affect the readings. Fluctuation of the level in the manometers will result in inaccurate readings taken for calculation. Environmental changes affecting the temperature, pressure, humidity etc which contributes to the accuracy of the experiment. Rounding up of readings/results during the calculation procedure would have contributed to the accuracy of the final calculation results.

Student Name: Saravanan s/o Serekumar A0080248H

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