Experiment No.

4
Title:
To study the type of flow by Reynolds experiment

Proposition

1: Laws of Resistance to Flow in pipes Osborne Reynolds in 1883 conducted a number of experiments to determine the Laws of Resistance in pipes to classify types of flow. 2: Reynolds number Reynolds number 'Re' is the ratio of inertia force to the viscous force where viscous force is shear stress multiplied area and inertia force is mass multiplied acceleration. Re =rVD/U where, Re = Reynolds number V = Velocity of fluid (m/s) D = Diameter of pipe (m) u(mu) = Coefficient of Dynamic viscosity of fluid (N-s/m) or Pascal -sec. (nu) = Coefficient of Kinematic viscosity of fluid (m/s) r(rho) = Mass density (kg/m3) Objectives: Intellectual skill a) To observe dye filament and identify laminar, turbulent or transition flow Motor skill a) To measure the actual discharge in collecting tank b) To operate valves gradually & carefully.

Apparatus: 1. Reynold's apparatus consist glass tube with one end having bell mouth entrance connected to water tank. The tank is of sufficient capacity to store water. At the other end of the glass tube a cock is provided to control the flow. A small dye (fig 4.1) container is placed at the top of tank . 2. Potassium Permagnet (To give brightly visible reddish colour streak) 3. Thermometer 4. Measuring tank 5. Stop watch

Reynold's Apparatus: Reynolds carried out experiments to decide limiting value of Reynold's number to a quantitatively decide whether the flow is laminar or turbulent. The limits are as given below. The motion is laminar or turbulent according to the value of Re is less than or greater than a certain value. If experiments are made with decreasing rate of flow, the value of Re depends on degree of care which is taken to eliminate the disturbances in the supply or along the pipe. On the other hand, if experiments are made with decreasing flow, transition from turbulent to laminar flow takes place at a value of Re which is very much depends on initial disturbances. The valve of Re is about 2000 for flow through circular pipe and below this the flow is laminar in nature. The velocity at which the flow in the pipe changes from one type of motion to the other is known as critical `velocity.

APPARATUS FOR MEASURING THE HEIGTH DIFFERENCE

Procedure: 1) Ensure that the valve on the hydraulics bench is closed and the pump is turned off. 2) Open ball valves A and B and close ball valve C. The will cause the water to be sent to the header tank 3) Turn on the pump in the hydraulics bench and slowly open the valve on the bench. 4) When the water level reaches the overflow pipe in the header tank water will be visible draining back to the hydraulics bench. The hydraulics bench control valve should be adjusted so a small flow of water is visible in the overflow drain pipe. Too much water flow in the pipe may cause water to overflow the header tank. 5) Turn the isolating tap valve to connect the water manometer to the pressure taps. 6) Open the needle valve to establish maximum flow in the test pipe. Record the pressure difference in the test pipe with the water manometers. 7) Using the needle valve, adjust the flow rates to 85%, 70%, 55%, 40%, 25% and 10% of the maximum flow and record the pressure difference and flow rate data. 8) Direct the flow from the measuring pipe (on the discharge side of the needle valve) into the measuring cylinder and start the stopwatch at a convenient level and stop it at a suitable level (ensure that the time interval is greater than two minutes). During this operation care should be taken (a) to ensure that the measuring pipe exit is never below the surface of the water in the measuring cylinder and, (b) to stand the measuring cylinder below the apparatus.

Observations: 1. Distance between pressure points L = 3m

2. 3. 4.

Diameter of pipe D =50 mm Area of collecting tank A = 1800.48 cm2 Kinematic velocity V =0.000001005 m/s2

REYNOLDS APPARATUS

Observation Table:

Initial Final Volume Time discharge discharge (mm) 23.7 (mm) 23.9 (mm ) 360.09
3

Q
3

H1

H2

Hf Hf /L

Re

(s) 5

(mm /s) mm mm 72.019 14. 14. 0. 5 6 1

5.0

1828.8

22.7 22.2 21.6

23.0 22.5 22.0

540.14 540.14 360.09

5 7 9

106.02 8 77.163 80.021

12. 1 13. 5 14. 4

12. 2 13. 6 14. 5

0. 1 0. 1 0. 1

5.0 5.0 5.0

2737.5 1955.1 2027.5

Sample Calculations Re =(1828.8+2737.5+1955.1+2027.5)=2137.2 Results: i) When discharge and Re was small dye line was seen almost straight. This was clearely seen from stretches, till Re = 2000 i.e. Run No. this indicates laminar flow. ii) When the discharge was further increased, the dye line moved towards pipe walls and still remains in a single line. This was seen till run nowhen Re = 4000. This indicate flow is transition state. iii) When the discharge is further increased, the straight streak line of the dye was seen for a small distance less than one third length of the pipe and then dye is thoroughly mixed in the flow this was turbulent flow. Re is more than 4000. Precautions: 1. Take the readings only when the water flow has become steady . 2. The pressure difference in the manometer should be calculated accurately . 3. The readings in the collecting tank should be taken by taking the difference of the two height levels . 4. the opening valve should be opened very slowly and steadily.